scholarly journals COMBINATION VACCINES AGAINST KOIHERPES VIRUS AND Aeromonas hydrophila CO-INFECTION IN KOI AND COMMON CARP

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 93
Author(s):  
Angela Mariana Lusiastuti ◽  
Hessy Novita ◽  
Lila Gardenia ◽  
Taukhid Taukhid ◽  
Habil Sven M. Bergmann
Keyword(s):  
Aeromonas Hydrophila ◽  
Secondary Infection ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Fish Mortality ◽  
Fish Farms ◽  
Farmed Fish ◽  
Virus Challenge ◽  
Oral Application ◽  
Research Areas ◽  
Combined Vaccine

Co-infections occur when hosts are infected by two or more pathogens, either simultaneous or as a secondary infection. This research aimed to determine the best compositions of vaccine combinations and their protective efficacies against pathogens co-infection. This research was conducted in two stages. Firstly, surveys were conducted in three research areas: infected, high risk of infection, and virus free areas. Samples (three to five fish per pool) were collected from three fish farms per area. The basic antibody titer of fish from each farm was checked before and after vaccination as well as after the virus challenge in combination with the PCR result. The second stage of the research was conducted in the laboratory. Carp and koi fish were used to determine optimal vaccine combination and dosage for oral application. The results of this research showed that combination of KHV: Aeromonas hydrophila vaccines in the ratio of 1:2 and vaccine volume of 3 mL via the oral application gave higher titer antibody and efficacy against KHV and A. hydrophila. In conclusion, the combined vaccine offers an effective means of preventing the diseases, decreasing fish mortality, and simplifying the immunization schedule, which will eventually increase the overall health of farmed fish and benefit fish farmers and service extension officers. This research recommends that further development of the combined vaccines should be carried out, for example, overcoming the technical difficulties in its manufacturing.

Neurotechnology as a factor of the educational process transformation

2021 ◽  
pp. 98-13
Author(s):  
Л.Д. Александрова ◽  
Р.А. Богачева ◽  
Т.А. Чекалина ◽  
М.В. Максимова ◽  
В.И. Тимонина
Keyword(s):  
Effective Means ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Educational Process ◽  
Special Equipment ◽  
Research Areas ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Mental Abilities ◽  
The Individual ◽  
And Control

Изучение возможностей мозга для повышения качества обучения находится в центре внимания педагогической науки уже много лет. Развитие цифровизации позволило использовать в исследованиях специальное оборудование, с помощью которого можно оценивать и контролировать работу мозга, развивать умственные способности, познавательные функции и т. п. Нейротехнологии стали эффективным средством, позволяющим трансформировать образовательный процесс за счет подбора специального учебного контента с учетом индивидуальных особенностей обучающихся. Вместе с тем возникает необходимость в конкретизации терминологии и определении актуальных направлений исследований в данной области. For a long time, the study of the brain capabilities for the improvement of the quality of education has been an urgent direction in pedagogical science. Due to the development of digitalization, new areas of research have emerged related to the use of special equipment that makes it possible to assess and control brainwork, develop mental abilities, cognitive functions, etc. One of them is neurotechnology, which is an effective means of transforming the educational process: it offers educational content based on the individual characteristics of students. Thus, a need to concretize the terminology and determine the current research areas arises. The article aims to attempt to fill this gap with the help of a representative analysis of publications on neurotechnologies, as well as the essence of neuroeducation.

scholarly journals The Isolation DNA Chromosomal DNA from Local Isolate of Aeromonas hydrophila Bacteria from East Java

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Retno Sri Wahjuni ◽  
M. Gandul Atik Yuliani
Keyword(s):  
Aeromonas Hydrophila ◽  
Economic Loss ◽  
Dna Purification ◽  
Bacterial Disease ◽  
Bacterial Cells ◽  
Chromosomal Dna ◽  
Fish Farms ◽  
Antigenic Protein ◽  
Ulcer Disease ◽  
Improved Sanitation

Aeromoniasis is a bacterial disease caused by Aeromonas hydrophila that affects fish and shrimps in ponds and aquariums. This is an ulcer disease that causes petechiae in scales of fish and may be fatal. It can cause economic loss if it is not treated with medication accompanied with improved sanitation. It affects numerous freshwater fish farms in East Java. A previous study has characterized an antigenic protein derived from the outer membrane protein of A. hydrophila. In order to perform sequencing of the DNA coding for this protein, we first conducted a study for isolating DNA fragments of A. hydrophila via four stages: cultivation and harvesting of bacterial cells, cell lysis, DNA purification, and the concentration of chromosomal DNA. The results will be used as a predictive immunogenic determinant by the method by Kolaskar and Tongaonkar. Keywords: Aeromonas hydrophila, chromosomal DNA, immunogenic determinant

scholarly journals Occurrence of Fungi and Mycotoxins in Fish Feeds and Their Impact on Fish Health

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Esther Marijani ◽  
Emmanuel Kigadye ◽  
Sheila Okoth
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Fish Mortality ◽  
Fish Nutrition ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Plant Origin ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Farmed Fish ◽  
Mycotoxin Contamination ◽  
Fish Feeds ◽  
Mycotoxigenic Fungi

The rapid population growth in developing countries has led to strong pressure on capture fisheries. However, capture fisheries have reached their maximal limits of fish production and are supplemented by farmed fish. The growth in aquaculture has led to high demand for fish feeds, which play a very important role in fish nutrition and health. Use of animal protein in fish feeds is expensive; hence, a majority of farmers from developing countries use local feed ingredients from plant origin as a source of dietary protein. However, these ingredients of plant origin provide the best natural substrates for fungi, which can be easily accompanied by mycotoxin development under suitable conditions. The locally made feed comprises ingredients such as soybeans, cottonseed cake, and wheat and maize bran which are mixed together and ground after which the compounded feed is pelleted and stored. Among the ingredients, maize and oilseeds are more susceptible for mycotoxigenic fungi compared to other ingredients. The outcomes of mycotoxin contamination in fish feeds are not different from other animal species intended for human consumption, and they are directly associated with production losses, particularly decreased weight gain and feed conversion, impaired immune system and reproductive performance, and increased fish mortality. Fish may also carry mycotoxin residues along the food chain, thus compromising human health. Hence, it is important to ensure the control of mycotoxin contamination in fish feeds, especially during the production and storage.

scholarly journals Mycobacterium pseudoshottsii in Mediterranean Fish Farms: New Trouble for European Aquaculture?

Pathogens ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 610
Author(s):  
Davide Mugetti ◽  
Katia Varello ◽  
Andrea Gustinelli ◽  
Paolo Pastorino ◽  
Vasco Menconi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fish Species ◽  
Sparus Aurata ◽  
Dicentrarchus Labrax ◽  
Housekeeping Genes ◽  
The United States ◽  
Sciaenops Ocellatus ◽  
Fish Farms ◽  
Farmed Fish ◽  
Potential Threat ◽  
European Aquaculture

Mycobacterium pseudoshottsii, a slow-growing mycobacterium closely related to M. marinum, has been isolated only in wild fish in the United States and in Japanese fish farms to date. Here, we report cases of mortality in three farmed fish species (Dicentrarchus labrax, Sparus aurata, and Sciaenops ocellatus) caused by M. pseudoshottsii in Italy. Samples underwent necropsy, histology, and culture with pathogen identification based on PCR and sequencing of housekeeping genes (16S rRNA, hsp65, rpoB). Multifocal to coalescing granulomatous and necrotizing inflammation with acid-fast bacilli were observed in the parenchymatous organs, from which M. pseudoshottsii was isolated and identified. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed the results of gene sequencing and allowed subdivision of the isolates into three distinct groups. M. pseudoshottsii poses a potential threat for Mediterranean aquaculture. Its origin in the area under study needs to be clarified, as well as the threat to the farmed fish species.

scholarly journals Genetic identification of farmed and wild Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua, in coastal Norway

2011 ◽  
Vol 68 (5) ◽  
pp. 901-910 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin A. Glover ◽  
Geir Dahle ◽  
Knut E. Jørstad
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Gadus Morhua ◽  
Atlantic Cod ◽  
Genetic Interactions ◽  
Genetic Identification ◽  
Fish Farms ◽  
Multiple Sources ◽  
Farmed Fish ◽  
Farmed Escapees

Abstract Glover, K. A., Dahle, G., and Jørstad, K. E. 2011. Genetic identification of farmed and wild Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua, in coastal Norway. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 68: 901–910. Each year thousands of Atlantic cod escape from Norwegian fish farms. To investigate the potential for the genetic identification of farmed–escaped cod in the wild, three case studies were examined. Samples of farmed, recaptured farmed escapees, and wild cod were screened for ten microsatellite loci and the Pan I locus. Variable genetic differences were observed among cod sampled from different farms and cages (pairwise FST = 0.0–0.1), and in two of the case studies, the most likely farm(s) of origin for most of the recaptured escapees were identified. In case study 2, wild cod were genetically distinct from both farmed fish (pairwise FST = 0.026–0.06) and recaptured farmed–escaped cod (pairwise FST = 0.029 and 0.039), demonstrating the potential to detect genetic interactions in that fjord. Genetic identification of escapees was more challenging in case study 3, and some morphologically characterized wild cod were found to most likely represent farmed escapees. It is concluded that where cod are farmed in the same region as their own parents/grandparents were initially sourced, or where farmed escapees originate from multiple sources, quantifying genetic interactions with wild populations will be challenging with neutral or nearly neutral markers such as microsatellites.

scholarly journals Protozoan infections in farmed fish from Brazil: diagnosis and pathogenesis

2015 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mauricio Laterça Martins ◽  
Lucas Cardoso ◽  
Natalia Marchiori ◽  
Santiago Benites de Pádua
Keyword(s):  
Correct Diagnosis ◽  
Protozoan Parasites ◽  
Fish Farms ◽  
Farmed Fish ◽  
Fish Diseases ◽  
The World ◽  
Host Parasite Relationship ◽  
Parasite Relationship ◽  
Protozoan Infections ◽  
Host Parasite

The Phylum Protozoa brings together several organisms evolutionarily different that may act as ecto or endoparasites of fishes over the world being responsible for diseases, which, in turn, may lead to economical and social impacts in different countries. Apart from the recent advances for the diagnosis of fish diseases in Brazil, little is known on the protozoan parasites and their relationship with environment and host. This revision presents the most important protozoan parasites found in farmed fish from Brazil, not only with emphasis on its diagnosis, biology, transmission and host-parasite relationship, but also on some information that may be useful to researchers in determining the correct diagnosis in fish farms.

scholarly journals An assessment of aquaculture table-size fish farmers activities in Kainji Lake Basin, Nigeria

Agro-Science ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 36-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.E. Omeje ◽  
A.M. Sule ◽  
E.O. Aguihe
Keyword(s):  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Fish Farming ◽  
Descriptive Statistics ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Lake Basin ◽  
Fish Farms ◽  
Farmed Fish ◽  
Economy Of Scale ◽  
Support Organizations ◽  
Kainji Lake

The study assessed aquaculture table-size fish farmer’s activities in the Kainji Lake basin, Nigeria. Specifically, the study examined aquaculture  activities in the area, assessed market information, channels and support organizations, and identified the major constraints to aquaculture table- size fish farming in the area. A two-stage sampling technique was used to select 120 table-size fish farmers. Primary data were collected with a questionnaire and presented using descriptive statistics. The result shows that majority of the respondents were males (82.1%), with mean age of 36.7 years, 53.8% had tertiary educational qualification while 66.7% had more than six years’ experience in fish farming. Majority (92%) of the table-size fish farmers operate with less than two ponds, 51% practice earthen pond system, while 91% of the farmers engage in the business for the purpose of generating income. Majority (90%) of the farmers sell their farmed fish after six months, 80% of the sales take place at farm-gate level, 80% of the owners of the fish farms are contacted directly by fish buyers. Also, majority (53.8%) of the fish buyers are the middle men who buy and resell to other fish users (processors, consumers, farmers etc). The major constraints to table-size fish farming were inadequate capital (46.2%), poor water management (33.3%), high cost of feed (10.3%) and poor pricing (10.3%). It is therefore recommended that fish farmers should form  strong Farmer Associations to enable them combat the issues of accessing capital and poor pricing. This will aid in business expansion as the farmers will take advantage of economy of scale. Key words: aquaculture, table-size, fish, farmers

scholarly journals New forms of immobilized active chlorine and its potential applications in medicine

2019 ◽  
pp. 340-352
Author(s):  
Volodymyr Toropin ◽  
Bohdan Murashevych ◽  
Dmytro Stepanskyi ◽  
Mykola Toropin ◽  
Henadii Kremenchutskiy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Hypochlorous Acid ◽  
Secondary Infection ◽  
Healing Process ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Wound Dressings ◽  
Active Chlorine ◽  
Pathogenic Microorganisms ◽  
Medicine Journal ◽  
Potential Applications

The search for new effective means for combating pathogenic microorganisms is one of the most important tasks of modern medicine. The main reason for the need for such studies is the obvious tendency to increase of the resistance of pathogenic microorganisms to the compounds used for these purposes, observed over the past few decades. Leading international organizations recognize the problem of the evolution of «superbacteria» as a global threat to humanity. Compounds of active chlorine are extremely effective biocidal agents. However, for the number of reasons, classic chlorine-active drugs (solutions of sodium hypochlorite, hypochlorous acid, chloramines, etc.) have limited use in medicine. This work is aimed at the study of the properties of new forms of active chlorine. Technology has been developed for the chemical immobilization of active chlorine donor groups on granular and fibrous polymer carriers. Polymers have been obtained, which contain 5-20 % of the active chlorine and are highly stable. It was shown that upon contact of such polymers with a medium containing ammonium salts or impurities of protein structure, emission of active chlorine occurs in an amount equivalent to the quantity of such impurities. Methods have been developed for the express manufacture of high-purity solutions of active chlorine (hypochlorous acid, chlortaurin) by activating these polymers with special activators. High antimicrobial activity of such solutions has been proved. It was shown that the polymers themselves also exhibit high microbicidal activity. The possibility of using fibrous forms of chlorine-active polymers as an antimicrobial component of a wound dressing has been investigated. The absence of toxicity of such dressings has been proved. It has been shown that the application of dressings on uninfected wounds speeds up the healing process. The application of dressings on infected wounds prevents the progress of inflammatory processes and significantly reduces the number of pathogenic microorganisms in wound secretions. Thus, synthesized polymers with immobilized active chlorine may be promising for use in water and air disinfection systems, for detoxification of hospital effluents, the rapid production of antimicrobial solutions, as well as for the manufacture of prolonged-action antiseptic wound dressings that protect wounds from secondary infection, that is especially important for military and disaster medicine. Keywords: disinfection, antiseptics, active chlorine, immobilization, antiseptic solutions, antimicrobial activity, reparative activity, wound dressings. For citation: Toropin VM, Murashevych BV, Stepanskyi DO, Toropin MV, Kremenchutskiy HM., Burmistrov KS. New forms of immobilized active chlorine and its potential applications in medicine. Journal of the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine. 2019;25(3):340–52

scholarly journals Aeromonas hydrophila associated with mass mortality of adult Goldfish, Carassius auratus (Linnaeus 1758) in ornamental farms in India

2018 ◽  
Vol 65 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Arathi Dharmaratnam ◽  
T.Raja Swaminathan ◽  
Raj Kumar ◽  
V.S. Basheer
Keyword(s):  
Cell Line ◽  
Aeromonas Hydrophila ◽  
Carassius Auratus ◽  
Tissue Homogenate ◽  
Haemolytic Activity ◽  
Fish Farms ◽  
Koi Herpesvirus ◽  
Goldfish Carassius Auratus ◽  
Rapd Profile ◽  
Acinetobacter Spp

Aeromonas hydrophila was identified the causative agent of a disease outbreak in goldfish, Carassius auratus from four ornamental fish farms in Kerala, India. Seven bacterial isolates viz., Plesiomonas shigelloides (NPPS-1), Aeromonas hydrophila (NPAH-1, 2, 3 and 4), Citrobacter freundii (NPCF-1) and Acinetobacter spp. (NPA-1) were isolated from the affected fish. Further, all four A. hydrophila (NPAH-1, 2, 3 and 4) isolates were identified by amplification of gyrB and rpoD genes. The RAPD profile using 3 primers confirmed that all four A. hydrophila were genetically similar. No cytopathic effect was observed on goldfish fin (GFF) cell line after inoculation of the tissue homogenate from the affected fish and affected tissues were found negative for koi herpesvirus (KHV), cyprinid herpesvirus-2 (CyHV-2) and spring viraemia of carp virus (SVCV). Experimental challenge resulted in mortality of fish injected with A. hydrophila only. A. hydrophila was observed to be cytotoxic on GFF cell line and exhibited haemolytic activity on 5% sheep blood agar. A. hydrophila possessed multiple virulence genes viz., enterotoxins, haemolytic toxins and outer membrane protein as determined by PCR. A. hydrophila was sensitive to Cefixime, Chloramphenicol, Nitrofurantoin, Kanamycin, Ciprofloxacin, Furazolidone and Cefixime/Clavulanic acid. After treatment with the suggested antibiotics, the fish were recovered from the disease.

scholarly journals Duplication and overexpression of the genes encoding a beta 1,3-glucan synthase confer the intrinsic resistance to echinocandin in Mucor circinelloides

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Soo Chan Lee ◽  
Alexis Garcia ◽  
Eun Young Huh
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Infections ◽  
Secondary Infection ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Mucor Circinelloides ◽  
Antifungal Drugs ◽  
Solid Organ ◽  
Intrinsic Resistance ◽  
Glucan Synthase ◽  
Drug Classes ◽  
Genes Encoding

Procedures such as solid organ transplants and cancer treatments can leave many patients in an immunocompromised state resulting in an increased susceptibility to opportunistic diseases including fungal infections. Mucormycosis infections are continually emerging and pose a serious threat to immunocompromised patients. Currently there has been a sharp increase in mucormycosis cases as a secondary infection in patients battling SARS-CoV-2 infections. Mucorales fungi are notorious for presenting resistance to most antifungal drugs. The absence of effective means to treat these infections results in mortality rates approaching 100% in cases of disseminated infection. One of the most effective antifungal drug classes currently available are echinocandins. Echinocandins seem to be efficacious in treatment of many other fungal infections. Unfortunately, susceptibility testing has found that echinocandins have no to little effect on Mucorales. In this study, we found that the model Mucorales Mucor circinelloides genome carries three copies of the genes encoding for the echinocandin target protein β-(1,3)-D-glucan synthase (fksA, fksB, and fksC). Interestingly, we revealed that exposing M. circinelloides to micafungin significantly increased the expression of the fksA and fksB genes when compared to an untreated control. We further uncovered that the serine/threonine phosphatase calcineurin is responsible for the overexpression of fksA and fksB as deletion of calcineurin results in a decrease in expression of all three fks genes and a lower minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) to micafungin. Taken together, this study demonstrates that the fks gene duplication and overexpression by calcineurin contribute to the intrinsic resistance to echinocandins in Mucor.

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