scholarly journals Development of control system for waste pyrolysis unit of agricultural complex with the application of fuzzy logic

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (2(60)) ◽  
pp. 16-21
Author(s):  
Andrii Maksymenko
Keyword(s):  
Control System ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Agricultural Waste ◽  
Control Object ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Membership Functions ◽  
Time Constants ◽  
Pyrolysis Reactor

The object of research is the control system for the pyrolysis reactor of agricultural waste (plant biomass). The subject of research is the stability and the value of the calorific value of synthesis gas formed by pyrolysis of plant biomass. The biggest problem of the technological object (the pyrolysis reactor of agricultural waste) is the high sensitivity of the heating value of synthesis gas to disturbances in the composition of plant biomass. This sensitivity is expressed as a square law of the amount of oxidant required to achieve a high calorific value. Another problem is the deviation of certain time constants of the control object, caused by changes in the chemical composition of the plant biomass. The built control system provides a high calorific value of the generated syngas by determining the composition of the waste, pyrolysis by determining the composition of the generated syngas in a separate isoenthalpic device, and stabilizes it. Information on the composition of raw materials allows to calculate the optimal parameters for the pyrolysis process, and, accordingly, update the controller's task. This information also makes it possible to compensate for changes in the time constants of the control object caused by changes in the chemical composition of raw materials, which made it possible to achieve a high robustness of the system. Compensation for these changes was carried out by training a regression polynomial. The training was carried out on test sets of time constant deviations. The resulting polynomials were used for convolution with membership functions of a fuzzy controller. Such a convolution made it possible to obtain the following membership functions that ensure compliance with the control quality parameters close to those obtained without deviations in the time constants. Simulation of the constructed control system showed a significantly reduced sensitivity of the calorific value to the composition of raw materials, and also revealed a low sensitivity of the control quality from the deviations of the time constants of the control object caused by disturbances in the chemical composition of the waste. The method by which the control system for the pyrolysis reactor was built differs from the existing ones in that the use of information on the composition of the pyrolyzed substance is used to accurately calculate the optimal values of the pyrolysis parameters, as well as to mutate the membership functions of the fuzzy controller. The method can be used in other similar systems designed for the pyrolysis of organic substances in order to expand their scope. In particular, for the integration of such systems into technological objects, they are more sensitive to deviations in the calorific value of the gas used as fuel.

scholarly journals New methods of acid hydrolysis of cellulose and plant raw materials

2021 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 119-128
Author(s):  
V. S. Boltovsky
Keyword(s):  
Acid Hydrolysis ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Agricultural Waste ◽  
Feed Additives ◽  
Process Conditions ◽  
Catalytic Systems ◽  
Plant Raw Materials ◽  
Hydrolysis Of Cellulose ◽  
Hydrolysis Of

Prospects for the development of hydrolysis production are determined by the relevance of industrial use of plant biomass to replace the declining reserves of fossil organic raw materials and increasing demand for ethanol, especially for its use as automobile fuel, protein-containing feed additives that compensate for protein deficiency in feed production, and other products. Based on the review of the research results presented in the scientific literature, the analysis of modern methods of liquid-phase acid hydrolysis of cellulose and various types of plant raw materials, including those that differ from traditional ones, is performed. The main directions of increasing its efficiency through the use of new catalytic systems and process conditions are identified. It is shown that the most promising methods for obtaining monosaccharides in hydrolytic processing of cellulose and microcrystalline cellulose, pentosan-containing agricultural waste and wood, are methods for carrying out the process at elevated and supercritical temperatures (high-temperature hydrolysis), the use of new types of solid-acid catalysts and ionic liquids. 

scholarly journals Thermochemical conversion of grinded pressed plant biomass

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
А.А. Спицын ◽  
И.И. Белоусов ◽  
Т.Б. Турсунов ◽  
В.А. Хен
Keyword(s):  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Activated Carbons ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Thermochemical Conversion ◽  
Innovative Technology ◽  
Adsorption Activity ◽  
Liquid Biofuel

Рассмотрены аппарат уплотнения с частичной химической переработкой сырья и инновационная технология получения гранулированного активированного углеродсодержащего продукта и жидкого биотоплива методом уплотнения (пеллетирования) предварительно измельченного сырья, ускоренного гидролиза, пиролиза, с последующей активацией. Приведены результаты апробации технологии на стендовых установках и аппаратах. Показано, что по- лученные гранулы соответствуют основным показателям отечественных и за- рубежных стандартов на пеллеты из растительного сырья. В процессе произ- водства протекает химическая модификация исходного сырья, на что указывает повышенное значение содержания лигнина в образцах. При проведении пиро- лиза полученных пеллет производятся гранулированный углистый остаток, жидкое биотопливо и горючая парогазовая смесь. Из гранулированного угли- стого остатка получены активированные угли, имеющие адсорбционную активность по йоду, сравнимую с древесным углем марки ДАК. Одним из направлений дальнейших исследований является подбор различных добавок в сырье перед проведением уплотнения и грануляции для улучшения свойств пеллет, в частности повышения теплотворной способности и уменьшения зольности. Однако наиболее интересное направление использования уплотненных отходов растительной биомассы в виде пеллет – в качестве сырья для термохи- мической переработки с целью получения энергетически плотных продуктов, в частности пиролиза. Исследование показало целесообразность разработки единой автономной технологии переработки отходов растительной биомассы с по- лучением конкурентно-способных товарных продуктов: гранулированных активированных углей, жидкого биотоплива, а также парогазовой смеси с достаточной теплотворной способностью для обеспечения работы специальных топочных устройств. The paper deals with the sealing machine with partial chemical processing of raw materials and the innovative technology for obtaining granular activated carbon- containing product and liquid biofuel by the method of compaction (pelletizing) of pre-crushed raw materials, accelerated hydrolysis, pyrolysis and subsequent activation. The results of approbation of the technology on bench installations and devices are presented. It is shown that the obtained pellets correspond to the main indicators of domestic and foreign standards for pellets from vegetable raw materials. In the production process, a chemical modification of the feedstock takes place, as indicat- ed by the increased value of lignin content in the samples. When pyrolysis of the pellets is produced, a granular carbonaceous residue, liquid biofuel, and a combustible gas-vapor mixture are produced. From the granular carbonaceous residue, activated carbons with an adsorption activity of iodine comparable to charcoal of the DAK brand were obtained. One of the directions of further research is the selection of various additives into the raw material before compaction and granulation to improve the properties of pellets, in particular, to increase the calorific value and to reduce ash content. However, the most interesting direction of using compacted biomass res- idue in the form of pellets is to use as a raw material for thermochemical processing in order to obtain energetically dense products, in particular pyrolysis. The work showed the expediency of developing a single autonomous technology for plant biomass residues processing with the production of competitive commodity products: granular activated carbons, liquid biofuel, as well as steam-gas sweep with sufficient calorific value to ensure the operation of special combustion devices.

scholarly journals Production of briquettes from Indonesia agricultural biomass waste by using pyrolysis process and comparing the characteristics

Eksergi ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 13
Author(s):  
Sri Wahyu Murni ◽  
Tutik Muji Setyoningrum ◽  
Muhamad Maulana Azimatun Nur
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Agricultural Waste ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Cellulose Content ◽  
Pressing Pressure ◽  
Pyrolysis Process ◽  
Biomass Waste ◽  
Stem Wood

Indonesia biomass waste is a potential feedstock as a source of renewable energy since it can be converted into carcoal briquettes. However, the production of the briquettes using pyrolysis process using the agricultural waste was lacking. In this research, briquette was made from palm shells,  corncob and soybean stem wood due to its high availability and have high cellulose content. The purpose of this research was to produce briquettes from three kind of raw materials by employing pyrolysis process and compared the characteristics. The briquette was made from different type of raw materials (palm shells, corncob and soybean stem) and  the concentration of binder : 3-7 %. Pyrolysis was done at  500 °C, and 100 kg / cm2 of pressing pressure. Results showed that, the best charcoal briquette was achieved from palm shells by using 5% binder, which resulted 4,1% moisture content, 3.4% ash content,  15% volatile matter content, 77.5% carbon content,  7075 cal/g calorific value and  1.4 kg/cm2 compresive strength. It is found that the concentration of binder and raw material influenced the quality of the briquettes. In overall, the production of the briquettes by employing pyrolysis method could meet the standard.

scholarly journals Features of Pyrolysis of Plant Biomass at Excessive Pressure

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergey Vasilevich ◽  
Dmitry Degterov
Keyword(s):  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Activated Carbons ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Pyrolysis Process ◽  
Excessive Pressure ◽  
Effect Of Pressure ◽  
Pure Carbon ◽  
Highly Porous

The paper describes methods for producing charcoal (highly porous carbon materials) based on plant (wood) raw materials, and the equipment used to implement these processes, the use of activated carbons. The paper describes results of an experimental study of the effect of pressure on the formation of charcoal in the pyrolysis of birch chips. The experimental investigation was carried out at pressures of 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7 MPa. To investigate the effect of pressure on the pyrolysis process, a laboratory bench was designed and constructed. It was found that increasing the pressure from 0.1 MPa to 0.7 MPa increases the yield of charcoal from 25.1 to 32.4% by weight (relative to the dry weight of the starting material) and the carbon content from 89.1% by weight at 0.1 MPa to 96.4% by weight at 0.7 MPa. The calorific value of charcoal decreases from 34.86 MJ/kg at a pressure of 0.1 MPa to 30.23 MJ/kg at a pressure of 0.7 MPa. This is due to the release of oxygen-containing components, which have a higher calorific value than pure carbon, from the porous coal structure. Reduction of the charcoal heat combustion with a decrease in the amount of oxygen-containing components confirms conclusion that their calorific value exceeds the calorific value of pure carbon.

BIOMASS AND ENERGY CHARACTERISTICS OF MARALFALFA GRASS (Cenchrus purpureus Schumach.) Morrone CULTIVATED IN WARM SUBHUMID CLIMATE TO PRODUCE BIOETHANOL

Agrociencia ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 55 (5) ◽  
pp. 389-401
Author(s):  
Joel Ventura Ríos ◽  
José A. Honorato Salazar ◽  
Mario A. Santiago Ortega ◽  
Iliana Barrera Martínez
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Biomass Yield ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Insoluble Residue ◽  
Attractive Alternative ◽  
Bioethanol Production ◽  
Alternative Energy Sources ◽  
Harvest Frequency

Biofuels are a sustainable energy option that can contribute to solve some current environmental problems. For example, it seems imperative to find alternative energy sources; and among them adequate and sustainable raw materials to produce biofuels, such as bioethanol. This study, under the assumption that Maralfalfa grass would be a suitable substrate to produce biofuel, aimed at evaluating the biomass yield, chemical composition, and theoretical bioethanol production of Maralfalfa grass (C. purpureus Schumach.) Morrone harvested at three cutting frequencies (CF). Treatments were distributed in a randomized complete blocks design with split-plots arrangement and three replicates. Analysis of variance was done with GLM procedure and means were compared with Tukey test (p≤0.05). At 120 d, the lignocellulosic material content was the highest (p≤0.05) with 66% of holocellulose, 30% hemicellulose, 22% lignin, 1.8% acid soluble lignin, 20% acid insoluble lignin, 26% acid insoluble residue, and 6.2% ashes. The highest concentration of extractives compounds was found at 150 d harvest frequency (15.5%; p≤0.05), while the highest biomass production (32.6 Mg ha-1 y-1), calorific value (21.0 MJ kg-1), and bioethanol production (239.9 L Mg-1 MS-1) was obtained at the 180 d (p≤0.05). No significant changes were found for crude protein (p>0.05). Results showed that Maralfalfa grass (C. purpureus Schumach.) Morrone is an attractive alternative for bioethanol production due to high biomass yield and chemical composition at short harvesting times.

scholarly journals Selected Grass Plants as Biomass Fuels and Raw Materials for Papermaking. Part I. Calorific Value and Chemical Composition

BioResources ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dariusz Danielewicz ◽  
Barbara Surma-Ślusarska ◽  
Grzegorz Żurek ◽  
Danuta Martyniak
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Biomass Fuels

BÖHLER W403 VMR

Alloy Digest ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 62 (9) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Tool Steel ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Heat Treating ◽  
Diffusion Annealing ◽  
Selection Of

Abstract Böhler (or Boehler) W403 VMR is a tool steel with outstanding properties, based not only on a modified chemical composition, but on the selection of highly clean raw materials for melting, remelting under vacuum (VMF), optimized diffusion annealing, and a special heat treatment. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, and elasticity. It also includes information on forming and heat treating. Filing Code: TS-721. Producer or source: Böhler Edelstahl GmbH.

Natural radionuclides 238U, 226RA, AND 222RN in the surface water of the ELKONSKY uranium-ore district (South Yakutiya)

2019 ◽  
Vol 46 (6) ◽  
pp. 613-620
Author(s):  
A. P. Chevychelov ◽  
P. I. Sobakin ◽  
L. I. Kuznetsova
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Radioactive Contamination ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Natural Radionuclides ◽  
Water Migration ◽  
Uranium Ore ◽  
Wide Scale ◽  
Ore District

Chemical composition of the surface water and the contents of the radionuclides 238U, 226Ra, and 222Rn in water was examined within the natural and man-made landscapes of South Yakutiya. It was demonstrated that intense water migration of these radionuclides from radioactive dump pits of the man-made landscapes of the Elkonsky uranium-ore district, which were created during the process of wide-scale exploration surveys for radioactive raw materials conducted during the last third of the 20th century, had occurred. Currently, the areas of water dissipation of 238U and 226Ra are detected at a distances of 2 km and greater from the source of the radioactive contamination along the outflow vector.

scholarly journals Variability in chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of essential oil of Rosa × damascena Herrm. from mountainous regions of Iran

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mansureh Ghavam ◽  
Afsaneh Afzali ◽  
Maria Manconi ◽  
Gianluigi Bacchetta ◽  
Maria Letizia Manca
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Essential Oil ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Rosa Damascena ◽  
Mountainous Regions ◽  
Aspergillus Brasiliensis ◽  
Suitable Area

Abstract Background Essential oil of Rosa × damascena Herrm. is one of the most valuable and important raw materials for the flavor and fragrance industry. The cultivation of this plant has ancient origins, and Kashan was one of the first mountainous regions of Iran dealing with the cultivation of R. × damascena. In this study, both chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of different rose essential oils obtained from five mountainous areas of Kashan region (Maragh, Qamsar, Sadeh, Javinan, and Kamoo) has been investigated along with the influence of the environmental conditions on these properties. Results Results showed that yield and chemical composition of essential oils obtained from Rosa × damascena were significantly affected by the collection area. In particular, the yield of oils varied from ~0.08 to ~0.132% and citronellol (36.70-9.18%), geraniol (12.82-0.47%), nonadecane (22.73-10.36%), heneicosane (31.7-11.43%), and 1-nonadecene (6.03-3.93%) have been detected as main compounds in all the plants collected, but at different concentrations depending on the collection area. The best fragrance and the highest yield were found in the oil from Kamoo area. Similarly to the chemical composition, the antimicrobial activity of the essential oils was affected by their origin, and essential oil obtained from plants collected from Kamoo area disclosed the highest antibacterial and antifungal efficacy. Its inhibition halos were 17.33±0.58 mm against Aspergillus brasiliensis, 15.67±0.58 mm against Staphylococcus aureus, and 12.33±0. 58 mm against Streptococcus pyogenes. Essential oils of R. damascena were also effective against Gram-negative Pseudomonas aeruginosa and they had a MIC value of 62.50 μg/mL irrespective of the collection area (except the oil from Javinan area). On the contrary, the highest antifungal power against Candida albicans yeast was reached using the essential oil obtained from plants collected in Javinan region (MIC and MBC ~62.50 μg/mL). Conclusions Overall results underline the influence of environmental conditions of the different areas of Kashan region, on the chemical composition of and antimicrobial activity of the essential oils of Rosa × damascena. In addition, results disclosed that Kamoo seemed to be the most suitable area for the competitive cultivation of R. × damascena to the intensive production of aromatic flower oil and natural antimicrobial essential oils.

scholarly journals Gasification of Cup Plant (Silphium perfoliatum L.) Biomass–Energy Recovery and Environmental Impacts

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (18) ◽  
pp. 4960
Author(s):  
Adam Koniuszy ◽  
Małgorzata Hawrot-Paw ◽  
Cezary Podsiadło ◽  
Paweł Sędłak ◽  
Ewa Możdżer
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Impacts ◽  
Root Elongation ◽  
Biomass Yield ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Liquid Waste ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Biomass Energy ◽  
Potential Hazard ◽  
Gas Generator ◽  
Phytotoxic Effect

Biomass from cup plant (Silphium perfoliatum L.) is considered a renewable energy source that can be converted into alternative fuel. Calorific syngas, a promising type of advanced fuel, can be produced through thermochemical biomass gasification. In this study, the suitability of cup plant biomass for gasification was assessed, including the process energy balance and environmental impacts of waste from syngas purification. Silphium perfoliatum L. was cultivated as a gasification feedstock in different conditions (irrigation, fertilization). The experiments were performed in a membrane gasifier. All obtained energy parameters were compared to the biomass yield per hectare. The toxic effects of liquid waste were assessed using tests analyzing germination/seed root elongation of Sinapsis alba. Leachates collected from condensation tanks of a gas generator were introduced to soil at the following doses: 100, 1000 and 10,000 mg kg−1 DM of soil. The usefulness of Silphium perfoliatum L. for gasification was confirmed. The factors of plant cultivation affected the biomass yield, the volume and calorific value of syngas and the amount of biochar. It was determined that the components found in condensates demonstrate a phytotoxic effect, restricting or inhibiting germination and root elongation of Sinapsis alba. Due to this potential hazard, the possibility of its release to the environment should be limited. Most of the biomass is only used for heating purposes, but the syngas obtained from the cup plant can be used to power cogeneration systems, which, apart from heat, also generate electricity.

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