BIOMASS AND ENERGY CHARACTERISTICS OF MARALFALFA GRASS  (Cenchrus purpureus Schumach.) Morrone CULTIVATED IN WARM  SUBHUMID CLIMATE TO PRODUCE BIOETHANOL

Biofuels are a sustainable energy option that can contribute to solve some current environmental problems. For example, it seems imperative to find alternative energy sources; and among them adequate and sustainable raw materials to produce biofuels, such as bioethanol. This study, under the assumption that Maralfalfa grass would be a suitable substrate to produce biofuel, aimed at evaluating the biomass yield, chemical composition, and theoretical bioethanol production of Maralfalfa grass (C. purpureus Schumach.) Morrone harvested at three cutting frequencies (CF). Treatments were distributed in a randomized complete blocks design with split-plots arrangement and three replicates. Analysis of variance was done with GLM procedure and means were compared with Tukey test (p≤0.05). At 120 d, the lignocellulosic material content was the highest (p≤0.05) with 66% of holocellulose, 30% hemicellulose, 22% lignin, 1.8% acid soluble lignin, 20% acid insoluble lignin, 26% acid insoluble residue, and 6.2% ashes. The highest concentration of extractives compounds was found at 150 d harvest frequency (15.5%; p≤0.05), while the highest biomass production (32.6 Mg ha-1 y-1), calorific value (21.0 MJ kg-1), and bioethanol production (239.9 L Mg-1 MS-1) was obtained at the 180 d (p≤0.05). No significant changes were found for crude protein (p>0.05). Results showed that Maralfalfa grass (C. purpureus Schumach.) Morrone is an attractive alternative for bioethanol production due to high biomass yield and chemical composition at short harvesting times.

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KARAKTERISTIK BRIKET DARI SEKAM PADI DAN KETAMAN KAYU BERPEREKAT DAUN JAMBU METE

Jurnal Teknik Kimia USU ◽

10.32734/jtk.v5i2.1529 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 5 (2) ◽

pp. 15-20

Author(s):

Widya Gema Bestari ◽

Mutiara Mendopa ◽

Rosdanelli Hasibuan

Keyword(s):

Rice Husk ◽

Alternative Energy ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Compaction Pressure ◽

Calorific Value ◽

Raw Material ◽

Carbonization Process ◽

Alternative Energy Sources ◽

Cashew Nut ◽

Wood Shaving

Briquettes are biomass compaction technology as alternative energy sources with or without binder in different shape and size. The research is aimed to analyze the best carbonization process, compaction pressure and binder concentration for quality of briquettes. In this resarch, rice husk and wood shaving are used as raw materials carbonized at different process, named by carbonization process 1 and other carbonization process 2. Carbonization process 1 was done by carbonized each raw material and then mixed while carbonization process 2 was done by mixed raw materials then carbonized. Raw materials were blended with cashew nut leaves binder at concentration 10%, 12,5%, 15%, and 20% and then compacted at pressure 85 kg/cm2 and 105 kg/cm2. The best briquette was briquette that rice husk and wood shaving were carbonized by carbonization process 1 blended with 15% binder and compacted at 85 kg/cm2 and had calorific value 2045,8271 cal/g.

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THE USE OF ENVIRONMENTAL WASTE IN THE ISSUE OF GREEN ECONOMY OF THE REGIONS

10.34220/mmeitsic2021_270-273 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

M. Opara ◽

Natalia Azarova

Keyword(s):

Carbon Dioxide ◽

Alternative Energy ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Human Life ◽

Raw Material ◽

Green Economy ◽

Energy Sources ◽

Alternative Energy Sources ◽

Solid Liquid ◽

State Of The Environment

Currently, an urgent issue is the preservation of the environment, the cyclical use of waste for the production of new products, the preservation and multiplication of the planet’s natural resources. After all, the quality of life of each person directly depends on the state of the environment and the factors that affect its preservation. These factors are an integral part of the development of a green economy. This article discusses the possibility of producing alternative energy sources, such as biofuels of three generations.The first generation is solid, liquid, and gaseous biofuels. Second-generation fuel is obtained from the biomass of plant and animal material residues, or grown crops. As an example, such a type of fuel as biogas, which consists of carbon dioxide and methane, and with its further processing, namely the separation of carbon dioxide, you can get biomethane. In the same way, such fuels as biodiesel and bioethanol can be obtained from the biological mass. And the most unusual raw material for the production of third-generation fuel is biofuel from algae. Unfortunately, the development of the green economy in Russia is taking slow steps, but at present this issue is being paid more attention. The development of technologies for obtaining alternative energy sources will allow us to produce not only new types of energy, but also to preserve the environment of our priceless planet, through the use of raw materials and waste that are not in demand in everyday human life.

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PERBANDINGAN NILAI BAKAR BRIKET BATUBARA DAN BRIKET ARANG (CAMPURAN CANGKANG BINTARO (Cerbera Manghas) DAN BAMBU BETUNG (Dendrocalamus Asper)

TEKNIKA: Jurnal Teknik ◽

10.35449/teknika.v6i1.99 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

pp. 1

Author(s):

Ida Febriana ◽

Zurohaina Zurohaina ◽

Sahrul Effendy

Keyword(s):

Alternative Energy ◽

Bituminous Coal ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Calorific Value ◽

Volatile Matter ◽

Carbonization Temperature ◽

Fixed Carbon ◽

Alternative Energy Source ◽

Tapioca Flour ◽

Cerbera Manghas

Charcoal briquettes are smokeless fuels which are a type of solid fuel whose fly substance is made low enough so that the smoke generated on its utilization will not interfere with health. In this study charcoal briquettes were made from bintaro shell waste and betung bamboo using tapioca flour adhesives. This study aims to obtain the best quality sub-bituminous coal briquettes and coal briquettes. In this study the carbonization temperature used was 400ᵒC and the composition of raw materials for bintaro shells and betung bamboo was 50:50, the composition of raw materials for sub-bituminous coal and straw 90:10. The method used in this research is experiment or experimental method, with fuel value collection using ASTM D5865-03 standard. The results obtained from this study are for charcoal briquettes with 4000C carbonization temperature Inherent Moisture value of 1.91%, ash 2.29%, volatile matter 23.79%, fixed carbon 72.01% and calorific value 5878.7 kal / gr, and for coal briquettes obtained value Inherent Moisture 0.52%, ash 4.42%, volatile matter 17.98%, fixed carbon 77.08% and calorific value 7152.6 kal / gr. The fuel value of coal briquettes is greater than that of charcoal briquettes, but the combustion value of charcoal briquettes includes a good calorific value as an alternative energy source, and is in accordance with the SNI standard of 5000 kal / gr, even close to the Japanese standard 6000 cal / gr. Keywords: Bintaro, briquette, calorific value

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Synthesis of Lipase-Immobilized CeO2 Nanorods as Heterogeneous Nano-Biocatalyst for Optimized Biodiesel Production from Eruca sativa Seed Oil

Catalysts ◽

10.3390/catal10020231 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 231 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Anam Fatima ◽

Muhammad Waseem Mumtaz ◽

Hamid Mukhtar ◽

Sadia Akram ◽

Tooba Touqeer ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Ftir Spectroscopy ◽

Alternative Energy ◽

Immobilized Lipase ◽

Hydrothermal Process ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Attractive Alternative ◽

Eruca Sativa ◽

Alternative Energy Sources ◽

Biodiesel Synthesis ◽

Before And After

Biodiesel has emerged as one of the most attractive alternative energy sources to meet the growing needs of energy. Many approaches have been adopted for biodiesel synthesis. In the present work, biodiesel was produced from non-edible Eruca sativa oil using nano-biocatalyst-catalysed transesterification. Nano-biocatalyst (CeO2@PDA@A. terreus Lipase) was developed via the immobilization of lipase on polydopamine coated ceria nanorods, and CeO2 nanorods were developed via a hydrothermal process. The mean diameter of nanorods were measured to be 50–60 nm, while their mean length was 150–200 nm. Lipase activity before and after immobilization was measured to be 18.32 and 16.90 U/mg/min, respectively. The immobilized lipase depicted high stability at high temperature and pH. CeO2@PDA@A. terreus Lipase-catalysed transesterification resulted in 89.3% yield of the product. Process optimization through response surface methodology was also executed, and it was depicted that the optimum/maximum E. sativa oil-based biodiesel yield was procured at conditions of 10% CeO2@PDA@A. terreus Lipase, 6:1 methanol/oil ratio, 0.6% water content, 35 °C reaction temperature, and 30 h reaction time. The fuel compatibility of synthesized biodiesel was confirmed via the estimation of fuel properties that were in agreement with the ASTM D standard. The nanorods and dopamine-modified nanorods were characterized by FTIR spectroscopy, SEM, and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), while conversion of E. sativa oil to biodiesel was confirmed by GC/MS and FTIR spectroscopy. Conclusively, it was revealed that CeO2@PDA@A. terreus Lipase has potential to be employed as an emphatic nano-biocatalyst.

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Use of biogas to power diesel engines with common rail fuel systems

MATEC Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/matecconf/201818201018 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 182 ◽

pp. 01018

Author(s):

Sławomir Wierzbicki ◽

Michał Śmieja

Keyword(s):

Diesel Engines ◽

Alternative Energy ◽

Liquid Fuel ◽

Fossil Fuels ◽

Fuel Injection ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Common Rail ◽

Dual Fuel ◽

Alternative Energy Sources ◽

Study Results

The limited resources of fossil fuels, as well as the search for a reduction in emissions of carbon dioxide and other toxic compounds to the atmosphere have prompted the search for new, alternative energy sources. One of the potential fuels which may be widely used in the future as a fuel is biogas which can be obtained from various types of raw materials. The article presents selected results as regards the effects of the proportion of biogas of various compositions on the course of combustion in a dual-fuel diesel engine with a Common Rail fuel system. The presented study results indicate the possibility for the use of fuels of this type in diesel engines; although changes are necessary in the manner of controlling liquid fuel injection.

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PENGARUH KOMPOSISI PEREKAT TEPUNG PADA BIOBRIKET LIMBAH BAGLOG JAMUR

Media Mesin: Majalah Teknik Mesin ◽

10.23917/mesin.v18i2.5240 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 18 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Widodo Hari Prabowo ◽

Muhammad Viki Lutfiana ◽

Rosid Rosid ◽

Muhammad Burhanuddin Ubaidillah

Keyword(s):

Moisture Content ◽

Carbon Content ◽

Alternative Energy ◽

Fossil Fuel ◽

Calorific Value ◽

Ash Content ◽

Volatile Substance ◽

Drop Test ◽

Volatile Substances ◽

Alternative Energy Sources

ABSTRAK Energi yang berasal dari biomassa misalnya limbah baglog, yang selama ini dibuang atau tidak dimanfaatkan, merupakan limbah yang dapat dikonfersi menjadi sumber energi alternatif pengganti bahan bakar fosil. Limbah baglog jamur dimanfaatkan sebagai bahan bakar dengan cara, mengubah limbah tersebut menjadi biobriket. Tujuan penelitian dilakukan untuk pengkajian laju pembakaran, nilai kalor, kadar abu, kadar air, kadar zat yang menguap, kadar karbon dan drop test pada biobriket. Metode yang digunakan dalam pembuatan menggunakan perbandingan A (1:1:1) dengan komposisi tepung kanji 250 gram limbah baglog 250 gram dan air 250 ml, perbandingan B (1:2:2) dengan komposisi tepung kanji 250 gram limbah baglog 500 gram dan air 500 ml, perbandingan C (1:3:3) dengan komposisi tepung kanji 250 gram limbah baglog 1000 gram dan air 1000 ml. Pembutan yang pertama dengan penghancuran limbah baglog dan pengeringan, pencampuran tepung, limbah baglog dan air, pengepresan biobriket kemudian dikeringkan. Hasil penelitian memperoleh nilai kalor, kadar air, kadar karbon dan kadar zat yang menguap terdapat pada biobriket sampel A (1:1:1) sebesar 4065,69 kal/g, 5%, 15,4%, dan 71,4 % untuk kadar abu terbaik terdapat pada sampel B (1:2:2) sebesar 4,8%. Kata kunci: Limbah baglog, biobriket, bahan bakar fosil, jamur tiram ABSTRACT Energy derived from biomass such as baglog waste that has been disposed or not utilized, is a waste that can be converted into alternative energy sources of fossil fuel. Wastes baglog mushrooms are used as fuel by the way, turning the waste into bio briquette. The aim of this research is to test the combustion rate, calorific value, ash content, moisture content, volatile substance content, carbon content and drop test on bio briquett. The method used in the preparation uses A (1: 1: 1) comparison with starchy flour composition 250 grams of baglog 250 grams and 250 ml water, B ratio (1: 2: 2) with starchy flour composition 250 grams baglog 500 grams and water 500 ml, C ratio (1: 3: 3) with starch flour composition 250 grams of baglog waste 1000 grams and water 1000 ml. Making the first with the destruction of baglog waste and drying, mixing flour, baglog waste and water, briquette pressing then dried. The results of the research were obtained values of caloric, water content, carbon content and the content of volatile substances in A (1: 1: 1) biobriket of 4065.69 cal / g, 5%, 15.4%, and 71.4% The best ash content was found in sample B (1: 2: 2) of 4.8%. The results obtained of calorific value, moisture content, carbon content and volatile substances were found in A (1: 1: 1) sample biobriket of 4065, 69 cal / g, 5%, 15.4%, and 71.4% for the best ash content were found in sample B (1: 2: 2) of 4.8%. Keywords : Baglog waste, bio briquette, fossil fuel, oyster mushroom

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Miscanthus plants processing in fuel, energy, chemical and microbiological industries

Foods and raw materials ◽

10.21603/2308-4057-2019-2-403-411 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 403-411

Author(s):

Olga Babich ◽

Olga Krieger ◽

Evgeny Chupakhin ◽

Oksana Kozlova

Keyword(s):

Alternative Energy ◽

Plant Biomass ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Hydrocarbon Fuel ◽

Raw Material ◽

Biomass Combustion ◽

Alternative Energy Sources ◽

Miscanthus Giganteus ◽

Renewable Raw Material ◽

Physical And Chemical

The increasing shortage of fossil hydrocarbon fuel dictates the need to search for and develop alternative energy sources, including plant biomass. This paper is devoted to the study of the Miscanthus plants biomass potential and the analysis of technologies of its processing into products targeted at bioenergy, chemistry, and microbiology. Miscanthus is a promising renewable raw material to replace wood raw materials for the production of chemical, fuel, energy, and microbiological industries. Miscanthus is characterised by highly productive (up to 40 tons per one hectare of dry matter) C4-photosynthesis. Dry Miscanthus contains 47.1–49.7% carbon, 5.38–5.92% hydrogen, and 41.4–44.6% oxygen. The mineral composition includes K, Cl, N and S, which influence the processes occurring during biomass combustion. The total amount of extractives per dry substance lies in the range of 0.3–2.2 % for different extraction reagents. Miscanthus has optimal properties as an energy source. Miscanthus × giganteus pellets showed the energy value of about 29 kJ/g. For the bioconversion of plants into bioethanol, it is advisable to carry out simultaneous saccharification and fermentation, thus reducing the duration of process steps and energy costs. Miscanthus cellulose is of high quality and can be used for the synthesis of new products. Further research will focus on the selection of rational parameters for processing miscanthus biomass into products with improved physical and chemical characteristics: bioethanol, pellets, industrial cellulose, bacterial cellulose, carbohydrate substrate.

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Relationship between the energy and the environment at the current stage of energy market development

E3S Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/e3sconf/202131105003 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 311 ◽

pp. 05003

Author(s):

Yulia Anatolyevna Antokhina ◽

Galina Yuryevna Peshkova ◽

Elena Grigoryevna Bondar

Keyword(s):

Russian Federation ◽

Alternative Energy ◽

Fossil Fuels ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Global Changes ◽

Nuclear Facilities ◽

Alternative Energy Sources ◽

Production And Consumption ◽

The Russian Federation ◽

Reduce Emissions

The authors analyzed the current situation related to the global consumption of fossil fuels, as well as environmental problems caused by their extraction, production and consumption. The official statistical data were used, reflecting the volumes of export of fossil raw materials from the Russian Federation, the directions of raw materials flows, characterizing the demand for oil, gas, peat coal in international trade. The authors note that negative factors caused by currency fluctuations, pandemic and other factors did not lead to global changes in the fossil fuel market. The article presents the provisions of international documents adopted in order to prevent climate warming by reducing greenhouse gas emissions. In addition, attention is focused on distribution of responsibility between the developed and developing countries of the world. The authors analyzed the measures implemented in the territory of the Russian Federation, and identified positive trends to reduce emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere. Wherein, the article reflects the environmental risks associated with use of alternative energy sources and nuclear facilities, the assessment of which must be carried out during commissioning the corresponding facilities.

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Renewable Energy in Italy

Sustainable Systems and Energy Management at the Regional Level ◽

10.4018/978-1-61350-344-7.ch004 ◽

2011 ◽

pp. 68-86

Author(s):

Stefano Fanetti

Keyword(s):

Renewable Energy ◽

Alternative Energy ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Renewable Energy Sources ◽

Geographic Location ◽

Economic Incentives ◽

Energy Sources ◽

Alternative Energy Sources ◽

Regulatory Changes ◽

Oil And Natural Gas

Italy is a country where the energy supply depends largely on imported raw materials (such as oil and natural gas). The favorable geographic location could encourage the development of renewable energy sources; nevertheless, the growth of alternative energy sources is slow. What are the reasons? This question will be dealt in this chapter, considering three different aspects of the issue: the economic incentives for renewable energies, the problematic process of authorization of the facilities and the local communities’ opposition to new plants. Besides the analysis of these issues, the aim of this paper is to identify possible solutions, taking into account the relevant legislative and regulatory changes that, at national and Community level, have affected and are affecting the field of renewable energy.

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Pengembangan Bioenergi di Sektor Pertanian: Potensi dan Kendala Pengembangan Bioenergi Berbahan Baku Ubi Kayu

Analisis Kebijakan Pertanian ◽

10.21082/akp.v13n1.2015.19-38 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

pp. 19 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Adang Agustian

Keyword(s):

Alternative Energy ◽

Agricultural Land ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Institutional Development ◽

Energy Sources ◽

Production Volume ◽

Bioethanol Production ◽

Dry Land ◽

Cropping Patterns ◽

Central Java

EnglishAlong with the limited availability of fossil energy, it is necessary to look for other alternative energy sources. Cassava is one of the crops that can be processed into energy sources. This study uses data from the study in 2014. The an alysis results show that cassava farming is generally conducted in dry land. Cassava farming both in Lampung and Central Java is worth the effort. Technical constraints encountered consist ofdeclining soil fertility, land competition with other food crops, cropping patterns and low productivity. Socio - economic constraints include limited capital, fluctuating cassava price, high cost of farming, and lack of marketing. Development of bioethanol made from cassava is carried out by private companies in Central Java and Lampung is still limited. To produce ethanol from cassava, some obstacles encountered are technology for bioethanol production, continuity of raw materials, competition between food/tapioca and bioethanol processing, and cassava price is less comp etitive for bioethanol production. Policies for developing cassava raw materials to support bioethanol production are: (a) increased productivity, (b) planted area expansion, (c) sufficient production volume, and (d) institutional development and financing . Cassava production expansion may utilize those agricultural land of PT Perhutani/I nhutani (state - own forestry company), fallow land, and partnerships with the private sector. IndonesiaEnergi merupakan salah satu kebutuhan dasar untuk menopang keberlangsungan hidup manusia. Seiring dengan makin terbatasnya ketersediaan energi dari fosil, maka perlu dicarikan sumber energi alternatif lain. Ubi kayu merupakan salah satu tanaman yang dapat diolah menjadi sumber energi. Kajian ini menggunakan data hasil kajian tahun 2014, data yang digunakan merupakan data primer dan sekunder. Analisis data dilakukan secara kuantitatif dan kualitatif. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa usaha tani ubi kayu umumnya dilakukan di lahan kering tegalan. Usaha tani ubi kayu baik di Provinsi Lampung maupun Jawa Tengah cukup layak diusahakan. Kendala teknis yang dihadapi dapat berupa menurunnya kesuburan lahan, kompetisi lahan dengan tanaman pangan lain, pola tanam belum optimal, dan rendahnya produktivitas. Kendala sosial ekonomi dapat mencakup permodalan yang terbatas, harga ubi kayu yang sering fluktuasi, biaya usaha tani yang tinggi, dan pemasaran yang belum berjalan secara baik termasuk dengan sistem kemitraan. Pengembangan bioetanol berbahan baku ubi kayu masih terbatas dilakukan oleh perusahaan swasta baik di Jawa Tengah maupun Lampung. Untuk memproduksi bioetanol dari ubi kayu, terdapat beberapa kendala yang dihadapi antara lain: kontinuitas bahan baku, persaingan bahan baku antara penggunaan untuk pangan/tapioka dan sebagai bahan baku bioetanol, dan harga ubi kayu yang terus meningkat yang dirasakan menjadi kurang kompetitif untuk produksi bioetanol. Kebijakan dalam rangka pengembangan bahan baku ubi kayu untuk mendukung produksi bioetanol dapat ditempuh melalui peningkatan produktivitas, perluasan areal tanam, pengamanan produksi, dan pengembangan kelembagaan dan pembiayaan. Untuk penyediaan bahan baku bioetanol, usaha tani ubi kayu membutuhkan lahan yang luas. Perluasan pertanaman dapat diarahkan pada areal baru (perluasan), dan dengan memanfaatkan areal PT Perhutani/Inhutani, lahan tidur/terlantar, dan kemitraan dengan swasta. Hal penting lainnya dalam pengembangan bioenergi adalah komitmen pemerintah dan sinergi antarinstansi dalam kebijakan atau program bioenergi.

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