scholarly journals Graph Construction

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica K. Witt
Keyword(s):  
Degrees Of Freedom ◽  
Full Range ◽  
Standard Deviations ◽  
Scientific Results ◽  
Visual Size ◽  
Scientific Fields ◽  
Actual Size

Graphs are an effective and compelling way to present scientific results.  With few rigid guidelines, researchers have many degrees-of-freedom regarding graph construction.  One such choice is the range of the y-axis.  A range set just beyond the data will bias readers to see all effects as big. Conversely, a range set to the full range of options will bias readers to see all effects as small.  Researchers should maximize congruence between visual size of an effect and the actual size of the effect.  In the experiments presented here, participants viewed graphs with the y-axis set to the minimum range required for all the data to be visible, the full range from 0 to 100, and a range of approximately 1.5 standard deviations.  The results showed that participants’ sensitivity to the effect depicted in the graph was better when the y-axis range was between one to two standard deviations than with either the minimum range or the full range.  In addition, bias was also smaller with the standardized axis range than the minimum or full axis ranges.  To achieve congruency in scientific fields for which effects are standardized, the y-axis range should be no less than 1 standard deviations, and aim to be at least 1.5 standard deviations.

scholarly journals Preprint of Graph Construction: Setting the Range of the Y‐Axis by Jessica Witt (Under review at Meta-Psychology)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica K. Witt
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Degrees Of Freedom ◽  
Full Range ◽  
The Other ◽  
Graph Comprehension ◽  
Scientific Results ◽  
Visual Size ◽  
Scientific Fields ◽  
Actual Size

Graphs are an effective and compelling way to present scientific results. With few rigid guidelines, researchers have many degrees‐of‐freedom regarding graph construction. One such choice is the range of the y‐axis. A range set just beyond the data will bias readers to see all effects as big. Conversely, a range set to the full range of options will bias readers to see all effects as small.Researchers should maximize congruence between visual size of an effect and the actual size of the effect. To achieve congruency in scientific fields for which effects are standardized, the y‐axis range should be a function of the standard deviation. This improved graph comprehension by increasing sensitivity and reducing bias relative to the other options for the y‐axis range.

scholarly journals Spectrographs for small telescopes

2010 ◽  
Vol 6 (S272) ◽  
pp. 282-283 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olivier Thizy ◽  
François Cochard
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Optical Fibre ◽  
World Wide ◽  
Significant Contribution ◽  
Full Range ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Ob Stars ◽  
Small Telescope ◽  
Scientific Results ◽  
A Company

AbstractShelyak Instruments is a company founded in 2006 offering a full range of spectrographs designed for Astronomy, shipping World Wide. Current users are (1) Public and private observatories who want to setup small telescope for scientific programs or training; (2) Universities for education and demonstrations; (3) Experienced amateurs observers who work in Pro/Amateur collaborations. Lhires III Littrow high resolution spectrograph and eShel optical fibre fed echelle solution are presented with some scientific results including OB stars in which those instruments had a significant contribution.

scholarly journals TRANSITION FORM FACTORS: A UNIQUE OPPORTUNITY TO CONNECT NON-PERTURBATIVE STRONG INTERACTIONS TO QCD

2014 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 1460090
Author(s):  
◽  
RALF W. GOTHE
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sections ◽  
Strong Interaction ◽  
Degrees Of Freedom ◽  
Full Range ◽  
Form Factors ◽  
Quality Analysis ◽  
Strong Interactions ◽  
Transition Form ◽  
Precision Data ◽  
Meson Cloud

Meson-photoproduction measurements and their reaction-amplitude analyses can establish more sensitively, and in some cases in an almost model-independent way, nucleon excitations and non-resonant reaction amplitudes. However, to investigate the strong interaction from explored — where meson-cloud degrees of freedom contribute substantially to the baryon structure — to still unexplored distance scales — where quark degrees of freedom dominate and the transition from dressed to current quarks occurs — we depend on experiments that allow us to measure observables that are probing this evolving non-perturbative QCD regime over its full range. Elastic and transition form factors are uniquely suited to trace this evolution by measuring elastic electron scattering and exclusive single-meson and double-pion electroproduction cross sections off the nucleon. These exclusive measurements will be extended to higher momentum transfers with the energy-upgraded CEBAF beam at JLab to study the quark degrees of freedom, where their strong interaction is responsible for the ground and excited nucleon state formations. After establishing unprecedented high-precision data, the imminent next challenge is a high-quality analysis to extract these relevant electrocoupling parameters for various resonances that then can be compared to state-of-the-art models and QCD-based calculations. Recent results will demonstrate the status of the analysis and of their theoretical descriptions, and an experimental and theoretical outlook will highlight what shall and may be achieved in the new era of the 12-GeV upgraded transition form factor program.

scholarly journals Linear Models and Empirical Bayes Methods for Assessing Differential Expression in Microarray Experiments

2004 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gordon K Smyth
Keyword(s):  
Differential Expression ◽  
Degrees Of Freedom ◽  
Empirical Bayes ◽  
Linear Models ◽  
Single Channel ◽  
Posterior Odds ◽  
Microarray Experiments ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Standard Deviations ◽  
T Distribution

The problem of identifying differentially expressed genes in designed microarray experiments is considered. Lonnstedt and Speed (2002) derived an expression for the posterior odds of differential expression in a replicated two-color experiment using a simple hierarchical parametric model. The purpose of this paper is to develop the hierarchical model of Lonnstedt and Speed (2002) into a practical approach for general microarray experiments with arbitrary numbers of treatments and RNA samples. The model is reset in the context of general linear models with arbitrary coefficients and contrasts of interest. The approach applies equally well to both single channel and two color microarray experiments. Consistent, closed form estimators are derived for the hyperparameters in the model. The estimators proposed have robust behavior even for small numbers of arrays and allow for incomplete data arising from spot filtering or spot quality weights. The posterior odds statistic is reformulated in terms of a moderated t-statistic in which posterior residual standard deviations are used in place of ordinary standard deviations. The empirical Bayes approach is equivalent to shrinkage of the estimated sample variances towards a pooled estimate, resulting in far more stable inference when the number of arrays is small. The use of moderated t-statistics has the advantage over the posterior odds that the number of hyperparameters which need to estimated is reduced; in particular, knowledge of the non-null prior for the fold changes are not required. The moderated t-statistic is shown to follow a t-distribution with augmented degrees of freedom. The moderated t inferential approach extends to accommodate tests of composite null hypotheses through the use of moderated F-statistics. The performance of the methods is demonstrated in a simulation study. Results are presented for two publicly available data sets.

scholarly journals The Architecture of the Common Digital Space of Scientific Knowledge

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. E. Kalenov ◽  
G. I. Savin ◽  
A. N. Sotnikov
Keyword(s):  
Semantic Web ◽  
Scientific Knowledge ◽  
Digital Space ◽  
Preliminary Examination ◽  
Digital Objects ◽  
The Common ◽  
Scientific Results ◽  
Scientific Fields

The architecture of the Common Digital Space of Scientific Knowledge (CDSSK) is determined by its functions and objectives. CDSSK includes a set of subspaces related to various scientific fields. The unity of subspaces is provided by unified principles for constructing subspaces and ontological connections between their objects. Each subspace includes digital objects, metadata containing facts related to objects, and subject onotologies that provide advanced searches and navigation through space. All information is reflected in the CDSSK according to the rules of the «semantic WEB». The content of each subspace includes a core (time-tested reliable 8 scientific results) and a superstructure — new scientific results that have passed preliminary examination.

scholarly journals On Using an Approximate Noncentral t-Distribution in Determining a One-Side Upper Limit for Future Sample Relative Reproducibility Standard Deviations

2007 ◽  
Vol 90 (2) ◽  
pp. 575-581 ◽  
Author(s):  
Foster D McClure ◽  
Jung K Lee
Keyword(s):  
Monte Carlo Simulation ◽  
Monte Carlo ◽  
Degrees Of Freedom ◽  
Normal Approximation ◽  
Upper Limit ◽  
Standard Deviations ◽  
New Formula ◽  
T Distribution ◽  
Future Sample

Abstract For future sample relative reproducibility standard deviations (RSDR), collaboratively obtained under a completely randomized model (CRM), a new formula for determining a one-tailed 100p% upper limit (p) for such RSDR values was developed based on an approximate noncentral t-distribution with degrees of freedom obtained using Satterthwaite's adjustment. The accuracy of p was assessed by comparing p and its probability levels with similar values associated with a Monte Carlo simulation and with those obtained using another formula (p) that was developed for the same purpose but based on a normal approximation.

scholarly journals Evaluation of ozone profile and tropospheric ozone retrievals from GEMS and OMI spectra

2012 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
pp. 6733-6762 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Bak ◽  
J. H. Kim ◽  
X. Liu ◽  
K. Chance ◽  
J. Kim
Keyword(s):  
Spectral Resolution ◽  
Tropospheric Ozone ◽  
Degrees Of Freedom ◽  
Stratospheric Ozone ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Ozone Monitoring Instrument ◽  
Ozone Profile ◽  
Retrieval Errors ◽  
Standard Deviations ◽  
Column Ozone

Abstract. Korea is planning to launch the GEMS (Geostationary Environment Monitoring Spectrometer) instrument into a Geostationary (GEO) platform in 2018 to monitor tropospheric air pollutants on an hourly basis over East Asia. GEMS will measure backscattered UV radiances covering the 300–500 nm wavelength range with a spectral resolution of 0.6 nm. The main objective of this study is to evaluate ozone profiles and stratospheric column ozone amounts retrieved from simulated GEMS measurements. Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) Level 1B radiances, which have the spectral range 270–500 nm at spectral resolution of 0.42–0.63 nm, are used to simulate the GEMS radiances. An optimal estimation-based ozone profile algorithm is used to retrieve ozone profiles from simulated GEMS radiances. Firstly, we compare the retrieval characteristics (including averaging kernels, degrees of freedom for signal, and retrieval error) derived from the 270–330 nm (OMI) and 300–330 nm (GEMS) wavelength ranges. This comparison shows that the effect of not using measurements below 300 nm on tropospheric ozone retrievals is insignificant. However, the stratospheric ozone information decreases greatly from OMI to GEMS, by a factor of ∼2. The number of the independent pieces of information available from GEMS measurements is estimated to 3 on average in the stratosphere, with associated retrieval errors of ∼1% in stratospheric column ozone. The difference between OMI and GEMS retrieval characteristics is apparent for retrieving ozone layers above ∼20 km, with a reduction in the sensitivity and an increase in the retrieval errors for GEMS. We further investigate whether GEMS can resolve the stratospheric ozone variation observed from high vertical resolution EOS Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS). The differences in stratospheric ozone profiles between GEMS and MLS are comparable to those between OMI and MLS above ∼3 hPa (∼40 km) except with slightly larger biases and larger standard deviations by up to 5%. At pressure altitudes above ∼3 hPa, GEMS retrievals show strong influence of a priori and large differences with MLS, which, however, can be sufficiently improved by using better a priori information. The GEMS-MLS differences show negative biases of less than 4% for stratospheric column ozone, with standard deviations of 1–3%, while OMI retrievals show similar agreements with MLS except for 1% smaller biases at mid and high latitudes. Based on the comparisons, we conclude that GEMS will measure tropospheric ozone and stratospheric ozone columns with accuracy comparable to that of OMI and ozone profiles with slightly worse performance than that of OMI below ∼3 hPa.

AssistOn-Finger: An under-actuated finger exoskeleton for robot-assisted tendon therapy

Robotica ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 32 (8) ◽  
pp. 1363-1382 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ismail Hakan Ertas ◽  
Elif Hocaoglu ◽  
Volkan Patoglu
Keyword(s):  
Degrees Of Freedom ◽  
Full Range ◽  
Feasibility Studies ◽  
Dimensional Synthesis ◽  
Gap Formation ◽  
Robot Assisted ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Flexion Extension ◽  
Tendon Tension ◽  
Human Finger

SUMMARYWe present AssistOn-Finger, a novel under-actuated active exoskeleton for robot-assisted tendon therapy of human fingers. The primary use for the exoskeleton is to assist flexion/extension motions of a finger within its full range, while decreasing voluntary muscle contractions helping to keep the tendon tension levels to stay within acceptable limits, avoiding gap formation or rupture of the suture. The device can also be employed to administer range of motion (RoM)/strengthening exercises. AssistOn-Fingeris designed to be passively back-driveable, can cover the whole RoM of patients, and can do so in a natural and coordinated manner. In particular, the device employs human finger as an integral part of its kinematics and when coupled to a human operator, the parallel kinematic structure of exoskeleton supports three independent degrees of freedom, dictated by the kinematics of the human finger. Automatically aligning its joint axes to match finger joint axes, AssistOn-Fingercan guarantee ergonomy and comfort throughout the therapy. The self-aligning feature also significantly shortens the setup time required to attach the patient to the exoskeleton. We present the kinematic type selection for the exoskeleton to satisfy the design requirements for tendon therapy applications, detail optimal dimensional synthesis of the device considering trade-offs between multiple design criteria and discuss implementation details of the exoskeleton. We also present feasibility studies conducted on healthy volunteers and provide statistical evidence on the efficacy of exoskeleton driven exercises in keeping the average muscle recruitment and the maximum tendon tension levels as low as human guided therapies.

Domains of Mobility for a Planar Body Moving Among Obstacles

1996 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward J. Haug ◽  
Frederick A. Adkins ◽  
Dan I. Coroian
Keyword(s):  
Reference Point ◽  
Degrees Of Freedom ◽  
Full Range ◽  
The Body ◽  
General Application ◽  
Limited Mobility ◽  
Moving Body ◽  
Planar Convex ◽  
Stationary Obstacles

Abstract A formulation is presented for defining domains of mobility for a planar convex body moving with three degrees-of-freedom among convex planar obstacles. Applications included are determination of areas of a factory floor or material storage facility in which objects can be manipulated without impacting fixed obstacles. Mobility of the moving body is defined to encompass (1) dextrous mobility of the body; i.e., points that can be reached by a reference point on the body and at which the body can be rotated through its full range of admissible orientations without penetrating any stationary obstacle, and (2) limited mobility of the body; i.e., points that can be reached by the reference point and at which the body does not penetrate any stationary obstacle, for some admissible orientation. Analytical criteria for points on boundaries of domains of mobility are derived and numerical methods suitable for mapping these boundaries are summarized. An elementary example involving a moving and a stationary ellipse, with and without orientation restrictions, is solved analytically to illustrate the method. A more general application with one moving body and three stationary obstacles is solved numerically.

Microstructure of NiCrBSi Laser Cladding Coatings Textured by Nd-YAG Laser

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Higuera-Garrido ◽  
R. Gonza´lez ◽  
M. Cadenas ◽  
J. L. Viesca ◽  
A. Herna´ndez-Battez
Keyword(s):  
Surface Treatment ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Tribological Behavior ◽  
Energy Levels ◽  
Full Range ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Manufacturing Processes ◽  
Combustion Engines ◽  
Scientific Fields

The use of texturing as a surface treatment that improves the tribological behavior is widespread in industrial and scientific fields, it is used in internal combustion engines [1], in biomechanical applications [2], in manufacturing processes [3] and in a full range of different applications. When texturing is carried out at low energy levels, the material melts superficially in a process governed by convection and thermocapillarity phenomena [4], whereas at high energy levels the reaction of the material could lead to its sudden vaporization [5] and local melting.

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