scholarly journals Pathogenic characteristics of intracellular infection in chlamydiosis

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 423-432
Author(s):  
A. N. Markina ◽  
T. A. Kapustina ◽  
O. V. Parilova ◽  
E. V. Belova
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Scientific Data ◽  
Economic Consequences ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Chlamydia Infection ◽  
Tissue Respiration ◽  
Clear Understanding ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract

This review analyzes scientific data and systematized information regarding microbiological aspects and pathogenesis of chlamydia infection. Chlamydia are obligate intracellular microorganisms that are sensitive to any human cells where energy parasitism is possible: various types of epithelium, fibrocytes, histiocytes, glial and muscle cells, squamous epithelium of the meninges and eyeball, neurons, monocytes, macrophages. Structure, chemical composition and enzymatic activity of Chlamydia closely resemble those in Gram-negative bacteria, as they retain their morphological identity throughout the life cycle, possess cell wall, ribosomes, DNA, RNA, biochemical elements of glycolysis, tissue respiration, peptose production being sensitive to some broad-spectrum antibiotics, and are able to vegetative form division. In recent decades, the pathogenesis and clinical symptoms of chlamydial lesions in the urogenital tract, nervous, cardiovascular, musculoskeletal and bronchopulmonary systems have been actively studied, and new approaches and treatment schemes for chlamydia-infected patients are still developing. Over many decades, Chlamydia infection has been an important and urgent problem, not only due to its high prevalence, but also because of high rate of complications negatively affecting populational health and related demographic parameters. Chlamydia causes multiple diseases resulting in chronization of inflammatory process in all human organs and systems, and affects reproduction of population. Mandatory statistical recording of chlamydiosis cases introduced as early as in 1994 in the Russian Federation does not reflect the actual incidence rate. A rise in number of inflammatory diseases of the upper respiratory tract caused by Chlamydia undoubtedly increases its etiological importance, but data regarding etiopathogenetic role of Chlamydia in ENT pathology are ambiguous and contradictory. Available publications describe a large range of variation in rate of detected Chlamydia due to poor awareness of doctors about the microbiological properties of chlamydia, pathogenetic and clinical features of clinical signs of this infection, and lack of common and clear understanding on the algorithms for identifying and treating chlamydiosis. Since the majority of chlamydia-associated nosological forms are asymptomatic, knowing pathogenetic features of related will allow to prevent the spread of the infection and reduce subsequent socio-economic consequences.

scholarly journals Using of topical bacterial lysates in modern clinical practice

2021 ◽  
pp. 49-56
Author(s):  
V. M. Svistushkin ◽  
G. N. Nikiforova ◽  
A. V. Zolotova ◽  
V. A. Stepanova
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Human Microbiome ◽  
Allergic Diseases ◽  
The Body ◽  
Economic Consequences ◽  
Medical Community ◽  
Side Reactions ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Bacterial Lysates

Acute and chronic infectious and inflammatory diseases of the upper respiratory tract occupy a leading position in the structure of the pathology of the world’s population and remain the most frequent reason for patients seeking medical care. The prevalence and frequency of this disease in this nosological group makes a decisive contribution to the structure of the causes of temporary disability, which entails significant negative social and economic consequences. In this aspect, the spread of resistance of pathogens to etiotropic drugs and the insufficient arsenal of pathogenetic drugs stimulate the medical community to search for alternative approaches to the treatment of patients with respiratory pathology. One of these therapeutic areas is the use of immunomodulators, the most commonly used group of which are bacterial lysates. In the modern literature, sufficiently convincing data have been accumulated on the effectiveness of the use of bacterial lysates of systemic action, as a result of which the immune cells of the gastrointestinal tract are activated, which in turn leads to the restoration of autoregulation of the immune response throughout the body, and a decrease in the frequency of infectious and allergic diseases. The latest developments of domestic pharmacologists are topical bacterial lysates, the principle of which is based on the local activation of mucosal immunity in the respiratory tract. The undoubted advantage is that bacterial lysates, with all their effectiveness, do not harm the human microbiome, practically do not cause side reactions, combine well with other drugs, and can also be used at any stage of the disease, including for prophylactic purposes.

Early-Onset Neonatal Sepsis and Antibiotic Use in Northeast Thailand

2018 ◽  
Vol 36 (12) ◽  
pp. 1295-1303
Author(s):  
Pakaphan Kiatchoosakun ◽  
Junya Jirapradittha ◽  
Prapassara Sirikarn ◽  
Malinee Laopaiboon ◽  
Porjai Pattanittum ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Early Onset ◽  
Neonatal Intensive Care ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
Adverse Outcomes ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Northeast Thailand ◽  
Suspected Sepsis ◽  
Early Onset Sepsis

Objective Antibiotics are commonly prescribed in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) for suspected sepsis because of the nonspecific clinical symptoms of sepsis. The overuse of antibiotic is associated with adverse outcomes. This study aimed to determine the rate of early-onset sepsis (EOS) and antibiotic use in neonates admitted to three NICUs in Northeast Thailand Study Design This is a descriptive study using the data collected in the South East Asia—Using Research for Change in Hospital-acquired Infection in Neonates project. Neonates admitted within 3 days of life were included. EOS was defined as neonates who presented with three or more clinical signs or laboratory results suggested sepsis and received antibiotics for at least 5 days. Those with positive blood culture were culture-proven EOS. Antibiotic use within 3 days of life and up to 28 days was described. Results Among 1,897 neonates, 160 cases were classified as EOS (8.4%) with culture-proven EOS in 4 cases (0.2%). The median durations of antibiotic use in culture-proven and culture-negative EOSs were 15 and 8 days, respectively. Conclusion The rate of culture-proven EOS was low, but there was a high rate of antibiotic use. Antibiotic stewardship should be emphasized.

scholarly journals SARS-CoV-2 Omicron-B.1.1.529 Variant leads to less severe disease than Pango B and Delta variants strains in a mouse model of severe COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eleanor G Bentley ◽  
Adam Kirby ◽  
Parul Sharma ◽  
Anja Kipar ◽  
Daniele F Mega ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mouse Model ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
T Cell Epitopes ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Major Question ◽  
Clinical Consequences ◽  
Inflammatory Processes ◽  
Mouse Model Of Infection

COVID-19 is a spectrum of clinical symptoms in humans caused by infection with SARS-CoV-2. The B.1.1.529 Omicron variant is rapidly emerging and has been designated a Variant of Concern (VOC). The variant is highly transmissible and partially or fully evades a spectrum of neutralising antibodies due to a high number of substitutions in the spike glycoprotein. A major question is the relative severity of disease caused by the Omicron variant compared with previous and currently circulating variants of SARS-CoV-2. To address this, a mouse model of infection that recapitulates severe disease in humans, K18-hACE2 mice, were infected with either a Pango B, Delta or Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2 and their relative pathogenesis compared. In contrast to mice infected with Pango B and Delta variant viruses, those infected with the Omicron variant had less severe clinical signs (weight loss), showed recovery and had a lower virus load in both the lower and upper respiratory tract. This is also reflected by less extensive inflammatory processes in the lungs. Although T cell epitopes may be conserved, the antigenic diversity of Omicron from previous variants would suggest that a change in vaccine may be required to mitigate against the higher transmissibility and global disease burden. However, the lead time to develop such a response may be too late to mitigate the spread and effects of Omicron. These animal model data suggest the clinical consequences of infection with the Omicron variant may be less severe but the higher transmissibility could still place huge burden upon healthcare systems even if a lower proportion of infected patients are hospitalised.

scholarly journals Presence of microorganisms in children with pharyngotonsillitis and healthy controls: a prospective study in primary healthcare

Infection ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jon Pallon ◽  
Martin Sundqvist ◽  
Mattias Rööst ◽  
Patrik Danielsson ◽  
Thomas Neumark ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prospective Study ◽  
Sore Throat ◽  
Primary Healthcare ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Common Finding ◽  
Group A Streptococci ◽  
Asymptomatic Children ◽  
Group A

Abstract Purpose Most studies on paediatric pharyngotonsillitis focus on group A streptococci. This study, however, analyses a broad spectrum of bacteria and viruses related to paediatric pharyngotonsillitis and evaluates their associated clinical symptoms and courses. Methods This observational prospective study in primary healthcare includes 77 children aged < 15 with a sore throat and 34 asymptomatic children, all of whom were sampled from the tonsils with an E-swab® for analysis with culture and PCR for 14 bacteria and 15 viruses. Patients were evaluated clinically, and their symptoms recorded in diaries for 10 days. Participants were followed up for 3 months by reviewing medical records. Results A pathogen was detected in 86% of patients and in 71% of controls (P = 0.06). Bacteria were found in 69% of patients and 59% of controls (P = 0.3), and viruses in 36% and 26%, respectively (P = 0.3). Group A streptococci was the most common finding, with a prevalence of 49% and 32%, respectively (P = 0.1). Clinical signs were not useful for distinguishing pathogens. None of the controls and 16% of the patients reconsulted for a sore throat within 3 months. Conclusion Bacteria were more common than viruses in both study groups. The high rate of pathogens in asymptomatic children interferes with diagnoses based on aetiology.

Tennis- und Golfer-Ellenbogen

2015 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Spontaneous Recovery ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Lateral Epicondylitis ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Physical Methods ◽  
Local Injections ◽  
One Year ◽  
Golfer’S Elbow ◽  
Non Surgical Treatment

“Tennis and golfer’s elbow” are common pathologies due to overload of forearm extensors and flexors, and actually occur mostly outside tennis and golf sports. Several differential diagnoses of medial and lateral epicondylitis have to be excluded as there are a number of other conditions with similar clinical symptoms. The high rate of spontaneous recovery has to be considered in treatment. Evidence based conservative treatment comprises excentric physiotherapy, local injections, and physical methods. Surgery is reserved for patients with persistence of symptoms for more than one year despite non-surgical treatment.

OCCURRENCE OF THE RISKS FOR DEVELOPMENT OF RESPIRATORY DISEASES IN CHILDREN EXPOSED TO THE CHEMICAL FACTORS OF THE EXPOSURE OF ALUMINA REFINERY- ASSOCIATED BUSINESS ACTIVITY

2019 ◽  
pp. 42-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.A. Zemlianova ◽  
I.V. Tikhonova
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Allergic Inflammation ◽  
Respiratory Morbidity ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Chemical Factors ◽  
Chronic Lymphoproliferative Diseases

Alumina refineries are among the leading sources of atmospheric air pollution with a wide range of pollutants hazardous to human respiratory organs. It is relevant to study and evaluate the occurrence of the risks for development of respiratory diseases in children living in the area affected by the emission components of an alumina refinery. We assessed air quality of the area under observation and comparison according to monitoring observations, risk of non-carcinogenic effects from the respiratory organs. The content of chemicals in the blood and urine adequate to risk factors was quantified. The structure of individual groups of respiratory diseases was analyzed. The causal relationships of violations of laboratory parameters with an increased content of chemicals in biological media were evaluated. It was found that an aerogenic exposure of chemical pollutants is formed on the territory with the production of metallurgical alumina. It determines the risk for development of respiratory diseases, exceeding an acceptable level up to 49.9 times. In the exposed children, the content of manganese, chromium, nickel, copper, xylenes, formaldehyde and aluminum, fluoride ion in the urine was increased to 4.2 times in relation to the indices in the comparison group. A high level of additional respiratory morbidity(1.8 times) was revealed. Chronic lymphoproliferative diseases of the nasopharynx and inflammatory diseases of the upper respiratory tract (up to 6.6 times more often), inflammatory diseases with a predominance of the mechanism of allergic inflammation ( up to 2.1 times more often)are more often detected in the framework of the respiratory diseases. Negative effects on the part of the respiratory system in the form of activation of antioxidant processes, the development of an inflammatory reaction, local, general and specific sensitization of the respiratory tract were established. It confirms the occurrence of the risks for the development of respiratory diseases in children in the exposure area of the chemical factors of alumina refinery-associated economic activity.

scholarly journals Concentrations of canine prostate specific esterase, CPSE, at baseline are associated with the relative size of the prostate at three-year follow-up

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bodil S. Holst ◽  
Sofia Carlin ◽  
Virginie Fouriez-Lablée ◽  
Sofia Hanås ◽  
Sofie Ödling ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Specific Antigen ◽  
Relative Size ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Serum Concentrations ◽  
Prostatic Disease ◽  
Follow Up Study ◽  
Prostate Size ◽  
Prostate Growth

Abstract Background Enlargement of the prostate is associated with prostatic diseases in dogs, and an estimation of prostatic size is a central part in the diagnostic workup. Ultrasonography is often the method of choice, but biomarkers constitute an alternative. Canine prostate specific esterase (CPSE) shares many characteristics with human prostate specific antigen (PSA) and is related to prostate size. In men with clinical symptoms of prostatic disease, PSA concentrations are related to prostate growth. The aims of the present follow-up study were to evaluate if the concentration of CPSE is associated with future growth of the prostate, and if analysis of a panel of 16 steroids gives further information on prostatic growth. Owners of dogs included in a previous study were 3 years later contacted for a follow-up study that included an interview and a clinical examination. The prostate was examined by ultrasonography. Serum concentrations of CPSE were measured, as was a panel of steroids. Results Of the 79 dogs included at baseline, owners of 77 dogs (97%) were reached for an interview, and 22 were available for a follow-up examination. Six of the 79 dogs had clinical signs of prostatic disease at baseline, and eight of the remaining 73 dogs (11%) developed clinical signs between baseline and follow-up, information was lacking for two dogs. Development of clinical signs was significantly more common in dogs with a relative prostate size of ≥2.5 at baseline (n = 20) than in dogs with smaller prostates (n = 51). Serum concentrations of CPSE at baseline were not associated with the change in prostatic size between baseline and follow-up. Serum concentrations of CPSE at baseline and at follow-up were positively associated with the relative prostatic size (Srel) at follow-up. Concentrations of corticosterone (P = 0.024), and the class corticosteroids (P = 0.0035) were positively associated with the difference in Srel between baseline and follow-up. Conclusions The results support the use of CPSE for estimating present and future prostatic size in dogs ≥4 years, and the clinical usefulness of prostatic size for predicting development of clinical signs of prostatic disease in the dog. The association between corticosteroids and prostate growth warrants further investigation.

scholarly journals Comprehensive health assessment and blood analyte reference intervals of gopher tortoises (Gopherus polyphemus) in southeastern FL, USA

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Annie Page-Karjian ◽  
Kathleen Rafferty ◽  
Clerson Xavier ◽  
Nicole I Stacy ◽  
Jon A Moore ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Protein ◽  
Health Assessment ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Keystone Species ◽  
Reference Intervals ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Gopher Tortoise ◽  
Gopherus Polyphemus ◽  
Baseline Information ◽  
Mycoplasma Spp

Abstract The gopher tortoise (Gopherus polyphemus), a keystone species, is declining throughout its geographic range. Lack of knowledge with respect to the potential infectious diseases present within wild populations creates a dilemma for wildlife biologists, conservationists and public policy makers. The objective of this study was to conduct a health assessment of two previously unstudied gopher tortoise aggregations located at two sites in southeastern FL. Samples were collected from 91 tortoises (48 adults, 35 juveniles, 8 hatchlings) captured at Florida Atlantic University’s Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute, in Fort Pierce, FL, USA in 2019, and Loggerhead Park in Juno Beach, FL, USA, during 2018–2019. Samples of blood, nasal swabs and oral/cloacal swabs were analyzed for hematology, plasma protein electrophoretic profiles and infectious disease testing including Mycoplasma spp. serology and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays for Ranavirus, Herpesvirus and Anaplasma spp. Hematological and plasma protein electrophoresis reference intervals are presented for adult and juvenile tortoises from both sites combined. Clinical signs consistent with upper respiratory tract disease (URTD) were observed in 18/91 (20%) tortoises, and antibodies to Mycoplasma agassizii were detected in 33/77 (42.9%) tortoises. Adult tortoises were significantly more likely than juveniles to have URTD clinical signs, and statistically significant, positive relationships were observed between the presence of antibodies to Mycoplasma spp. and carapace length, packed cell volume and plasma globulin concentrations. Anaplasma spp. inclusions were observed in 8/82 (10%) tortoises, but PCR detected Anaplasma sp. in 21/83 (25%) tortoises. Herpesvirus and Ranavirus were not detected in any blood or swab samples. This work contributes important baseline information on the health of gopher tortoises toward the southern end of the species’ range.

scholarly journals Mycoplasma hyorhinis as a possible cause of fibrinopurulent meningitis in pigs? - a case series

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Moritz Bünger ◽  
Rene Brunthaler ◽  
Christine Unterweger ◽  
Igor Loncaric ◽  
Maximiliane Dippel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Case Series ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Mycoplasma Hyorhinis ◽  
Case Presentation ◽  
Systemic Spread ◽  
In Situ Detection ◽  
On Farm

Abstract Background Mycoplasma hyorhinis is an invader of the upper respiratory tract in swine that is considered to have ubiquitous distribution. It is mainly known for causing polyserositis and polyarthritis in weaned piglets, even though the mechanisms of systemic spread are not fully understood. Mycoplasma hyorhinis has also been associated with other diseases in pigs such as pneumonia or otitis media, but so far has not been known to cause central nervous disorders. This case series reports the isolation of Mycoplasma hyorhinis from cerebrospinal fluid and/ or meningeal swabs from piglets originating from four different piglet producing farms in Austria. Case presentation On farm 1, coughing, stiff movement and central nervous signs occurred in nursery piglets. Mycoplasma hyorhinis was the only pathogen isolated from meningeal swabs from two piglets showing central nervous signs. Fibrinopurulent leptomeningitis was only observed in one piglet. Only one of two nursery piglets from farm 2 showed mild central nervous signs but no histologic lesions; Mycoplasma hyorhinis was isolated from cerebrospinal fluid of the piglet with neurologic signs. Mycoplasma hyorhinis was isolated from cerebrospinal fluid of all three investigated piglets from farm 3, all of which showed central nervous signs and purulent leptomeningitis. Further, Streptococcus suis was isolated from the cerebrospinal fluid of one piglet. Fibrinopurulent leptomeningitis was detected in two piglets from farm 4 that had died overnight without showing any clinical signs and Mycoplasma hyorhinis was isolated from meningeal swabs from both piglets. Conclusion While causality has yet to be proven by experimental infection and in situ detection of the pathogen in histologic sections, the findings of this study and the absence of other pathogens suggest Mycoplasma hyorhinis as a potential causative agent of meningitis in swine.

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