scholarly journals CONTROLE DE EROSÃO EM ESTRADAS RURAIS NÃO PAVIMENTADAS, UTILIZANDO SISTEMA DE TERRACEAMENTO COM GRADIENTE ASSOCIADO A BACIAS DE CAPTAÇÃO

Irriga ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 548-563 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rui Donizete Casarin ◽  
Eduardo Luiz de Oliveira
Keyword(s):  
Soil Conservation ◽  
Agricultural Development ◽  
Aggregate Stability ◽  
Water Infiltration ◽  
Conservation Practices ◽  
Infiltration Capacity ◽  
Unpaved Roads ◽  
The Road ◽  
Main Factors ◽  
Anthropic Action

CONTROLE DE EROSÃO EM ESTRADAS RURAIS NÃO PAVIMENTADAS, UTILIZANDO SISTEMA DE TERRACEAMENTO COM GRADIENTE ASSOCIADO A BACIAS DE CAPTAÇÃO  Rui Donizete Casarin1; Eduardo Luiz de Oliveira21Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, SP, [email protected] de Engenharia Civil, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Bauru, SP  1 RESUMO As estradas rurais de terra são estruturas viárias importantes para o desenvolvimento rural econômico e social da nação, sendo que a erosão provocada pelas águas das chuvas no seu leito e margens esta intimamente relacionada à má drenagem, tornando-se um dos principais fatores para sua degradação. Para que o sistema de drenagem funcione de forma adequada é necessário o conhecimento da erodibilidade, capacidade de infiltração de água no solo e adoção de práticas mecânicas de abatimentos de taludes com elevação do greide e interceptação de águas por meio de dispositivos de drenagem e captação. Neste artigo apresenta-se um modelo de drenagem por meio da construção de terraços embutidos com gradiente associados à bacia de captação em solos do tipo Argissolo Vermelho distrófico abrúptico de textura arenosa a média, com base em técnicas de abatimentos de taludes, elevando seu leito transversalmente das estradas com desviadores de fluxo. As frações granulométricas (areia, silte, argila) e a estabilidade de agregados indicam que esse solo sob ação antrópica pode apresentar processos erosivos resultando em escoamento superficial com arrastamento de solos, assoreando mananciais e cursos d’água localizados abaixo das estradas proporcionando grandes impactos ambientais nos corpos hídricos. A redução destes problemas de erosão nestas estradas de terra está na adoção de medidas que intercepte águas do próprio escoamento do seu leito, bem como as águas pluviais vindas de áreas adjacentes da contribuição, que são coletadas e conduzidas para terraços embutidos e bacias de captação. UNITERMOS: erosão em estradas rurais, infiltração de água no solo, práticas mecânicas de conservação de solo, contenção de águas pluviais.  CASARIN, R. D.; OLIVEIRA, E. L. CONTROL OF EROSION IN RURALUNPAVED ROADS UTILIZING A TERRACE  SYSTEM WITH GRADIENT ASSOCIATED TO CAPITATION BASIN  2 ABSTRACT             The agricultural unpaved roads are important road structures for the economic and social agricultural development of the Nation, and the erosion provoked by rain water in the road bed and sides are closely related to bad draining, one of the main factors for their degradation. In order to make the draining system adequate, it is necessary to know about  erodibility, infiltration capacity of water in the ground and adoption of mechanical slope abatement with grid elevation and water interception. This study presents  drainage model through the construction of terraces  with gradient  transversally associated to the capitation basin in  abruptic red dystrophic argisol soils, medium sandy texture, based on slops abatement  techniques, elevating the road bed and deviating flow. The grain sized fractions of this ground (sand, silt, clay) and the aggregate stability indicated that this ground, under anthropic action, presents erosive processes resulting in superficial draining with ground hauling, sanding sources and courses of water situation below roads, providing great environmental impacts in the hydric bodies. The reduction of erosion problems in these unpaved roads is in the adoption of measures that intercept waters from the draining of their stream bed itself, as well as pluvial waters comings from adjacent areas of contribution, that  are collected and conducted to inlaid terraces and capitation basis. KEYWORDS: erosion in agricultural roads, water infiltration in the soil, mechanical soil conservation practices, pluvial water containment.

scholarly journals AVALIAÇÃO PAISAGÍSTICA DE UM TRECHO DA RODOVIA PR-340, ANTONINA, PARANÁ, BRASIL

FLORESTA ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucas Rezende Gomide ◽  
Epitágoras Rodson Oliveira Costa ◽  
Ana Paula Corrazza ◽  
Daniela Biondi
Keyword(s):  
Multivariate Analysis ◽  
Soil Conservation ◽  
Direct Method ◽  
Visual Quality ◽  
Landscape Conservation ◽  
Conservation Unit ◽  
Information Process ◽  
The Road ◽  
Landscape Variation ◽  
Anthropic Action

O estudo teve como objetivo compreender os agentes que compõem uma porção da paisagem na Área Particular Protegida Morro da Mina, e discutir o padrão visual paisagístico de um trecho da rodovia PR- 340, na região de Antonina – PR. Utilizou-se o método direto de análise da paisagem com as seguintes variáveis: vegetação, conservação do solo, relevo, ação antrópica e singularidade. Foram amostrados 20 pontos amostrais, com 3 repetições por ponto, distantes 200 metros entre si, sendo avaliados o lado direito e esquerdo da rodovia. No processamento das informações contou-se com as técnicas de análise de componente principal e a análise de agrupamento, para discriminar as áreas de grande interesse visual paisagístico e a variação paisagística. Constatou-se que a vegetação foi a variável mais representativa no percurso, independente do lado que se trafega. A qualidade da paisagem no lado esquerdo da rodovia foi influenciada pela vegetação e conservação do solo. O mapa de qualidade visual paisagística do trecho foi formado com três classes. Conclui-se que a predominância da paisagem do trecho da rodovia PR -340 tem a classe média de qualidade visual. Comparando os dois lados do trecho analisado, verificou-se que o lado esquerdo apresentou melhor conjunto de qualidades visuais paisagísticas.Palavras-chave: Paisagem; RPPN; análise multivariada. AbstractLandscape evaluation of a sector of the PR-340 road, located in Antonina County, Paraná State, Brazil. The objective of this study was to understand the agents that compose a portion of the landscape from the “Protected Private Area Morro da Mina”, and to discuss the landscape visual standard of a PR-340 road sector, in the region of Antonina, PR. The direct method of landscape analysis, with the following variables was used: vegetation, soil conservation, relief, anthropic action, and singularity. Twenty observation points were sampled, with 3 repetitions for point, 200 meters distant from each other. Both sides of the road were evaluated. In the information process the principal components technique analysis and the grouping analysis, with the intention to discriminate areas of great visual interest, as well as explaining the landscape variation, were used. It was evidenced that the vegetation was the most representative variable in the analyzed sector, regardless the traffic direction. The road left side was influenced by the vegetation and soil conservation. The landscape visual map was composed by three groups. It was concluded that the analyzed sector was classified as an intermediate visual quality landscape. Comparing the two edges of the analyzed road sector, it was observed that the left side presented, as a whole, higher landscape visual qualities.Keywords: Landscape; conservation unit; multivariate analysis.

scholarly journals Rural transformation in the upper Citarum watershed and its implication to soil conservation practices

2021 ◽  
Vol 892 (1) ◽  
pp. 012028
Author(s):  
S H Susilowati ◽  
T Sudaryanto ◽  
H W Perkasa ◽  
Sumaryanto ◽  
H Tarigan
Keyword(s):  
Soil Conservation ◽  
Agricultural Development ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
Farming System ◽  
Policy Framework ◽  
Conservation Practices ◽  
Land Utilization ◽  
Rural Transformation ◽  
Conservation Practice

Abstract In response to soil and environmental problems in the Citarum river of West Java, the upper Citarum watershed has focused on government policy intervention. The policy framework primarily focuses on encouraging soil conservation practices and promoting an environmentally friendly farming system. However, most empirical research on this subject failed to acknowledge that the conservation practices varied with the stage of rural transformation. This paper aims to assess rural transformation in the upper Citarum watershed and its relation to soil conservation practices. We use Indogreen Farm Household Survey (IFHS) data collected in 2019 from Bandung and West Bandung districts, covering six sub-watersheds, 22 villages, and 500 farm households. The sub-watersheds are divided into two groups based on the degree of rural transformation. Descriptive analysis using graphs and charts presented the data. The results show that the more dominant non-agriculture job characterizes household employment and income structure in the faster regions. Furthermore, farmers in these regions mostly choose higher-value commodities compared to the slower area. Finally, soil conservation practice is more intensive in the faster region in response to more intensive land utilization. The research implies that agricultural development programs, in particular extension services, should put this issue in perspective.

scholarly journals Monitoring and modeling the impact of soil conservation scenarios to limit overland flow and sediment supply from unpaved roads in a small catchment of Southern Brazil

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alice Dambroz ◽  
Jean Minella ◽  
Cristiano Silva ◽  
Alexandre Schlesner ◽  
Felipe Bernardi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Erosion ◽  
Soil Conservation ◽  
Overland Flow ◽  
Peak Flow ◽  
Sediment Supply ◽  
Unpaved Roads ◽  
Rainfall Events ◽  
The Road ◽  
Shallow Soils ◽  
Steep Slopes

<p>Erosion processes are accelerated by the presence of unpaved roads in catchments with shallow soils and steep slopes, favoring overland flow and sediment connectivity between hillslopes and the river network. Soil erosion modeling studies conducted at the catchment scale focus primarily on the hydrological behavior of cultivated hillslopes. Few studies address unpaved roads and suitable practices to limit their impact on hydro-sedimentary transfers in a catchment system. This study simulates soil conservation measures on unpaved roads and hillslopes and their effect on the hydrological and erosive dynamics in a small order catchment. The rainfall events were monitored at Lajeado Ferreira’s creek, in Arvorezinha, Southern Brazil (1.2 km²). The catchment is characterized by shallow soils, steep slopes, intense agricultural activity and sediment yields (SY) of around 150 t km<sup>-2 </sup>y<sup>-1</sup>. Unpaved roads cover about 3% of the catchment surface area and supply 36% of the annual average SY. The Limburg Soil Erosion Model (LISEM) was used to simulate the roads’ impact on soil erosion. Eight rainfall events, monitored from 2014 to 2017, were calibrated. Rainfall ranged from 9 to 97 mm, total runoff volume (Q) varied from 1462 to 60765 m³ and SY from 0.6 to 81 tons. These events represent different precipitation and land use conditions, so that the road’s effects on the hydrological dynamics of this catchment may be investigated. Then, modeling scenarios consisting of three levels of intervention to mitigate sediment supply were tested.  The low intervention (LI) level was based on cost-efficient practices, applied to the road only through the installation of rockfill and energy-deflecting small reservoirs. The medium intervention (MI) included the sowing of grass for gutter protection on the road area and filter strips were installed near the drainage channels. For the high intervention scenario (HI), additional grass strips were installed on hillslopes. Their impact was evaluated by comparing the hydrosedimentological variables Q (m³), peak flow (L s<sup>-1</sup>) and SY (tons), modelled at the catchment’s outlet. Rockfill and energy-deflecting small reservoirs were not enough for reducing peak flow (Qp), on average. Indeed, the main proportion of overland flow originates from other landscape components, such as hillslopes. Under the MI and HI scenarios, Qp decreased by 2 and 46%, respectively. The LI and MI scenarios led to an average Q reduction of 12%, compared to 53% under scenario HI. For one event, HI promoted a reduction of 92% of calculated Q, representing 15,693 m³. HI also showed the most positive effects on limiting SY. It becomes evident that hillslope interventions are necessary, as they allow increasing infiltration, reducing both runoff volume and stream power when the flow reaches the roads. For rainfall events of higher magnitude, it was observed that HI was responsible for reducing Qp between 9 and 25%, while during smaller events, this reduction reached 61 to 93%. This indicates the importance of managing roads in order to reduce runoff energy and concentration, but also to take measures on hillslopes to limit overland flow and erosion inputs, as well as to delay peak Q.</p>

scholarly journals Comparative analysis of models for design of infiltration basins in unpaved roads

2012 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. 624-631
Author(s):  
Danilo P. da Silva ◽  
Fernando F. Pruski ◽  
José M. A. da Silva ◽  
Waldir D. M. Meireles Filho
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Return Period ◽  
Water Erosion ◽  
Water Infiltration ◽  
Problem Solution ◽  
Precipitation Series ◽  
Intense Rainfall ◽  
Unpaved Roads ◽  
The Road ◽  
Infiltration Basin

Unpaved roads are of great importance for the economic and social development of a country. Water erosion provoked by the concentration of runoff along the road is a principle cause of its degradation. The construction of infiltration basins for runoff retention on unpaved roads is a usually alternative for the problem solution. The use of more coherent methodologies for designing infiltration basins is fundamental for the appropriate road degradation processes control. Therefore, the objective of this work was to perform a comparative analysis of a methodology for the design of infiltration basins that consider an intense rainfall associated to a determined return period, with a methodology that use all events of a determined precipitation series, and overlapping effects of their respective runoff volumes. According to the obtained results, it was found that the volume calculated for the infiltration basin by the model which considers all events of the precipitation series is greater when the rate of water infiltration into the soil at the basin bottom is lowest.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Infiltration Improvement and Surface Reduction Using Various Soil Conservation Techniques in Coffee Agroforestry Systems in Sumbermanjing Wetan

2022 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-19
Author(s):  
Dina Ananda Harfia ◽  
Sugeng Prijono
Keyword(s):  
Surface Runoff ◽  
Soil Conservation ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Agroforestry Systems ◽  
Water Infiltration ◽  
Soil Infiltration ◽  
Infiltration Capacity ◽  
Dry Land ◽  
Coffee Agroforestry ◽  
Land Farming

The uneven distribution and intensity of rain cause a shortage and excess of water in dry land farming. It appears that the problem of soil conservation in principle is the regulation of the relationship between rainfall intensity, infiltration capacity, and runoff adjustment. To improve the physical properties of the soil, and the hydrological function of the land use it cannot only be stressed on the coffee plant. Other factors such as soil surface management, such as providing organic matter, covering the soil surface with understory plants, making absorption holes, terraces, waterways and so on, can improve the hydrological function of the land. Rainwater management can be carried out through controlling surface runoff, harvesting rainwater, increasing soil infiltration capacity, managing soil, controlling evaporation and seepage, lining waterways. The use of silt pit parallel is considered quite effective because it is able to produce the lowest surface runoff and sufficient water storage. Silt pit parallel can produce 0.6% of rainfall into surface runoff and also can store water as much as 62.35% of the rainfall that enters the plot. The functions of a silt pit are to increase water infiltration into the soil. On dry land, silt pit functions as a place for harvesting rainwater and surface runoff. Based on the correlation regression test, the amount of surface runoff is closely influenced by the intensity of rain or rainfall.

Pulp mill fly ash for stabilization of low-volume unpaved forest roads — field performance

2014 ◽  
Vol 41 (11) ◽  
pp. 955-963 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Arm ◽  
Jenny Vestin ◽  
Bo B. Lind ◽  
Anders Lagerkvist ◽  
Desirée Nordmark ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fly Ash ◽  
Bearing Capacity ◽  
Pulp Mill ◽  
Field Performance ◽  
Water Infiltration ◽  
Infiltration Capacity ◽  
The Road ◽  
Road Base ◽  
Low Volume ◽  
Better Than

Increased temperatures and rainfalls will give more settlements and less bearing capacity in gravel roads, which will have implications for the forestry. Pulp mill fly ash without additives was used for stabilizing the road base of a low-volume gravel road. A two-year monitoring of the road was conducted, including measurements of achieved ash content, density, water infiltration capacity, and load bearing capacity. The results showed that the ash-stabilized sections performed better than conventionally upgraded sections and also achieved increased bearing capacity over time. Hydration of the fly ash increased the stiffness and decreased the permeability of the road base. The differences were more pronounced during spring thaw. Best performance was achieved in the section with thicker ash stabilized layer.

scholarly journals A Compact Weighing Lysimeter to Estimate the Water Infiltration Rate in Agricultural Soils

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 180
Author(s):  
Laura Ávila-Dávila ◽  
Manuel Soler-Méndez ◽  
Carlos Francisco Bautista-Capetillo ◽  
Julián González-Trinidad ◽  
Hugo Enrique Júnez-Ferreira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Soils ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Mass Conservation ◽  
Infiltration Rate ◽  
Vertical Movement ◽  
Water Infiltration ◽  
Infiltration Capacity ◽  
Silty Loam ◽  
Rain Events ◽  
Weighing Lysimeter

Infiltration estimation is made by tests such as concentric cylinders, which are prone to errors, such as the lateral movement under the ring. Several possibilities have been developed over the last decades to compensate these errors, which are based on physical, electronic, and mathematical principles. In this research, two approaches are proposed to measure the water infiltration rate in a silty loam soil by means of the mass values of a lysimeter weighing under rainfall conditions and different moisture contents. Based on the fact that with the lysimeter it is possible to determine acting soil flows very precisely, then with the help of mass conservation and assuming a downward vertical movement, 12 rain events were analyzed. In addition, it was possible to monitor the behavior of soil moisture and to establish the content at field capacity from the values of the weighing lysimeter, from which both approach are based. The infiltration rate of these events showed a variable rate at the beginning of the rainfall until reaching a maximum, to descend to a stable or basic rate. This basic infiltration rate was 1.49 ± 0.36 mm/h, and this is because soils with fine textures have reported low infiltration capacity. Four empirical or semi-empirical models of infiltration were calibrated with the values obtained with our approaches, showing a better fit with the Horton’s model.

scholarly journals Effect of Road Profile on Suspension System of Heavy Truck

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 71-75
Author(s):  
Salem F. Salman
Keyword(s):  
Steering System ◽  
Suspension System ◽  
The Road ◽  
Road Profile ◽  
Road Roughness ◽  
Road Type ◽  
Heavy Truck ◽  
Main Factors ◽  
On The Road ◽  
The Stability

All vehicles are affected by the type of the road they are moving on it.  Therefore the stability depends mainly on the amount of vibrations and steering system, which in turn depend on two main factors: the first is on the road type, which specifies the amount of vibrations arising from the movement of the wheels above it, and the second on is the type of the used suspension system, and how the parts connect with each other. As well as the damping factors, the tires type, and the used sprungs. In the current study, we will examine the effect of the road roughness on the performance coefficients (speed, displacement, and acceleration) of the joint points by using a BOGE device.

scholarly journals Identyfikacja głównych determinant rozwoju rolnictwa w krajach Unii Europejskie

2018 ◽  
Vol 18(33) (3) ◽  
pp. 342-352
Author(s):  
Jadwiga Zaród
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Development ◽  
Arable Land ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Eu Countries ◽  
Agricultural Income ◽  
Research Material ◽  
Discriminatory Analysis ◽  
Main Factors ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
The Eu

The level of agricultural development in the EU countries is varies significantly. The knowledge of factors directly affecting changes in agriculture can contribute to reducing disparities between countries. The purpose of this study is to indicate the main factors which determine agricultural development in the European Union. To implement this task, the discriminant analysis was used. The research material were data from the GUS and EUROSTAT regarding agriculture in EU countries. The research shows that the development of agriculture in the EU is determined in particular by factors such as the share of sowing of cereals in the total area of arable land, consumption expenditure in households, labor productivity and agricultural income. In addition, the discriminatory analysis allowed assigning particular countries to groups with different levels of agricultural development.

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