scholarly journals Smallpox Mortality in a Ural City (with Reference to Early 20th-Century Yekaterinburg)

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 246-267
Author(s):  
Iulia V. Borovik ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Medical Intervention ◽  
Smallpox Vaccination ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Old Believers ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Creation ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Medical Infrastructure ◽  
The City ◽  
Central Urals

Smallpox has long been among the infections causing colossal fatalities in epidemics. The creation of a smallpox vaccine in the late eighteenth century helped improve the situation significantly. However, due to a wide range of reasons, some of which were common for many states and some reflected the country’s specificity, it took almost two centuries to introduce vaccination and combat the disease. This time was required not only for the creation of medical structures that provided smallpox vaccination. A considerable obstacle was the prejudice against medical intervention shared by many people, and relative control over the disease was gained only after fear was replaced by an understanding of necessity and appropriateness. High mortality was connected both with health care issues and the existing system of values which was changing more dynamically in cities. This article is devoted to the situation with mortality from smallpox in the early twentieth century in Yekaterinburg, a large commercial, industrial, transport, administrative, and cultural centre of the Central Urals with a population of diverse confessions. The source of data for statistical analysis is registers of city parishes of all religious denominations in the city. The author mostly focuses on three denominations, i.e. Orthodox Christians, Old Believers, and Muslims. The analysis reveals the dependence of mortality of the people’s religion and migration statuses. The results of the research testify to the fact that the medical infrastructure and the level of anti-smallpox measures were effective and helped maintain control over the disease and prevent epidemics of smallpox despite the intense influx of migrants to the city from places where acknowledgement of the need for vaccination was lower and opportunities to carry it out were scarcer.

scholarly journals “Powerless power”: The status of female domestic workers in Russia in the second half of the 19th - early 20th century

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 320-354
Author(s):  
Valentina A Veremenko
Keyword(s):  
Domestic Workers ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Job Seekers ◽  
Professional Skills ◽  
Domestic Servants ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Reform Period ◽  
The Status ◽  
Education And Employment ◽  
The City

The proposed article investigates the specifics of social status of urban female domestic servants in post-reform Russia. On the basis of a wide range of sources, including statistical materials, printed press, household manuals and ego-documents, the author distinguishes between two groups in this category of population that were fundamentally different in their status in the master’s family. In the post-reform period in Russia, the work of maidservants was not standardized, there were no guarantees from hirers regarding both working conditions and cases of dismissal and disability. Widespread sexual harassment and abuse seriously worsened the position of maidservants. A significant influx of peasant girls, who considered themselves fully prepared for the work of domestic servants, into the city, created a gigantic supply At the same time, the overwhelming majority of the job seekers did not have any idea about the activities that they were to carry out. Making endless blunders, the clumsy peasant girl acquired professional skills and learned to live in the master’s family, suffering insults and harassment and working hard only to avoid being kicked out. As a result, those girls who had been able to endure several years of torment, acquired not only professional skills, but were trained to live in the city, to use their position to earn money, to protect themselves from encroachment, or to use their attractiveness as a weapon. With the growth of education of female peasant youth, their increasing familiarity with judicial institutions, and the intensification of the activities of various organizations involved in helping those women with education and employment, female domestic servants felt more secure and ready to defend their rights. As a result, despite the seemingly gigantic supply, it was, in fact, extremely difficult to find a suitable maidservant for the household. The choice available to the owners was limited to two options - a docile slouch, or a maid knowing her worth and requiring consideration of her interests.

scholarly journals Creation of the Vyatka Brotherhood of the Saint Nicholas the Miracle Worker in the Context of the Interaction of the Secular and Spiritual Authorities of the Vyatka Province

2020 ◽  
pp. 420-433
Author(s):  
M. Yu. Polovnikova ◽  
E. N. Nemchaninova
Keyword(s):  
Material Base ◽  
Spiritual Power ◽  
Old Believers ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Historical Comparative ◽  
Chief Prosecutor ◽  
Secular Power ◽  
The City

Using mainly historical-comparative and historical-genetic methods, the question of the interaction of secular power in the person of the governor of the Vyatka province N. A. Troinitsky and the spiritual power in the person of Bishop of the Vyatka and Sloboda provinces Apollos (Belyaev) in terms of resolving the issue of opening a brotherhood in the Vyatka province to work with Old Believers, is raised in the article. In this work, on the basis of archival materials, the process of preparation for the opening of the Vyatka brotherhood of St. Nicholas the Miracle Worker in the city of Vyatka in 1882 is considered. Particular attention is paid to the consideration of the position of the Bishop of Vyatka and Sloboda Apollos regarding the creation of the Vyatka brotherhood. In the course of the study, the authors come to the conclusion that Bishop Apollos was a supporter of the initiative of Archpriest Stephen Kashmensky in terms of creating a brotherhood, but at the same time sought to limit the material base of the brotherhood and create a brotherhood without funding from the consistory. As a result, through the Chief Prosecutor of the Holy Synod K. P. Pobedonostsev, the misunderstanding between the secular and spiritual authorities of the Vyatka province was eliminated, and in the fall of 1882, with the blessing of the Bishop of Vyatka and Sloboda Apollos, the Vyatka brotherhood of St. Nicholas the Miracle Worker was established.

scholarly journals MODERNISM IN TOMSK WOODEN ARCHITECTURE IN THE EARLY 20th CENTURY

2019 ◽  
pp. 114-125
Author(s):  
E. Y. Emel'yаnov ◽  
E. V. Sitnikova
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Design Features ◽  
Architectural Elements ◽  
Folk Traditions ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Modern Style ◽  
National Trends ◽  
The City ◽  
Made In

The paper considers the development of modernism in the wooden architecture in the city of Tomsk in the context of national trends. The paper studies design features and specificity of wooden decoration of buildings made in the modern style or with the use of architectural elements performed in accordance with the variation of the neo-Russian style and “northern mo dernity”. The originality of the author's interpretations of style trends and those of the professional architects is described.The relevance of the study is stipulated by preserving wooden buildings in the cities of Russia and Siberia and the loss of valuable decorations of buildings, in particular. Despite the wide range of works involved in studying modernism in the architecture of Russian cities, not all aspects and trends of phenomena observed in Tomsk architecture in the early 20th century have been investigated so far.The purpose of this paper is to study the wooden buildings of Tomsk made in the modern style or with architectural elements of this style.The paper uses the methods of comparative and architectural analyses. It is considered how modernist-style wooden buildings have been designed and built in the in the cities of Siberia, and in particular, the city of Tomsk.It is shown that by the beginning of the 20th century, the folk traditions are combined with the works of professional architects. Wooden buildings, made in the modernist style, are distinguished by complex compositional solutions. This is evident by the mansions designed mainly for a circular view. The attitude to the wood has changed, not only in terms of building and finishing material, but also as a means of a new architectural and artistic embodiment of the independent artist idea.

scholarly journals THE MUSEUM-RESERVE AS A CENTER OF TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN A HISTORIC TOWN (the case of Elabuga State Historical, Architectural and Art Museum-Reserve)

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 111-117
Author(s):  
Людмила ТИМОФЕЕВА ◽  
Liudmila TIMOFEEVAa, ◽  
Фирдуас Вагапова ◽  
Firduas Vagapova ◽  
Алиса АХМЕТОВА ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tourism Development ◽  
Art Museum ◽  
Medium Size ◽  
Business Elite ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Xix Century ◽  
Regional Authorities ◽  
Historic City ◽  
The City

The article discusses the experience of existence the historical cities as centers of tourism development through the example of Elabuga. The Elabuga is one of the historical cities of Russia. A crucial role in the city’s development as a tour-ism center plays Elabuga state historical-architectural and art museum-reserve. The article is focused on the Elabuga as a medium-size historic city. The subject of study is the work of the museum-reserve, contributing to the preservation and development of the city’s historical character and improving its tourist attractiveness. Tourist attraction of the city is determined primarily by the presence of well-preserved historic city center with neighborhoods of holistic development of the XIX century. Elabuga state historical-architectural and art museum-reserve was found in 1989. Currently it is the object of historical and cultural heritage of federal importance. The museums with their large territories and rich historical, cultural and natural heritage have unique resources for the implementation of major partnership projects. Such projects are aimed not only at attracting a wide range of tourists, but also stimulating interest of the business elite, municipal and regional authorities to the reserve. The most famous example is the revival in 2008 of Elabuga Spasskaya fair. It was held in the city since the second half of the XIX century and was widely known throughout Russia. The process of the revival and the successful development of the fair can be seen as the creation of special tourist events, contributing to the creation of new tourism products.

Death in the City

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathryn A. Sloan
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Inquiry ◽  
The United States ◽  
Violent Death ◽  
Special Relationship ◽  
Intimate Friend ◽  
Counter Narrative ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
European Heritage ◽  
The City ◽  
The Temple

Popular culture has long conflated Mexico with the macabre. Some persuasive intellectuals argue that Mexicans have a special relationship with death, formed in the crucible of their hybrid Aztec-European heritage. Death is their intimate friend; death is mocked and accepted with irony and fatalistic abandon. The commonplace nature of death desensitizes Mexicans to suffering. Death, simply put, defines Mexico. There must have been historical actors who looked away from human misery, but to essentialize a diverse group of people as possessing a unique death cult delights those who want to see the exotic in Mexico or distinguish that society from its peers. Examining tragic and untimely death—namely self-annihilation—reveals a counter narrative. What could be more chilling than suicide, especially the violent death of the young? What desperation or madness pushed the victim to raise the gun to the temple or slip the noose around the neck? A close examination of a wide range of twentieth-century historical documents proves that Mexicans did not accept death with a cavalier chuckle nor develop a unique death cult, for that matter. Quite the reverse, Mexicans behaved just as their contemporaries did in Austria, France, England, and the United States. They devoted scientific inquiry to the malady and mourned the loss of each life to suicide.

Museum Preserves in the Sphere of “Cultural Tourism”: Through the Example of the Cultural Preserves of Tatarstan

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 193-198
Author(s):  
Lyudmila S. Timofeeva ◽  
Albina R. Akhmetova ◽  
Liliya R. Galimzyanova ◽  
Roman R. Nizaev ◽  
Svetlana E. Nikitina
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Art Museum ◽  
Medium Size ◽  
Business Elite ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Tourist Center ◽  
Regional Authorities ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The City

Abstract The article studies the existence experience of historical cities as centers of tourism development as in the case of Elabuga. The city of Elabuga is among the historical cities of Russia. The major role in the development of the city as a tourist center is played by the Elabuga State Historical-Architectural and Art Museum-Reserve. The object of the research in the article is Elabuga as a medium-size historical city. The subject of the research is the activity of the museum-reserve which contributes to the preservation and development of the historical look of Elabuga and increases its attractiveness to tourists. The tourism attractiveness of Elabuga is obtained primarily through the presence of the perfectly preserved historical center of the city with the blocks of integral buildings of the 19th century. The Elabuga State Historical-Architectural and Art Museum-Reserve, which emerged in 1989, is currently an object of historical and cultural heritage of federal importance. Museum-reserves with their significant territories and rich historical, cultural and natural heritage have unique resources for the implementation of large partnership projects. Such projects are not only aimed at attracting a wide range of tourists, but also stimulate interest in the reserve from the business elite, municipal and regional authorities. The most famous example is the Spasskaya Fair which revived in 2008 in Elabuga. It was held in the city since the second half of the 19th century, and was widely known throughout Russia. The process of the revival and successful development of the fair can be viewed as the creation of a special tourist event contributing to the formation of new and currently important tourism products.

Perancangan Boneka Edukasi Terinspirasi oleh Pencipta Boneka Si Unyil

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Azhari Amri
Keyword(s):  
Design Process ◽  
Urban Culture ◽  
Urban Life ◽  
Rural Region ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The City ◽  
Simple Materials

Film Unyil puppet comes not just part of the entertainment world that can be enjoyed by people from the side of the story, music, and dialogue. However, there is more value in it which is a manifestation of the creator that can be absorbed into the charge for the benefit of educating the children of Indonesia to the public at large. The Unyil puppet created by the father of Drs. Suyadi is one of the works that are now widely known by the whole people of Indonesia. The process of creating a puppet Unyil done with simple materials and formation of character especially adapted to the realities of the existing rural region. Through this process, this research leads to the design process is fundamentally educational puppet inspired by the creation of Si Unyil puppet. The difference is the inspiring character created in this study is on the characters that exist in urban life, especially the city of Jakarta. Thus the results of this study are the pattern of how to shape the design of products through the creation of the puppet with the approach of urban culture.

scholarly journals Invasive Plant Species Distribution Is Structured by Soil and Habitat Type in the City Landscape

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 773
Author(s):  
Ilona Szumańska ◽  
Sandra Lubińska-Mielińska ◽  
Dariusz Kamiński ◽  
Lucjan Rutkowski ◽  
Andrzej Nienartowicz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Distribution Pattern ◽  
Species Distribution ◽  
Human Activities ◽  
Invasive Plant ◽  
Habitat Type ◽  
Permanent Plots ◽  
Human Land Use ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Migration Pathways ◽  
The City

Invasive alien species (IAS) is a global problem that largely relates to human activities and human settlements. To prevent the further spread of IAS, we first need to know their pattern of distribution, to determine which constitutes the greatest threat, and understand which habitats and migration pathways they prefer. Our research aimed to identify the main vectors and distribution pattern of IAS of plants in the city environment. We checked the relations between species distribution and such environmental factors as urban soil type and habitat type. We applied data on IAS occurrence (collected in the period 1973–2015) in 515 permanent plots with dimensions of 0.5 × 0.5 km and analyzed by direct ordination methods. In total, we recorded 66 IAS. We found a 27% variance in the IAS distribution pattern, which can be explained by statistically significant soil and habitat types. The most important for species distribution were: river and alluvial soils, forests and related rusty soils, and places of intensive human activities, including areas of urbisols and industriosols. Our results provide details that can inform local efforts for the management and control of invasive species, and they provide evidence of the different associations between natural patterns and human land use.

scholarly journals The PI3K/Akt Pathway: Emerging Roles in Skin Homeostasis and a Group of Non-Malignant Skin Disorders

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 1219
Author(s):  
Yan Teng ◽  
Yibin Fan ◽  
Jingwen Ma ◽  
Wei Lu ◽  
Na Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Carcinoma ◽  
Akt Pathway ◽  
Skin Disorders ◽  
Phosphatidylinositol 3 Kinase ◽  
Skin Development ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Malignant Skin ◽  
Solid Foundation ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Poor Outcomes

The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt) signaling pathway regulates cell proliferation, differentiation, and migration, along with angiogenesis and metabolism. Additionally, it could mediate skin development and homeostasis. There is much evidence to suggest that dysregulation of PI3K/Akt pathway is frequently associated with several human cutaneous malignancies like malignant melanoma (MM), basal cell carcinoma (BCC), and cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), as well as their poor outcomes. Nevertheless, emerging roles of PI3K/Akt pathway cascade in a group of common non-malignant skin disorders including acne and psoriasis, among others, have been recognized. The enhanced understanding of dysfunction of PI3K/Akt pathway in patients with these non-malignant disorders has offered a solid foundation for the progress of updated therapeutic targets. This article reviews the latest advances in the roles of PI3K/Akt pathway and their targets in the skin homeostasis and progression of a wide range of non-malignant skin disorders and describes the current progress in preclinical and clinical researches on the involvement of PI3K/Akt pathway targeted therapies.

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