scholarly journals Neuropsychology in the Past, Now and in the Future

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-47
Author(s):  
Janna Glozman
Keyword(s):  
Neuropsychological Assessment ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Human Cognition ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Cerebral Lesions ◽  
Historical Approach ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
Brain Behavior ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Syndrome Analysis

The actual intensive and extensive growth of international neuropsychology (both theoretical and applied) testified in the paper, is due to the abilities of contemporary professional neuropsychologists to meet different purposes beyond understanding of brain-behavior relationships. It makes contemporary neuropsychology an important part of the psychology of health, instead to be an aspect of the biology of health. The value and the history of Lurian syndrome analysis are presented. The Lurian syndrome analysis (a qualitative (structural) analysis of the symptom under study), not only permits an understanding of why the subject was poor at or unable to perform a given task. Such an approach also allows us to see what other tasks, with similar cognitive demands (structure), could present difficulties for this individual (child or adult) as well as to predict the types of tasks accessible for the patient and the types of cueing efficient for him/her. The last is possible in conditions of dialogue interaction with the patient in the process of neuropsychological assessment. Lurian approach is oriented on the process of test fulfilment (the means by which the performer achieves or better the result as well as the level of necessary help or stimulation), more than on the test result — the level of performance on a task (accuracy, time, number of mistakes and so on) with reference to some expected (normative) level of performance. The evolution of neuropsychology coincides with the universal tendency to replace a static neuropsychology, relating the individual’s behavior to fixed cerebral lesions, by a dynamic neuropsychology, which analyzes the dynamics of brain-behavior interaction in different social conditions and at different steps of ontogenic evolution. The author gives own model of neuropsychology evolution, including three overlapping and coexisting phases different in the main emphasis for neuropsychologists. In the first phase, the accent was on the brain and its relationship to different behaviors. In the second phase of neuropsychology evolution the structure of mental activity and neuropsychological interpretation of human cognition have been the focus of attention and afterwards their localization in the brain. The third and actually dominant phase of evolution in neuropsychology focuses on the interrelationship between a patient and his or her environment and integrates neuropsychological and real life data. This phase gave birth to social — historical or cultural — historical neuropsychology. One of the important consequences of cultural — historical approach in neuropsychology was the introduction of cultural adjustments in neuropsychological diagnostic tests, both verbal and nonverbal. Qualitative and quantitative integration of Lurian procedures are discussed. Underlined are differences in concepts neuropsychology and neurosciences, as well as the role of cultural-historical approach in contemporary neuropsychological assessment, rehabilitation and remediation. Three main trends can be seen in the evolution of neuropsychology after Luria: 1. Extensive further expansion of research and practice, that is, embracing numerous new domains and nosological patient groups; 2. Combination of qualitative and quantitative approaches; 3. Social and personality-based orientation. Luria’s creative and comprehensive approach stimulates the further evolution of neuropsychology in Russia and throughout the world.

Neuropsychology in the Real World

2014 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 233-238 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Peper ◽  
Simone N. Loeffler
Keyword(s):  
Neuropsychological Assessment ◽  
Real World ◽  
Ecological Validity ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Emotional States ◽  
Context Sensitive ◽  
Traditional Assessment ◽  
Life Data ◽  
Real Life Data ◽  
Assessment And Treatment

Current ambulatory technologies are highly relevant for neuropsychological assessment and treatment as they provide a gateway to real life data. Ambulatory assessment of cognitive complaints, skills and emotional states in natural contexts provides information that has a greater ecological validity than traditional assessment approaches. This issue presents an overview of current technological and methodological innovations, opportunities, problems and limitations of these methods designed for the context-sensitive measurement of cognitive, emotional and behavioral function. The usefulness of selected ambulatory approaches is demonstrated and their relevance for an ecologically valid neuropsychology is highlighted.

Platelet Hyperaggregability in Ischemic Cerebrovascular Disease and Effects of Aspirin

1982 ◽  
Vol 48 (02) ◽  
pp. 117-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Kusunoki ◽  
K Kimura ◽  
K Nagatsuka ◽  
Y Isaka ◽  
O Uyama ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cerebrovascular Disease ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Cerebral Angiogram ◽  
Peripheral Venous Blood ◽  
Chronic Stage ◽  
Ischemic Cerebrovascular Disease ◽  
Carotid Arterial ◽  
Platelet Hyperaggregability ◽  
The Brain

SummaryPlatelet aggregation was studied in 24 patients in the chronic stage of ischemic cerebrovascular disease (CVD), with cerebral affluent and effluent blood, i.e., carotid arterial and internal jugular venous blood, and also with peripheral venous blood. Aggregation tests were performed at various final concentrations of sodium arachidonate (A.A.) and ADP. In 17 patients, not taking aspirin, platelet aggregability in jugular venous blood was significantly accentuated compared with that in arterial and peripheral venous blood. This tendency was more marked in the patients with cerebral artery stenosis and/or occlusion than in those with normal cerebral angiogram. In 7 patients taking 500 mg or more oral aspirin, aggregation differences across the brain were not observed and A.A. aggregation and the second phase of ADP aggregation were completely suppressed. These results suggest that a prophylactic administration of aspirin may be beneficial for patients in chronic stage of CVD.

Brain Evidence in Nursing Research: EEG Methodology

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 98-101
Author(s):  
Yueh-O Chuang ◽  
Ren-Jen Hwang
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Health ◽  
Physiological Data ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Nursing Research ◽  
Healthy Behaviors ◽  
Alpha Asymmetry ◽  
Role Of Nursing ◽  
Brain Behavior ◽  
Evidence Based Nursing ◽  
The Brain

This aim of the mini-review paper is to introduction the bio-physiologic measures of resting state EEG for nursing scientist. Article specifically addresses the emotional domain as clarified by concepts of brain evidence-based nursing research reviewed that the emotion aspect documented a strong link to frontal brain alpha activities asymmetry.  Extensive nursing research has been performed in emotional, behavioral, and/or psychological matters for healthy and unhealthy populations. Evidence-based nursing can transform the way that data is used to improve health and healthcare. One core role of nursing practice is to promote healthy behaviors. Previous researches have shown out that the brain is the main ambassador of behavioral change. The electroencephalogram (EEG) is an efficient tool to study brain-behavior relations. Evidences show that frontal alpha asymmetry is an important marker suggests that EEG is beneficial for assessment emotional capacities and appraises nursing efficiency. The basic resting alpha frontal asymmetry provides a reliable instrument in conducting nursing researches in order to strengthen the quality of nursing. Furthermore, we provide a viewpoint to show progress in the novel research issue probably for clinical applications. To integrate biological measures in order to gain highly accurate and precise advantages of EEG and beneficial assessment of the emotional capacities are suggested. Nursing promotes healthy behaviors including emotional health. Human behavior changes originate in the brain. EEG enables objective and biological insights into the cognitive process. As a foundation, the neuroscience research requires profound knowledge and tools to analyze bio-physiological data. Creating Cross-disciplinary cooperation must be inevitable alliances to advance nursing research.

What Has Direct Cortical and Subcortical Electrostimulation Taught Us about Neurolinguistics?

2019 ◽  
pp. 185-211
Author(s):  
Hugues Duffau
Keyword(s):  
White Matter ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Functional Neuroimaging ◽  
Great Accuracy ◽  
Subcortical White Matter ◽  
Cerebral Lesions ◽  
Physiological Basis ◽  
Postoperative Mri ◽  
The Brain

Investigating the neural and physiological basis of language is one of the most important challenges in neurosciences. Direct electrical stimulation (DES), usually performed in awake patients during surgery for cerebral lesions, is a reliable tool for detecting both cortical and subcortical (white matter and deep grey nuclei) regions crucial for cognitive functions, especially language. DES transiently interacts locally with a small cortical or axonal site, but also nonlocally, as the focal perturbation will disrupt the entire subnetwork sustaining a given function. Thus, in contrast to functional neuroimaging, DES represents a unique opportunity to identify with great accuracy and reproducibility, in vivo in humans, the structures that are actually indispensable to the function, by inducing a transient virtual lesion based on the inhibition of a subcircuit lasting a few seconds. Currently, this is the sole technique that is able to directly investigate the functional role of white matter tracts in humans. Thus, combining transient disturbances elicited by DES with the anatomical data provided by pre- and postoperative MRI enables to achieve reliable anatomo-functional correlations, supporting a network organization of the brain, and leading to the reappraisal of models of language representation. Finally, combining serial peri-operative functional neuroimaging and online intraoperative DES allows the study of mechanisms underlying neuroplasticity. This chapter critically reviews the basic principles of DES, its advantages and limitations, and what DES can reveal about the neural foundations of language, that is, the large-scale distribution of language areas in the brain, their connectivity, and their ability to reorganize.

Moral Decision Making in Business: A Phase-Model

2000 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 773-803 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aviva Geva
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Ethical Decision ◽  
Ethical Decision Making ◽  
Ethical Problem ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Phase Model ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Illustrative Case ◽  
Moral Decision ◽  
Ethical Problems

Abstract:The traditional model of ethical decision making in business suggests applying an initial set of principles to a concrete problem and if they conflict the decision maker may attempt to balance them intuitively. The centrality of the ethical conflict in the accepted notion of “ethical problem” has diverted the attention of moral decision modelers from other ethical problems that real-world managers must face—e.g., compliance problems, moral laxity, and systemic problems resulting from the structures and practices of the business organization. The present article proposes a new model for ethical decision making in business—the Phase-model—designed to meet the full spectrum of business-related ethical problems. Drawing on the dominant moral theories in business literature, the model offers additional strategies for tackling ethical issues beyond the traditional cognitive operations of deductive application of principles to specific cases and the balancing of ethical considerations. Its response to the problems of moral pluralism in the context of decision making lies in its structural features. The model distinguishes between three phases of the decision-making process, each having a different task and a different theoretical basis. After an introductory stage in which the ethical problem is defined, the first phase focuses on a principle-based evaluation of a course of action; the second phase provides a virtue-based perspective of the situation and strategies for handling unsettled conflicts and compliance problems; and the third phase adapts the decision to empirical accepted norms. An illustrative case demonstrates the applicability of the model to business real life.

Neuropsychological Assessment of a Case of Early Right Hemiplegia: Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis

1984 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 1007-1010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniela Brizzolara ◽  
Anna Maria Chilosi ◽  
Gianni Luigi De Nobili ◽  
Giovanni Ferretti
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Analysis ◽  
Neuropsychological Assessment ◽  
Normal Development ◽  
Right Hemisphere ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative Analysis ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
Perceptual Skills ◽  
Left Brain ◽  
Linguistic Functions ◽  
The Right

Evidence for normal development of linguistic but poor visuo-perceptual skills has been obtained with the neuropsychological assessment of a case of early left-brain injury. Data suggest the transfer of linguistic functions from the left to the right hemisphere at the expense of visuo-perceptual capacities for which the right hemisphere is potentially specialized.

scholarly journals Distributed Code for Semantic Relations Predicts Neural Similarity

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey N. Chiang ◽  
Yujia Peng ◽  
Hongjing Lu ◽  
Keith J. Holyoak ◽  
Martin M. Monti
Keyword(s):  
Computational Models ◽  
Semantic Network ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Semantic Relations ◽  
Human Cognition ◽  
Sequential Presentation ◽  
Specific Content ◽  
Distributed Representations ◽  
Relational Similarity ◽  
The Brain

AbstractThe ability to generate and process semantic relations is central to many aspects of human cognition. Theorists have long debated whether such relations are coded as atomistic links in a semantic network, or as distributed patterns over some core set of abstract relations. The form and content of the conceptual and neural representations of semantic relations remains to be empirically established. The present study combined computational modeling and neuroimaging to investigate the representation and comparison of abstract semantic relations in the brain. By using sequential presentation of verbal analogies, we decoupled the neural activity associated with encoding the representation of the first-order semantic relation between words in a pair from that associated with the second-order comparison of two relations. We tested alternative computational models of relational similarity in order to distinguish between rival accounts of how semantic relations are coded and compared in the brain. Analyses of neural similarity patterns supported the hypothesis that semantic relations are coded, in the parietal cortex, as distributed representations over a pool of abstract relations specified in a theory-based taxonomy. These representations, in turn, provide the immediate inputs to the process of analogical comparison, which draws on a broad frontoparietal network. This study sheds light not only on the form of relation representations but also on their specific content.SignificanceRelations provide basic building blocks for language and thought. For the past half century, cognitive scientists exploring human semantic memory have sought to identify the code for relations. In a neuroimaging paradigm, we tested alternative computational models of relation processing that predict patterns of neural similarity during distinct phases of analogical reasoning. The findings allowed us to draw inferences not only about the form of relation representations, but also about their specific content. The core of these distributed representations is based on a relatively small number of abstract relation types specified in a theory-based taxonomy. This study helps to resolve a longstanding debate concerning the nature of the conceptual and neural code for semantic relations in the mind and brain.

scholarly journals Williams Syndrome As a Model for Elucidation of the Pathway Genes - the Brain - Cognitive Functions: Genetics and Epigenetics

Acta Naturae ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Е. А. Nikitina ◽  
A. V. Medvedeva ◽  
G. А. Zakharov ◽  
Е. V. Savvateeva-Popova
Keyword(s):  
Simple Model ◽  
Williams Syndrome ◽  
Cognitive Functions ◽  
Single Gene ◽  
Model Systems ◽  
Epigenetic Events ◽  
Simple Model System ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Brain Behavior ◽  
The Brain

Genomic diseases or syndromes with multiple manifestations arise spontaneously and unpredictably as a result of contiguous deletions and duplications generated by unequal recombination in chromosomal regions with a specific architecture. The Williams syndrome is believed to be one of the most attractive models for linking genes, the brain, behavior and cognitive functions. It is a neurogenetic disorder resulting from a 1.5 Mb deletion at 7q11.23 which covers more than 20 genes; the hemizigosity of these genes leads to multiple manifestations, with the behavioral ones comprising three distinct domains: 1) visuo-spatial orientation; 2) verbal and linguistic defect; and 3) hypersocialisation. The shortest observed deletion leads to hemizigosity in only two genes: eln and limk1. Therefore, the first gene is supposed to be responsible for cardiovascular pathology; and the second one, for cognitive pathology. Since cognitive pathology diminishes with a patients age, the original idea of the crucial role of genes straightforwardly determining the brains morphology and behavior was substituted by ideas of the brains plasticity and the necessity of finding epigenetic factors that affect brain development and the functions manifested as behavioral changes. Recently, non-coding microRNAs (miRs) began to be considered as the main players in these epigenetic events. This review tackles the following problems: is it possible to develop relatively simple model systems to analyze the contribution of both a single gene and the consequences of its epigenetic regulation in the formation of the Williams syndromes cognitive phenotype? Is it possible to use Drosophila as a simple model system?

scholarly journals Beyond the brain: towards a mathematical modeling of emotions

2021 ◽  
Vol 2090 (1) ◽  
pp. 012119
Author(s):  
Benjamin Ambrosio
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Modeling ◽  
Dynamical System ◽  
Electromagnetic Waves ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Work Environments ◽  
Mathematical Approach ◽  
Characteristic Frequencies ◽  
Human Psyche ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Psychic State

Abstract This article focuses on a mathematical description of the emotional phenomenon. The key concept is to consider emotions as an energy, and to rely on the analogy with the electromagnetic waves. Our aim is to provide a mathematical approach to characterize the emergence of emotional fluxes in the human psyche. This goes beyond classical pscychological approaches. In this setting, specific emotions correspond to specific frequencies and our psychic state results from the summation of different characteristic frequencies. Our general model of psychic state is a dynamical system whose evolution results from interactions between external inputs and internal reactions. The model provides both qualitative (frequencies) and quantitative (intensity) components. It aims to be applied to real life situations (in particular in work environments) and we provide a typical example which naturally leads to a problem of control.

scholarly journals Algebra dissociates from arithmetic in the brain semantic network

2022 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dazhi Cheng ◽  
Mengyi Li ◽  
Jiaxin Cui ◽  
Li Wang ◽  
Naiyi Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Functional Connectivity ◽  
Supplementary Motor Area ◽  
Semantic Network ◽  
Brain Activation ◽  
Motor Area ◽  
Angular Gyrus ◽  
Single Trial ◽  
Positive Functional ◽  
Brain Behavior ◽  
The Brain

Abstract Background Mathematical expressions mainly include arithmetic (such as 8 − (1 + 3)) and algebra (such as a − (b + c)). Previous studies have shown that both algebraic processing and arithmetic involved the bilateral parietal brain regions. Although previous studies have revealed that algebra was dissociated from arithmetic, the neural bases of the dissociation between algebraic processing and arithmetic is still unclear. The present study uses functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to identify the specific brain networks for algebraic and arithmetic processing. Methods Using fMRI, this study scanned 30 undergraduates and directly compared the brain activation during algebra and arithmetic. Brain activations, single-trial (item-wise) interindividual correlation and mean-trial interindividual correlation related to algebra processing were compared with those related to arithmetic. The functional connectivity was analyzed by a seed-based region of interest (ROI)-to-ROI analysis. Results Brain activation analyses showed that algebra elicited greater activation in the angular gyrus and arithmetic elicited greater activation in the bilateral supplementary motor area, left insula, and left inferior parietal lobule. Interindividual single-trial brain-behavior correlation revealed significant brain-behavior correlations in the semantic network, including the middle temporal gyri, inferior frontal gyri, dorsomedial prefrontal cortices, and left angular gyrus, for algebra. For arithmetic, the significant brain-behavior correlations were located in the phonological network, including the precentral gyrus and supplementary motor area, and in the visuospatial network, including the bilateral superior parietal lobules. For algebra, significant positive functional connectivity was observed between the visuospatial network and semantic network, whereas for arithmetic, significant positive functional connectivity was observed only between the visuospatial network and phonological network. Conclusion These findings suggest that algebra relies on the semantic network and conversely, arithmetic relies on the phonological and visuospatial networks.

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