“Russian History Should Be Written by Russians, Why Are Hungarians Interfering?”: A Microhistoriographical Study
This article is based on the discussion (mock defense) of Key Issues of Russia’s Annexation of Siberia in the Late 16th – 17th Centuries in Russian and Soviet Historiography (The Development of the Concept of the Trans-Urals’ Entry into the Muscovy State), the PhD thesis by Sándor Szili, a young Hungarian historian (supervised by R. G. Skrynnikov). The discussion took place at the department of Russian history at St Petersburg State University in the summer of 1992 and resulted in a devastating critique of the dissertation. This ordinary event is presented and analysed in the broad context of the global political changes associated with the collapse of the Soviet Union and the socialist camp. The author recreates the atmosphere of uncertainty, deprivation, loss of life guidelines, and radical change in values that dominated both in Hungary and in post-Soviet Russia. The destruction of the habitual way of life of tens of millions of people and the catastrophic breakdown on a geopolitical scale could not but affect the state of historical studies. The theoretical and methodological vacuum formed as a result of the collapse of Marxist-Leninist ideology and the feeling of catastrophe, the death of the nation and the state, caused a reaction among some historians in the form of a bizarre mixture of neo-imperial, radical communist, and xenophobic views on the historical process and their awareness of Russia’s role and place in that process. The author demonstrates that the bearers of such views set the tone for the discussion of the dissertation. Even though it is not devoid of many shortcomings, at another time and in another place the dissertation could have well been presented for defense. This is evinced by very calm and constructive external feedback received from well-known specialists who were not members of the department. But in the process of public discussion the scholarly debate turned into politicised criticism from the very beginning, and the PhD candidate had no allies. The situation took on a paradoxical character: having got rid of the shackles of the dominant ideology, the participants in the discussion behaved much more harshly and irreconcilably than during the Soviet “stagnation”. The story described in the article is a vivid concrete manifestation of the crisis of Russian historical studies, which had to be overcome between the late 1980s and 1990s.