scholarly journals ARTICLE - “WITH ADMIRABLE PRECISION THEY EXERCISE SWEDISH GYMNASTICS…”: NATION-BUILDING AND PRODUCTION OF INNOCENCE IN EARLY BRAZILIAN STATE INDIGENISM

2019 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
Author(s):  
PATRICIA LORENZONI
Keyword(s):  
Physical Education ◽  
Contact Zone ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Nation Building ◽  
Indigenous Populations ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Mato Grosso ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Colonial Contact ◽  
Building Project

ABSTRACT: An early 20th century photograph in the collections of Museo do índio in Rio de Janeiro shows Paresí children in Mato Grosso exercising “Swedish gymnastics”. The program for physical education codified by Swedish educator Pehr Henrik Ling was practiced in the schools of several SPI indigenous stations in the period, as part of the state indigenist project of “nationalizing” the indigenous populations. With the photo as a starting-point, this article explores the relation between a positivist nation-building project in Brazilian indigenism, and Ling gymnastics as a project directed towards the population and the nation. Applying Mary Louise Pratt’s concepts of colonial contact zone and strategies of “anti-conquest”, as well as Antonio Carlos de Souza Lima’s analysis of state indigenism as a continuation of the war of conquest with other means, I argue that Ling gymnastics resonated particularly well with positivist indigenism. Perceived of as a method of physical education not tainted by chauvinistic militarism, it could find its place in a colonial nation-building project resting on denial of its own inherent violence.

scholarly journals El otro lado de la modernidad boliviana. "Vuelve Sebastiana" y la reconfiguración de las coordenadas espacio temporales para pensar la Nación

2018 ◽  
Vol 23 ◽  
pp. 46-66
Author(s):  
Jaime Omar Salinas Zabalaga
Keyword(s):  
National Identity ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Nation Building ◽  
Indigenous Communities ◽  
Cultural Transformation ◽  
National Imaginary ◽  
Central Argument ◽  
Temporal And Spatial ◽  
Building Project ◽  
The Relationship

This article discusses the film Vuelve Sebastiana (1953) by Jorge Ruiz, focusing on its ideological and aesthetic aspects. The analysis establishes connections between the idea of “nation” in the context of cultural transformation prompted by the economic and social policies of the National Revolution of 1952 and the way the Chipaya community is represented. The central argument is that "Vuelve Sebastiana" can be read not only in relation to the new national identity but as an expression of a new national imaginary regarding the indigenous communities of the Altiplano. The author proposes that "Vuelve Sebastiana" represents the nation through the temporal and spatial cartographies of a modern nation-building project, making visible some of its tensions and contradictions and allowing us to explore the imaginary that has redefined the relationship between the State and the indigenous communities of the Altiplano throughout the  second half of the 20th century.

scholarly journals GENERAL OVERVIEW TO DRUM KIT IN TURKISH POPULAR MUSIC DURING THE PERIOD 1970-1980

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (46) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Popular Music ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Historical Development ◽  
Music History ◽  
Main Topic ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
General Overview ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Popular Music History ◽  
Set Up

The invention of Drum has been known to trace thousands of years.However, the drum kit came to exist in the early 20th century. Considering its historical development and our country's popular music history, development of this instrument in Turkey is the starting point of this research. In this study, the cults and playing attitudes that influenced the drummers, the location of drum kit in the studio environment, the set up prefrrences in the band with equipments used will be commented by analysing the data obtained via interviews. Within this framework, questions in 4 main topic have been asked to Osman İşmen and Turhan Yükseler, two of the significant arrangers of the period; Okay Temiz, one of the significant drummers of the period; Cahit Berkay, one of the founders of the band Moğollar; İsmail Soyberk, the bass-guitarist; the drummer Mert Türkmen as the representative of Cezmi Başeğmez. In accoedance with the data obtained, it has been concluded that jazz and rock drummers influenced our country, Anadolu Pop attitude was seen in the playing attitudes and set ups of that period drummers, Studio Hayri and sound technician Sıtkı Acim (tonmeister) rose to prominence in terms of studios where drum records were made, Ludwig drums were used together with Turkish brands in equipments. Keywords: Drum kit, drums, popular music, turkey, drummers, drum playing

Tastes for blubber: diversity and locality of whale meat foodways in Japan

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-114
Author(s):  
Jun Akamine
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
The Other ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Early 19Th Century ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Lean Meat ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
History Of

PurposeThis paper aims to discuss how whale meat foodways in Japan is a local practice, contrary to the prevailing political belief that it is national, and to examine two local whale meat foodways in Japan by focusing on the usage of blubber. To understand complexity of whaling issue, one needs to be careful of species rather than general “whale.”Design/methodology/approachBy investigating two kinds of recipe books, one published in the early 19th century and the other the early 20th century on whale meat dish, the paper clarifies blubber has been widely consumed rather than lean meat, and blubber was more important than lean meat as whale meat.FindingsThe western part of Japan has rich whale meat foodways compared to other parts of Japan. It is because of their history of whaling since the 17th century. They have inherited rich whale meat foodways.Originality/valueAlthough whale sashimi and deep-fried lean meat are popular nationwide regardless of their communities' history, former whaling communities in the western part of Japan developed a preference for blubber, skin, tongue and offal over lean meat. Whale meat foodways in Japan, therefore, is a local heritage. This fact should be the starting point for analyzing Japanese whaling and whale meat foodways.

REMEMBERING ZINGAL: STATE, CITIZENS, AND FORESTS IN TURKEY

2018 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 493-511
Author(s):  
Hande Özkan
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Nation Building ◽  
The State ◽  
Nuclear Industry ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
A Site

AbstractThis article analyzes Turkish forestry as a site of nation building. To understand the ways in which forestry shaped ideas of the state and citizenship, I explore the history and memories of the forestry enterprise, Zingal, from the early 20th century to the present. I argue that the conflicting narratives around Zingal in archives and memory are symptoms of the contradictions inherent to nationalist modernity. I also reveal the continuation of similar contradictions in the 21st century by showing how citizens’ discourse of resentment over deindustrialization can coexist with their objection to a potential nuclear industry.

scholarly journals Pigerne, drengene og gymnasieidrætten i det 20. århundrede

2006 ◽  
Vol 22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Per Jørgensen
Keyword(s):  
Physical Education ◽  
Secondary School ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Educational Development ◽  
Gender Issues ◽  
Structural Development ◽  
The Public ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Public Archives

En analyse af hvilke aktiviteter, der gennem det 20. århundrede er blevet anbefalet at undervise i, samt hvorledes den korrekte undervisning er beskrevet. Artiklen er skrevet ud fra et særligt fokus på køn og konstruktionen heraf. Per Jørgensen: The Boys, the Girls and the Teaching in Physical Education in the Secondary School in Denmark in the 20th Century The aim of this article has been to study the development of the teaching in physical education in the Danish secondary school during the 20th Century. No books and not many articles have been written about this subject previously. The sources are material from the public archives and the legislation related to the reforms of 1903, 1935, 1961, 1971, 1987 and 2005. However, especially material from educational journals and to a certain degree, newspapers have been used. In the article special attention is given to the discourse about the educational development in the period related to gender issues. After analyzing the structural development of the P.E.-subject, three themes have been dealt with: »Gender and the interest in P.E.«, »Gender and activities in P.E.« and »Integration of gender in the P.E.-teaching«. Among the results it can be mentioned that: In first part of the century the discourse often shows that girls were physically and mentally different from the boys and as a consequence of that they ought to do different P.E.-activities. In the second part of the century the opinion, however, the starting point was taken in equality and homogeneity. It must be stressed, however, that both standpoints is represented all the time. The discourse on physical education related to gender in the secondary school shows that it is recognizable to the similar discourse on gender in society. This is, however, not the case when one look on the activity-discourse in school and society. Here it is quite obvious that until around 1970 the students in school to a great extend were doing activities which was seldom or not heard of in society.

scholarly journals Physical Education and Sport between Human Rights, Duties, and Obligations—Observations from Germany

Societies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 127
Author(s):  
Michael Fritz Krüger
Keyword(s):  
Physical Education ◽  
Historical Perspective ◽  
Nation Building ◽  
International Olympic Committee ◽  
Council Of Europe ◽  
Human Right ◽  
European Continent ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Social Obligation ◽  
The 19Th Century

The starting point entails the declarations of the International Olympic Committee, as well as UNESCO and the Council of Europe on sport as a human right. This article adopts a philosophical and historical perspective on the question of which duties, obligations, and constraints stand in the way of realising this utopian perspective of fair and humane sport as a general human right. The work is based on central historical documents and writings. Two strands of argumentation are pursued. Firstly, the introduction of compulsory physical education, particularly in Germany and on the European continent, in the context of nation-building since the 19th century. Secondly, the idea of a world of sport of its own, which emerged from Olympism and was intended to assert itself against political and economic appropriations. Compulsory physical education is not a human right but a duty. The idea of a world of sports of its own has produced further regulations and obligations in certain fields of sports like professional and commercial sports. Doing sport for health and fitness may become a social obligation.

TAHAR HADDAD AFTER BOURGUIBA AND BIN ʿALI: A REFORMIST BETWEEN SECULARISTS AND ISLAMISTS

2016 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julian Weideman
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Arab World ◽  
The Political ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Old Regime ◽  
State Feminism ◽  
Political Landscape ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Religious Establishment ◽  
Status Code

AbstractUnder the Bourguiba and Bin ʿAli regimes, the early 20th-century women's rights advocate Tahar Haddad (1899–1935) was a symbol of “state feminism.” Nationalist intellectuals traced the 1956 Personal Status Code to Haddad's work, and Bourguiba and Bin ʿAli claimed to “uphold” his ideals and “avenge” the persecution he suffered at the hands of the ʿulamaʾ at the Zaytuna mosque-university. Breaking with “old regime” narratives, this article studies Haddad as a reformist within Tunisia's religious establishment. Haddad's example challenges the idea that Islamic reformists “opened the door to” secularists in the Arab world. After independence, Haddad's ideas were not a starting point for Tunisia's presidents, but a reference point available to every actor in the political landscape.

scholarly journals The Slovak Stories of Timrava and their English Translation

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 88
Author(s):  
Peter Hála
Keyword(s):  
Women Writers ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Nation Building ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Global Village ◽  
European Culture ◽  
English Speaking ◽  
English Speaking World ◽  
Work Done

Božena Slančíková Timrava (1867-1951) is an eminent Slovak writer. Her highly regarded realistic novels dealt with the rise of the modern Slovak nation. The intricate historical circumstances of the early 20th century, and the eventual emergence of the Slovak nation within complex European culture, made Timrava’s effort even more important. Due to the multicultural nature of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, Timrava’s work is also meaningful in our trans-national and trans-cultural Global village. Timrava and other Slovak literary women were virtually unknown outside Slovakia until the extensive work done by Professor Norma L. Rudinsky (1928-2012), whose translation of six “Slovak stories by Timrava” was published in1992. However to truly understand and appreciate the importance of Timrava’s work, the English-speaking reader needed cultural and historical context. Rudinsky’s life-long effort culminated in the publication of “Incipient Feminists: Women Writers in theSlovak National Revival,” which was meant as a preamble to the works of Timrava for the English-speaking world. This paper introduces the life and work of Timrava within the intricate historical context of Slovak nation-building. It further outlines the importance of Rudinsky’s work and describes some interesting aspects of her translation. Attempting to present a practical cultural and historical approach to translation, the paper stresses the significance of so called ‘cultural grids’ and identifies the key elements, the ‘historical grids’, as well as author’s and translator’s biography, all within the wider context of the translator’s historical and sociological ‘matrix’ which ultimately determines the success of any translation of realistic historical literature.

scholarly journals Schulz, duchy i meblościanka

Schulz/Forum ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 86-101
Author(s):  
Marcin Romanowski
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Turning Point ◽  
The Other ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Central Character ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Systemic Transformation ◽  
Material Conditions ◽  
Historical Moment

The paper presents an analysis of the “Schulzoid” novel by Dominika Słowik, Atlas: Döppelganger, which addressed the topic of passing from adolescence to adulthood during the Polish systemic transformation. The author’s starting point is the famous interpretation of Schulz’s fiction by Artur Sandauer in his essay “The Degraded Reality” [Rzeczywistość zdegradowana], based on a claim that Schulz represented in his own way the experience of the decomposition of the known world as a result of the capitalist expansion in the early 20th century. The analysis focuses on the figure of the grandfather and the transformation itself. The former is the central character in the narrator’s mythology of childhood: he keeps telling fascinating stories about life at sea, on the other hand being a fantasist who tries to alleviate his sense of exclusion from the new reality. The systemic transformation has been represented in Słowik’s novel by a series of antinomies as well. The nostalgic and sublime descriptions of the material conditions at the turning point have been combined with the pictures of degradation and trash. Then the novel is placed against the background of the literature of the 1990s, summed up by Olga Drenda’s essay, Duchologia polska. Słowik remembers the material conditions of the period of the systemic transformation and the trashy, though also sentimental, aesthetics of the historical moment when she and other authors of her generation were children. This makes the author of the paper compare their writing with Schulz’s postulate of the return to childhood. Yet in Schulz’s fiction childhood is the source of a private mythology – the images that constitute the writer’s imagination. The writers of the 1990s make a turn toward the reminiscences of childhood to revise critically the myths of the historical turning moment and to articulate their own and their generation’s experience of the transformation.

scholarly journals HUTAN JATI BERKALUNG BESI: PENGANGKUTAN KAYU JATI DI JAWA PADA AKHIR ABAD KE-19 DAN AWAL ABAD KE-20

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 184
Author(s):  
Warto Warto
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Forest Environment ◽  
The Past ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The 19Th Century

Teak forests became one of the important resources in Java in the past. Teak forests did not only provide economic benefits for residents to fulfill their daily needs but also provided other benefits, especially in stabilizing the forest environment. However, the condition began to change when the teak forests exploited. In the 19th century and early 20th century, the environmental teak forests experienced degradation and deforestation that was difficult to control. The presence of teak logging companies at the end of the 19th century became the starting point of the accelerated deforestation. In running a business, they used modern tools that can simplify the process of harvesting and be transporting of teakwood. Some of the modern tools called trams and trains which were used to carry teak logs from the forests to shelters and ports. By utilizing modern transportation, teak woods can be transported quickly, accurately and massively. This paper shows that the opening of tram and train rail road’s in teak forests in addition to facilitating the transportation of goods and people, also led to the improvement and expansion of teak massive deforestation.

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