Alcohol consumption among adolescents:

The scope of this paper is to assess the attitudes and behaviors regarding alcohol use and analyze associated factors among schoolchildren in public schools of Campina Grande in the state of Paraíba. A cross-sectional study was carried out involving 574 adolescents, with the application of a semi-structured questionnaire. The chi-square test and Fisher's exact test were used (5% level of significance). Among the adolescents 54.5% had drunk alcohol and 6.7% of them were heavy drinkers. The majority of them drank alcohol between 11 and 14 years of age (42.8%); 26.3% of the adolescents purchased alcoholic beverages; and beer was the most drink most consumed (43.8%). The risk of alcohol drinking was higher between 16 and 19 years of age (OR = 4.44; p < 0.001), among those without religious affiliation (OR = 4.36; p = 0.002), among those who worked (OR = 2.13; p = 0.012) and among those who had a fair to poor relationship with their father (OR = 2.18; p = 0.010). The results of this study underscore the complexity of this issue and the need to pay particular attention to the adolescent population. Public policies alone are not sufficient. Support from family, school and society is essential to curtail early alcohol use and its consequences.

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HANDLING DISTRUST ON RISK COMMUNICATION IN NIGERIA: A STRATEGY TO STRENGTHENING THE COVID-19 OUTBREAK RESPONSE

Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness ◽

10.1017/dmp.2021.245 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-22

Author(s):

Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi ◽

Priscilla Onaopemipo Akosile ◽

Aanuoluwapo Adeyimika Afolabi ◽

Victor Okoliko Ukwenya

Keyword(s):

Risk Communication ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Outbreak Response ◽

Community Members ◽

Chi Square ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Policy Makers ◽

Chi Square Test ◽

Level Of Significance ◽

High Level

Abstract Background This study aimed to assess the level of trust in the COVID-19 risk communication efforts in Nigeria. Methods We conducted a descriptive cross-sectional study among community members aged 15 years and above in Ondo state in October, 2020. Data were collected using an interviewer-administered questionnaire. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 22. Descriptive statistics were summarized using frequencies. Trust was ranked from “1” implying “Low level of trust” to “7” denoting “High level of trust”. We conducted bivariate Chi-square test on respondents’ level of trust in the Nigeria Centre for Disease Control (NCDC) and socio-demographic characteristics. The level of significance was set at p<0.05. Results Among the 691 respondents, 244 (35.3%) were aged 21 to 29 years, and 304 (51.4%) used the NCDC to obtain COVID-19 knowledge. Overall, 205 (41.8%) had high level of trust in the NCDC. Furthermore, 51 (51.5%) individuals aged 30-39 years had high level of trust in the NCDC (ᵡ2=17.455, p= 0.001). Also, 114 (48.5%) persons who lived with children below 18 years had high level of trust in the NCDC (ᵡ2= 8.266, p= 0.004). Conclusion Policy makers should prioritize the involvement of young and educated persons in COVID-19 risk communication strategies.

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Association between Food Intake and Overweight in Children Assisted by Primary Care

The Open Nursing Journal ◽

10.2174/1874434602115010305 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 15 (1) ◽

pp. 305-312

Author(s):

Erivelton Sousa Lima ◽

Amanda de Castro Amorim Serpa Brandão ◽

Antonio Luiz Gomes Junior ◽

Luana kelle Batista Moura ◽

Gerardo Vasconcelos Mesquita ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Primary Care ◽

Food Intake ◽

Food Consumption ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Processed Foods ◽

Food Groups ◽

Chi Square ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Exact Test ◽

Chi Square Test

Background: The child feed in the first two years of life is of fundamental importance for a healthy growth and development. Aims: To verify the association between food consumption indicators and overweight in children under the age of two, followed up by primary care health professionals. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 232 children assisted by primary care. A structured questionnaire was used with questions on sociodemographic data of mothers or guardians and food intake and anthropometric data of children. The analysis of the association between excess weight and food intake indicators was performed using the Pearson’s chi-square test (χ2) and Fisher’s exact test (f ˂ 5). Results: Regarding food intake in children under 6 months of age, 35.1% of the children were exclusively breastfed. Among children at the age of 6 to 23 months: 66.3% were on continued breastfeeding; 16.7% consumed adequate foods at the age of 6 to 8 months; 90.4% consumed foods that belonged to the six food groups; 76.3% consumed food at the minimum frequency and with adequate consistency; 88.9% consumed iron-rich and vitamin A-rich foods, and 59.3% consumed ultra-processed foods. Regarding nutritional status, 24.5% of the children were overweight. Conclusion: There was no statistically significant association between overweight and food consumption indicators among the surveyed children. However, exclusive breastfeeding was below the recommended level, a low percentage of the introduction of complementary foods at the appropriate age and high consumption of ultra-processed foods reveal the need to improve the assistance provided by primary care to this group.

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The influence of varying maxillary central incisor vertical dimension on perceived smile aesthetics

Journal of Orthodontics ◽

10.1177/1465312519839713 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 46 (2) ◽

pp. 137-142

Author(s):

Elis Janaina Lira dos Santos ◽

Alana Moura Xavier Dantas ◽

Raíssa Marçal Vilela ◽

Karina Jerônimo Rodrigues Santiago de Lima ◽

Rejane Targino Soares Beltrão

Keyword(s):

Age Groups ◽

Educational Background ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Central Incisor ◽

Chi Square ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Exact Test ◽

Maxillary Central Incisor ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Chi Square Test

Objective: To evaluate patient perception of the smile focused on analysis of the upper incisors. Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: Department of Clinical and Social Dentistry at Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil. Participants: The sample consisted of 135 individuals (73 women and 62 men). Methods: Images with different characteristics associated with the incisal edges were shown at random and analysed using a Likert scale. Data were analysed using the Chi-square test or Fisher’s exact test with a statistically significant difference ( P < 0.05). Results: Smile I (difference of 1.5 mm in relation to the central incisor and lateral) was considered the most aesthetic, while Smile III (no difference in height between the central and lateral incisors) was the least aesthetic. A significant difference was found between perception of smile II (difference of 1 mm in relation to the central incisor and lateral) and age groups ( P < 0.005), with 31% (n = 13) of individuals aged 45–64 years considering smile II as not pleasant, 4.4% (n = 2) aged 15–24 years and 8.3% (n=4) aged 25–44 years and 4.4% (n = 2) aged 15–24 years considering the same. A significant difference was also found in relation to educational background of the assessor and smile perception, with smile III ( P = 0.0441) and smile IV ( P = 0.0053) considered the most aesthetic ( P = 0.0116). Conclusion: The smile considered most attractive among the sample was that with 1.5 mm steepness between the central and lateral incisors, while a flat smile arc was considered least attractive.

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Association between speech and dental occlusion changes in children with cleft lip and palate and time of primary plastic surgeries

Revista CEFAC ◽

10.1590/1982-0216/202123412420 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 23 (4) ◽

Author(s):

Gabriela Ribeiro Schilling ◽

Maria Cristina de Almeida Freitas Cardoso ◽

Paulo Sérgio Gonçalves da Silva ◽

Marcia Angélica Peter Maahs

Keyword(s):

Cleft Lip ◽

Cleft Lip And Palate ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Dental Occlusion ◽

Chi Square ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Significance Level ◽

Exact Test ◽

Chi Square Test ◽

Incisive Foramen

ABSTRACT Purpose: to describe the changes in speech and dental occlusion in children with cleft lip and palate and verify their association with each other and with the time of primary plastic surgeries. Methods: a cross-sectional study with collected data on the subjects’ identification, age at the time of primary surgeries, and clinical assessment of speech and dental occlusion. The chi-square test, Fisher's exact test, and t-test were used to verify the associations between the variables at the 5% significance level (p < 0.05). Results: the sample comprised 11 children aged 6 to 10 years, most of whom were males, self-reported white, with trans-incisive foramen cleft, predominantly on the left side. The mean age at lip repair surgery was 6 months, and 13 months at palatoplasty. Among the main dental occlusion changes, posterior and anterior crossbite stood out. All the subjects presented changed speech, with a prevalence of cases with dentoalveolar and palatine deformities, followed by passive and active changes. Subjects with anterior crossbite tended to have undergone primary lip repair surgery at a mean of four months earlier than the subjects without anterior crossbite. Conclusions: the associations between speech and dental occlusion changes, and between these and the time of primary plastic surgeries were not statistically significant. Even though it is known that early lip repair surgery is ideal to favor oral functions and aesthetics, the results revealed a tendency towards anterior crossbite, in these subjects.

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Sero-Surveillance of Brucellosis in Cattle of Chitwan District, Nepal

International Journal of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology ◽

10.3126/ijasbt.v4i3.15774 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 4 (3) ◽

pp. 365-371

Author(s):

Sabita Subedi ◽

Meera Prajapati ◽

Bhojan Dhakal

Keyword(s):

Social Study ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Elisa Test ◽

Fisher Exact Test ◽

Chi Square ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Exact Test ◽

The Social ◽

Chi Square Test ◽

And Control

A cross sectional study was conducted in Eastern and Western parts of Chitwan district from November 2015 to April, 2016 in two parts, the social study followed by biological to determine and compare the prevalence, distribution of antibodies, and level of awareness of farmers against Brucella abortus in cattle of the two regions of same district. Altogether blood samples of 92 cattle were taken for detection of Brucella antibodies by using RBPT test and the positive samples were further retested by Indirect ELISA test through ID Vet iELISA kit 2016. The samples which showed positive on both tests were confirmed as seropositive. Chi -square test and Fisher Exact test was used to find out the association between various variables. The result showed that 14.13% (13/92) and 10.86% (10/92) sample were positive by RBPT and iELISA test respectively. There was no significant prevalence differences (p>0.05) on location, age group, breed type, and method of service (artificial and natural) used in cattle. Comparing abortion with prevalence of Brucellosis, there was significant differences (p<0.05) in the result of both RBPT and iELISA test. Inferring from this result, there is association between the abortion and occurrence of Brucellosis. The higher significant prevalence differences (p<0.01) was according to the time of abortion where higher seropositivity was obtained in the cattle aborted on 5-7th month of pregnancy and cattle of 3rd parity. The study showed the existence of Brucellosis in Chitwan district with no adoption of any preventive measures against this disease, so here is current need of the strategies for its prevention and control in order to mitigate such overwhelming situation.Int J Appl Sci Biotechnol, Vol 4(3): 365-371

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A cross sectional study of the morbidity pattern among stone quarry workers and their associated risk factors

International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health ◽

10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20213551 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 (9) ◽

pp. 4451

Author(s):

Vijayakumar M. ◽

Jeshtin M.

Keyword(s):

Health Care ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Health Care Facilities ◽

Care Seeking ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Chi Square ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Exact Test ◽

Chi Square Test ◽

Associated Risk Factors

Background: Construction sector is a thriving industry which comprises most of the unorganized workers and providing widespread opportunities for employment of most of the poorest and marginalized sections of society in India. The workers are more susceptible to various occupational hazards due to working conditions in dusty environment. This study is proposed to identify the morbidity pattern, availability and usage of safety measures, health care seeking behaviour and health care facilities at the quarry site.Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted among the stone quarry workers of Maduranthakam area in Kancheepuram district from February 2018 to May 2018. The sample size was calculated as 94 and five quarries were selected randomly. The study tool was interview based semi structured questionnaire and clinical examination. Appropriate descriptive and inferential statistics like Chi square test, Fischer’s exact test was done to determine significant association (p<0.05).Results: The common morbidities among the participants were abdominal conditions (54%), injuries (34%) and musculoskeletal disorders (27%). One in five individuals had respiratory problems and those with breathing difficulty had decreased peak expiratory flow rate. Usage of personal protective equipments is low and about 63.8% of them were using government health care facilities.Conclusions: Increasing demand for stone and aggregates has led to extensive stone quarrying operations. Awareness and enforcement of personal protective equipment, vaccination against diseases like tetanus, periodic health check- ups should be enforced for people working in quarries.

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Prescription pattern in public specialized dental care centers in Brazil

Research Society and Development ◽

10.33448/rsd-v10i12.20732 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (12) ◽

pp. e554101220732

Author(s):

Gabriela Luiza Hochscheidt ◽

Mateus Müller da Silva ◽

Maria Beatriz Cardoso Ferreira ◽

Alexandre Silva de Quevedo ◽

Deise Ponzoni

Keyword(s):

Prescription Drugs ◽

Dental Care ◽

Dosage Regimen ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Chi Square ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Exact Test ◽

Rational Drug ◽

Chi Square Test ◽

And Gender

The aim of this study was to evaluate the most common drugs prescribed by dentists and the indicators related to rational drug use. A prospective cross-sectional study was conducted in which 189 interviews were carried out from August 2015 to June 2016 with patients who received drug prescriptions at specialized dental care centers in a city in southern Brazil. A specific data sheet was used, with questions regarding: age and gender of the patient, dental specialty in which the care occurred, and prescription drugs and their respective dosage regimen. Statistical analysis was performed using the chi-square test or Fisher's exact test (p <0.05). From the total of interviews, it was observed that 92.1% of patients received written medication prescriptions. Of these prescriptions, 38.5% had some type of antibiotic for systemic use. Acetaminophen was the most prescribed drug (33.4%), followed by amoxicillin (19.7%). The mean number of medications per prescription was 1.75, and 17.4% of the prescriptions did not indicate the dosage regimen. Our findings indicate a high incidence of prescribed antibiotics and non-compliance with regulatory agency guidance in prescriptions at the centers evaluated.

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Metabolic syndrome in children aged 6 to 12 years with obesity in public schools of seven municipalities in the State of Mexico

Salud Pública de México ◽

10.21149/8470 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 60 (4, jul-ago) ◽

pp. 395 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Abelardo Ávila-Curiel ◽

Carlos Galindo-Gómez ◽

Liliana Juárez-Martínez ◽

Mario Luis Osorio-Victoria

Keyword(s):

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Public Schools ◽

Cardiovascular Risk ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

School Age Children ◽

Obese Children ◽

Chi Square ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Chi Square Test ◽

Student’S T

Objective. To estimate the prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome (MS), its components and its association with obesity and cardiovascular risk in school age children. Materials and methods. A cross-sectional study of 1,017 children from 6 to 12 years of age. Anthropometric information, blood pressure, glucose, insulin, cholesterol, HDLc, LDLc and triglycerides were collected. The presence of MS and its components were determined by criteria of Cook et. al. (2003), modified for children and adolescents. In the analysis, the children were grouped by aged group of 6 to 9 and 10 to 12 years. The association between MS, obesity and cardiovascular risk was estimated using Student’s t-test and Mann-Whitney U test, Chi-square test and logistic regression. Results. The MS was present with 54.6% in obese children. Obesity was the characteristic of greater association to suffer from MS with an OR=8.62 p<0.001. Conclusions. MS is high among children with obesity, and is mostly associated with insulin resistance and atherogenic risk.

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Workloads and burnout of nursing workers

Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem ◽

10.1590/0034-7167-2017-0659 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 72 (6) ◽

pp. 1435-1441

Author(s):

Deciane Pintanela de Carvalho ◽

Laurelize Pereira Rocha ◽

Eliana Cardia de Pinho ◽

Jamila Geri Tomaschewski-Barlem ◽

Edison Luiz Devos Barlem ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Lower Limb ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

University Hospital ◽

Lumbar Pain ◽

Limb Pain ◽

Chi Square ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Exact Test ◽

Lower Limb Pain ◽

Chi Square Test

ABSTRACT Objective: to identify workloads in nursing work and its association with nursing worker burnout. Method: a cross-sectional study, including 211 nursing workers from a university hospital, between July and August 2016. For the analysis, the descriptive statistics, Chi-Square Test, Fisher’s Exact Test and Mann Whitney U-Test were used. Results: the most evidenced loads were biological. A significant association was found between workloads and workers’ occupation, as well as a significant association between workloads and worker burnout. Burnout caused upper limb pain, neck and lumbar pain, lower limb pain, muscle spasm, lower limb edema, mental fatigue, headache, nervousness, and forgetfulness. Conclusion: workloads identification is a subsidy for the promotion of interventions that minimize the burnout generated to the health of the nursing worker.

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Coping with COVID-19 in an international border region: health and economy

Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem ◽

10.1590/1518-8345.4659.3398 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 29 ◽

Author(s):

Reinaldo Antonio Silva-Sobrinho ◽

Adriana Zilly ◽

Rosane Meire Munhak da Silva ◽

Marcos Augusto Moraes Arcoverde ◽

Enrique Jorge Deschutter ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Descriptive Analysis ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Border Region ◽

Chi Square ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Unified Health System ◽

The Social ◽

Chi Square Test ◽

Level Of Significance ◽

International Border

Objective: to analyze how the social isolation measures and closed borders affected the health and economy in an international border region. Method: descriptive cross-sectional study conducted in the western region of Paraná, Brazil, using an electronic form created using Google® forms. A sample of 2,510 people was addressed. Descriptive analysis and the Chi-square test were performed, with a level of significance established at 5%. This public opinion survey, addressing unidentified participants, is in accordance with Resolutions 466/2012 and 510/2016. Results: the participants were 41.5 years old on average, most were women and worked in the education sector; 41.9% reported that the closing of borders/commercial businesses negatively influenced income; 17.7% reported the possibility of losing their jobs; 89.0% consider that a larger number of people would be sick if the borders/commercial had not been closed; 63.7% believe the health services are not prepared to deal with the pandemic; 74.9% realize that the Brazilian Unified Health System may not have sufficient service capacity; 63.4% reported anxiety; and 75.6% of commercial workers will experience changes in their income level. Conclusion: the closing of international borders and commercial businesses was related to a perception of physical and mental changes, job loss, and decreased income.

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