scholarly journals Cranberries (Vacciniummacrocarpon aiton) in dog nutrition: influence on diet digestibility and palatability and in the course of urinary tract infections

2020 ◽  
Vol 72 (5) ◽  
pp. 1971-1979
Author(s):  
V.R. Olszewski ◽  
T.S. Bastos ◽  
A.S. Komarcheuski ◽  
S.G. Oliveira ◽  
J.F.G. Warth ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Blood Parameters ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Control Group ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Urinary Parameters ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
Intake Ratio

ABSTRACT The objective was to evaluate the effects of cranberry on blood and urinary parameters of dogs (experiment I), digestibility of nutrients (experiment II), palatability of diet (experiment III) and the influence of cranberry on E. coli UPEC-MRHA fimbriae in vitro (experiment IV). For experiment I and II, ten dogs were fed with diets containing 0% or 0.4% cranberry for 30 days. Experiment III compared the diets containing 0% and 0.4% cranberry using 16 adult dogs. There were no statistical differences (P>0.05) in the blood parameters evaluated. Dogs consuming cranberry presented lighter color and appearance of urine, compared to the control group (P<0.05). The diet containing cranberry showed higher digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, ether extract, higher metabolizable energy (P<0.05) and reduced fecal sialic acid concentration (P<0.05) compared to the control diet. There was no influence of cranberry on the formation of fimbriae of E. coli UPEC-MRHA. There was a lower intake ratio of the diet containing cranberry (P<0.05). The inclusion of 0.4% cranberry increases the digestibility of nutrients and influences the color and appearance of urine of dogs. However, it reduces diet palatability and does not alter the adhesion of E. coli UPEC-MRHA in vitro.

scholarly journals Effects of Feeding Diets Containing Pearl Millet Supplemented with Enzyme on the Carcass and Haematological Values of Broiler Chicken

2021 ◽  
pp. 52-60
Author(s):  
John Amedu Edache ◽  
Lydia Inyam ◽  
Stephen Ejembi Edache
Keyword(s):  
Pearl Millet ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Blood Parameters ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
The Other ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Haematological Values ◽  
Feeding Diets

Pearl millet, which is comparable to maize in terms of its metabolizable energy content is an identified potential replacement for maize in broiler diets. However, as the competition and price of maize continues to spike, the continuous need to completely replace maize in broiler diets is imperative. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of feeding diets containing pearl millet supplemented with enzyme NatuzymeTM on the carcass characteristics and haematological values of broiler chickens. 150 two weeks-old broilers were randomly divided into 5 groups with 10 birds per pen translating into 10 birds per replicate and fed an isonitrogenous (23%CP) starter diet of control diet (A); 0% (B); 10% (C); 20% (D); 30.01% and (E) 37.41 % pearl millet. Similarly, an isonitrogenous (21%CP) finisher diet of control diet (A); 0% (B); 10.64% pearl millet (C); 21.28% (D); 31.92% and (E) 39.27 % of pearl millet for 6 weeks. The birds were randomly allotted to the diets in a completely randomized design with feed and water given ad libitum. With the exception of drumstick of birds fed diet D which was significantly lower than the other diets, the results showed that the carcass values (parameters) of broilers fed 100% pearl millet were similar or non-superior to the control group and the other diets. Similarly, blood parameters were not significantly different between groups. These results show that pearl millet supplemented with enzyme can replace maize in broiler diets without affecting carcass yields and haematological parameters.

Effect of inclusion of protected and unprotected tallow in the supplement on the performance of lactating dairy cows

1983 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 203-210 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. J. Murphy ◽  
D. J. Morgan
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Concentration ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal ◽  
Spray Dried

ABSTRACTThree concentrate mixtures were compared in a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square feeding trial with cows in early lactation to evaluate the effect of inclusion of tallow. The concentrates were based on barley and soya bean meal (223 g crude protein per kg dry matter) with either no tallow addition (control group) or with the addition of a protected tallow premix (0·75 spray-dried formaldehyde-treated tallow, 0·25 casein) or an unprotected tallow premix (0·75 spray-dried tallow, 0·25 casein), both added at 138 g/kg. Each concentrate was given at a rate of 8 kg per cow per day and silage was offered ad libitum. The inclusion of unprotected tallow in the concentrate did not significantly change milk yield, fat concentration, lactose concentration or live weight compared with those in the control group. The inclusion of the protected tallow supplement resulted in significantly higher yields of milk (22·9 kg/day), fat (0·95 kg/day) and lactose (1·05 kg/day) compared with those of the control group (21·3 kg/day, 0·79 kg/day, 0·95 kg/day), whilst milk protein concentration was significantly reduced. A digestibility trial with steers showed that, when hay was given with the diets, inclusion of tallow in the concentrate significantly increased the digestible and metabolizable energy concentration of the diets compared with the control diet, but dry matter, energy and fibre digestibility was reduced.

scholarly journals Effects of dietary supplement of methionine and lysine on blood parameters and fur quality in blue fox during low-protein feeding

1987 ◽  
Vol 59 (5) ◽  
pp. 355-360
Author(s):  
Jouko Työppönen ◽  
Hans Berg ◽  
Maija Valtonen
Keyword(s):  
Control Diet ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Blood Parameters ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Blue Fox ◽  
Fur Quality

Four groups of blue fox (Alopex Lagopus) were fed from weaning to pelting with feed of two different protein levels. The metabolizable energy (ME) from protein amounted to 35/30 % in the control group and to 22/18 % in three low-protein groups during the early and late growth period, respectively. One of the low-protein groups received an unsupplemented diet. The second low-protein diet was fortified with methionine, and the third with methionine and lysine to the same level as in the control diet. Hematological values, urea and creatinine were lower in all low-protein groups as compared to the control group. The activities of amino acid metabolizing enzymes ASAT, ALAT and GOT in plasma were lower in the low-protein groups although the relative sizes of the liver and kidneys were greater. The lowered protein content in the feed was sufficient for growth, and only a slight negative effect on fur characteristics was observed. The dietary supplementation of methionine and lysine yielded no improvement in the fur quality or other parameters as compared to the unsupplemented low-protein feed, indicating that there was no deficiency of these amino acids in these low-protein feeds.

scholarly journals Antibiotic Susceptibilities and Appropriateness of Initial Drug Selection for Community-Acquired Urinary Tract Infections (UTI) Caused by Extended-Spectrum Β-Lactamase (ESBL)-Producing Pathogens

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (suppl_1) ◽  
pp. S347-S348
Author(s):  
Stephen Lee ◽  
Douglas N Fish ◽  
Gerard Barber ◽  
Michelle Barron
Keyword(s):  
Initial Therapy ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Drug Selection ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Appropriate Treatment ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
Research Grant

Abstract Background Community-acquired (CA) UTI caused by ESBL-producing pathogens pose challenges related to initial antibiotic (AB) selection. Better characterization of AB susceptibilities in CA ESBL infections may improve empiric drug selection for outpatient therapy. The objectives of this study were to describe AB susceptibilities of isolates in CA ESBL UTI and provide recommendations for appropriate treatment at our institution. Methods Adult patients with CA ESBL UTI (cystitis) from 2009 through 2013 were retrospectively matched 1:1 with a control group of non-ESBL CA UTI based on age within 5 years, gender, and organism. The primary outcome in this phase of the study was description of AB susceptibilities in CA ESBL UTI vs. controls. Secondary outcomes were comparison of appropriate initial AB therapy (defined as concordance of initial AB with in vitro susceptibilities) and development of recommendations for initial antibiotics for CA UTI. Results Eighty-five patients were matched into each of the ESBL and non-ESBL CA UTI groups. E. coli was the pathogen in 94% of ESBL UTIs and 96% of controls. Patients with ESBL UTI most often received ceftriaxone or oral β-lactam (BL, 31%), fluoroquinolone (FQ, 27%), trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (TMP/SMX, 14%), or nitrofurantoin (NF, 14%); controls were similar. Besides non-carbapenem BLs, ESBL producers were significantly more resistant to FQs (78% resistant), NF (16%), TMP/SMX (60%), gentamicin (33%), and doxycycline (78%) vs. controls (P &lt; 0.01 for each). Ertapenem and amikacin had 100% and 96% susceptibility, respectively. Initial AB were discordant in 64% of ESBL UTI vs. 14% of controls (OR 11.0, 95% CI 5.0–24.3; P &lt; 0.0001). FQs and TMP/SMX were discordant in 83% and 42% of ESBL UTI, respectively, while NF was concordant in 100% of patients with ESBL UTI and 89% of controls. Conclusion Patients with CA ESBL UTI were significantly more likely to receive inappropriate initial AB therapy. Although ESBL-producing strains were resistant to multiple AB classes, NF retained activity against 84% of ESBL isolates and was associated with appropriateness of initial therapy in 100% of patients with ESBL UTI. Nitrofurantoin is an appropriate oral option for treatment of CA UTI, even in patients with ESBL infection. Disclosures D. N. Fish, Merck & Co.: Grant Investigator, Research grant M. Barron, Merck & Co.: Grant Investigator, Research grant

scholarly journals In Vitro Coliform Resistance to Bioactive Compounds in Urinary Infection, Assessed in a Lab Catheterization Model

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 4315
Author(s):  
Emanuel Vamanu ◽  
Laura Dorina Dinu ◽  
Cristina Mihaela Luntraru ◽  
Alexandru Suciu
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Tract ◽  
Bioactive Compounds ◽  
Urinary Tract Infections ◽  
Antimicrobial Effect ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Functional Product ◽  
Tract Infections

Bioactive compounds and phenolic compounds are viable alternatives to antibiotics in recurrent urinary tract infections. This study aimed to use a natural functional product, based on the bioactive compounds’ composition, to inhibit the uropathogenic strains of Escherichia coli. E. coli ATCC 25922 was used to characterize the IVCM (new in vitro catheterization model). As support for reducing bacterial proliferation, the cytotoxicity against a strain of Candida albicans was also determined (over 75% at 1 mg/mL). The results were correlated with the analysis of the distribution of biologically active compounds (trans-ferulic acid-268.44 ± 0.001 mg/100 g extract and an equal quantity of Trans-p-coumaric acid and rosmarinic acid). A pronounced inhibitory effect against the uropathogenic strain E. coli 317 (4 log copy no./mL after 72 h) was determined. The results showed a targeted response to the product for tested bacterial strains. The importance of research resulted from the easy and fast characterization of the functional product with antimicrobial effect against uropathogenic strains of E. coli. This study demonstrated that the proposed in vitro model was a valuable tool for assessing urinary tract infections with E. coli.

scholarly journals Biological Cost of Single and Multiple Norfloxacin Resistance Mutations in Escherichia coli Implicated in Urinary Tract Infections

2005 ◽  
Vol 49 (6) ◽  
pp. 2343-2351 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia Komp Lindgren ◽  
Linda L. Marcusson ◽  
Dorthe Sandvang ◽  
Niels Frimodt-Møller ◽  
Diarmaid Hughes
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Urinary Tract ◽  
Infection Model ◽  
Resistance Mutations ◽  
Topoisomerase Iv ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
Subsequent Selection

ABSTRACT Resistance to fluoroquinolones in urinary tract infection (UTIs) caused by Escherichia coli is associated with multiple mutations, typically those that alter DNA gyrase and DNA topoisomerase IV and those that regulate AcrAB-TolC-mediated efflux. We asked whether a fitness cost is associated with the accumulation of these multiple mutations. Mutants of the susceptible E. coli UTI isolate Nu14 were selected through three to five successive steps with norfloxacin. Each selection was performed with the MIC of the selected strain. After each selection the MIC was measured; and the regions of gyrA, gyrB, parC, and parE, previously associated with resistance mutations, and all of marOR and acrR were sequenced. The first selection step yielded mutations in gyrA, gyrB, and marOR. Subsequent selection steps yielded mutations in gyrA, parE, and marOR but not in gyrB, parC, or acrR. Resistance-associated mutations were identified in almost all isolates after selection steps 1 and 2 but in less than 50% of isolates after subsequent selection steps. Selected strains were competed in vitro, in urine, and in a mouse UTI infection model against the starting strain, Nu14. First-step mutations were not associated with significant fitness costs. However, the accumulation of three or more resistance-associated mutations was usually associated with a large reduction in biological fitness, both in vitro and in vivo. Interestingly, in some lineages a partial restoration of fitness was associated with the accumulation of additional mutations in late selection steps. We suggest that the relative biological costs of multiple mutations may influence the evolution of E. coli strains that develop resistance to fluoroquinolones.

Loss of an Intimin-Like Protein Encoded on a Uropathogenic E. coli Pathogenicity Island Reduces Inflammation and Affects Interactions with the Urothelium

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Allyson E. Shea ◽  
Jolie A. Stocki ◽  
Stephanie D. Himpsl ◽  
Sara N. Smith ◽  
Harry L. T. Mobley
Keyword(s):  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Cell Adherence ◽  
Upec Strain ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Bladder Cell ◽  
Bladder Cells ◽  
Strain Cft073 ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Tract Infections

Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) causes the majority of uncomplicated urinary tract infections (UTI), which affect nearly half of women worldwide. Many UPEC strains encode an annotated intimin-like adhesin ( ila ) locus in their genome related to a well-characterized virulence factor in diarrheagenic E. coli pathotypes. Its role in UPEC uropathogenesis, however, remains unknown. In prototype UPEC strain CFT073, there is an ila locus that encodes three predicted intimin-like genes sinH , sinI , and ratA . We used in silico approaches to determine the phylogeny and genomic distribution of this locus among uropathogens. We found that the currently annotated intimin-encoding proteins in CFT073 are more closely related to invasin proteins found in Salmonella . Deletion of the individual sinH , sinI , and ratA genes did not result in measurable effects on growth, biofilm formation, or motility in vitro . On average, sinH was more highly expressed in clinical strains during active human UTI than in human urine ex vivo . Unexpectedly, we found that strains lacking this ila locus had increased adherence to bladder cells in vitro , coupled with a decrease in bladder cell invasion and death. The sinH mutant displayed a significant fitness defect in the murine model of ascending UTI including reduced inflammation in the bladder. These data confirmed an inhibitory role in bladder cell adherence to facilitate invasion and inflammation; therefore, the ila locus should be termed invasin-like, rather than intimin-like. Collectively, our data suggest that loss of this locus mediates measurable interactions with bladder cells in vitro and contributes to fitness during UTI.

scholarly journals Assessment of Gut Microbiota and Selected Blood Parameters in Weaned Piglets Following Supplementation with a Probiotic and Vitamin C

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 179-189
Author(s):  
Leszek Tymczyna ◽  
Beata Trawińska ◽  
Marta Kowaleczko ◽  
Anna Chmielowiec-Korzeniowska ◽  
Jerzy Lechowski
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin C ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Total Cholesterol ◽  
Hdl Cholesterol ◽  
Blood Parameters ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Weaned Piglets ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Experimental Group ◽  
Control Group Group

AbstractThe aim of the study was to assess the gut microbiota and selected haematological and biochemical blood parameters of weaned piglets following dietary supplementation with a probiotic and vitamin C. the piglets were divided into a control group (group C) and an experimental group (group E), with 30 piglets in each group. All animals received the same feed ad libitum. The animals in the control group (group C) received feed with no added probiotic and vitamin C. the piglets in the experimental group (group E) were given a supplement containing a probiotic (Bacillus cereus 1×109 CFU/kg) in the amount of 1.5 g/piglet/day and vitamin c in the amount of 300 mg/piglet/day. The supplement was administered for 28 days. The total numbers of bacteria of the family Enterobacteriaceae and of the genus Lactobacillus were determined in faeces. The erythrocyte count, haemoglobin level, haematocrit, leukocyte count, and percentages of neutrophils and lymphocytes were determined in the blood. The biochemical analysis concerned the concentration of triacylglycerols, total cholesterol, and LDL and HDL cholesterol. In group E a significant decrease (P<0.01) in the total number of Enterobacteriaceae bacteria was observed in the faeces of the piglets, accompanied by an increase in the number of lactobacilli relative to group C. E. coli was found to predominate over other microorganisms. Salmonella choleraesuis bacteria were present in the faeces of both groups before administration of the supplement, but were not found after its use. The supplement with probiotic and vitamin C caused a significant increase in the erythrocyte, haemoglobin and haematocrit levels in the blood of the piglets and a significant decrease in the concentration of triacylglycerols, total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol.

scholarly journals Pomegranate seed oil rich in conjugated linolenic acids reduces in vitro methane production

1970 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 325-335
Author(s):  
E. Maleki ◽  
G.Y. Meng ◽  
M. Faseleh Jahromi ◽  
R. Jorfi ◽  
A. Khoddami ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Methane Production ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Seed Oil ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Nutrient Utilization ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Ch4 Production

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) seed oil (PSO) on gas and methane (CH4) production, ruminal fermentation and microbial populations under in vitro conditions. Three treatments consisting of a control diet containing 10 mg tallow (CON); the control diet with 5 mg PSO + 5 mg tallow (MPSO) and the control diet containing 10 mg PSO (HPSO) were compared. Ten mg of the experimental fat/oil samples were inserted into a gas-tight 100 mL plastic syringe containing 30 mL of an incubation inoculum and 250 mg of a basic substrate of a hay/concentrate (1/1, w/w) mixture. In vitro gas production was recorded over 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 and 24 h of incubation. After 24 hours, incubation was stopped, and methane production, pH, volatile fatty acids (VFAs) and microbial counts were measured in the inoculant. Gas production at 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 and 24 h incubation, metabolizable energy and in vitro organic matter disappearance increased linearly and quadratically as level of PSO increased. Furthermore, the 10 mg PSO (HPSO) decreased CH4 production by 21.0% compared with the control (CON) group. There were no significant differences in total and individual VFA concentrations between different levels of PSO, except for butyric acid. After 24 h of incubation, methanogenesis decreased in the HPSO compared with the MPSO and CON treatments. In addition, total bacteria and protozoa counts increased with rising PSO levels, while population methanogenesis declined significantly. These results suggested that PSO could reduce methane emissions, which might be beneficial to nutrient utilization and growth in ruminants.

scholarly journals Determination of nitrofurantoin and fosfomycin susceptibility among urinary Escherichia coli isolates

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 3274
Author(s):  
Rachana Kanaujia ◽  
Amit Kumar ◽  
Malay Bajpai
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Urinary Tract ◽  
Urinary Tract Infections ◽  
Urine Samples ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
Therapeutic Alternatives ◽  
Micro Organisms ◽  
Staphylococcus Spp

Background: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are one of the most common infections. For treatment of UTIs, there are limited antibiotics due to increased resistance among uropathogens. Two older antibiotics; Nitrofurantoin and Fosfomycin have become novel oral therapeutic options against uropathogens. Aim of the study was to identify UTI causing micro-organisms and evaluate in-vitro activity of nitrofurantoin and fosfomycin against most common isolated organism (E. coli).Methods: Results of urine samples culture and susceptibility testing over a period of 1 year were analysed and included in this study.Results: Micro-organisms were isolated from 568 urine samples. Most commonly isolated organism was Escherichia coli (40.50%), followed by Klebsiella spp. (20.07%) and Staphylococcus spp. (17.07%). Susceptibility of E. coli to nitrofurantoin and fosfomycin was 91.74% and 65.65% respectively. Conclusion: Good activity of nitrofurantoin and fosfomycin against E. coli indicates that these two drugs are potential therapeutic alternatives for urinary tract infections.

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