scholarly journals Sedation for bronchoscopy: current practices in Latin America

2020 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pablo Rubinstein-Aguñín ◽  
Marco Antonio García-Choque ◽  
Alberto López-Araoz ◽  
Sebastián Fernández-Bussy
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Conscious Sedation ◽  
Fiberoptic Bronchoscopy ◽  
Rigid Bronchoscopy ◽  
Endobronchial Ultrasound ◽  
Public Facilities ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Do So ◽  
Current Practices

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate current practices in sedation for bronchoscopy in Latin America. Methods: This was an anonymous survey of select members of the Latin American Thoracic Association. The questionnaire, made available online from November of 2015 through February of 2016, was designed to collect data on demographic characteristics; type of facility (public or private); type/volume of bronchoscopies; type of sedation; and type of professional administering the sedation. Results: We received 338 completed questionnaires from 19 countries; 250 respondents (74.0%) were male. The mean respondent age was 36.0 ± 10.5 years. Of the 338 respondents, 304 (89.9%) were pulmonologists; 169 (50.0%) worked at public facilities; and 152 (45.0%) worked at teaching facilities. All of the respondents performed diagnostic fiberoptic bronchoscopy, 206 (60.9%) performed therapeutic fiberoptic bronchoscopy, 125 (37.0%) performed rigid bronchoscopy, 37 (10.9%) performed endobronchial ultrasound, and 3 (0.9%) performed laser therapy/thermoplasty/cryotherapy. Sedation for bronchoscopy was employed by 324 respondents (95.6%). Of the 338 respondents, 103 (30.5%) and 96 (28.4%) stated, respectively, that such sedation should “usually” and “never” be administered by a bronchoscopist; 324 (95.9%) supported training bronchoscopists in sedation. Sedation administered by a bronchoscopist was reported by 113 respondents, conscious sedation being employed by 109 (96.2%). The use of benzodiazepines, propofol, and opiates was reported, respectively, by 252 (74.6%), 179 (52.9%), and 132 (39.0%) of the 338 respondents. Deep sedation and general anesthesia were more common at private facilities. Conclusions: The consensus seems to be that a well-trained bronchoscopist can safely administer sedation for bronchoscopy. However, approximately 40% of bronchoscopists do not do so regularly.

scholarly journals The study of severe asthma in Latin America and Spain (1994-2004): characteristics of patients hospitalized with acute severe asthma

2009 ◽  
Vol 35 (7) ◽  
pp. 635-644 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gustavo Javier Rodrigo ◽  
Vicente Plaza ◽  
Jesús Bellido-Casado ◽  
Hugo Neffen ◽  
María Teresa Bazús ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Severe Asthma ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Inhaled Corticosteroids ◽  
Pulmonary Function Tests ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Asthma Management ◽  
Case Series ◽  
Acute Severe Asthma ◽  
The Mean

OBJECTIVE: Studies assessing the characteristics and management of patients hospitalized with asthma have been limited to a small number of facilities and have evaluated short time periods. The present study evaluated long-term changes among hospitalized asthma patients at a large number of facilities. METHODS: This was a retrospective, hospital-based observational case series, designated the Study of Severe Asthma in Latin America and Spain, which was conducted in Spain and in eight Latin-American countries. We reviewed the hospital records of 3,038 patients (age range, 15-69 years) hospitalized with acute severe asthma at one of nineteen tertiary-care hospitals in 1994, 1999 and 2004. RESULTS: Over time, the use of inhaled corticosteroids and long-acting β2 agonists increased significantly, whereas the use of theophylline as a controller medication decreased. The utilization of pulmonary function tests also increased. There was a significant reduction in the mean hospital stay (8.5 days, 7.4 days and 7.1 days in 1994, 1999 and 2004, respectively, p = 0.0001) and a significant increase in the mean of the lowest arterial pH at hospital admission. In contrast, there was a significant decrease in the proportion of cases in which PEF was determined in the emergency room (48.6% in 1994 vs. 43.5% in 2004, p = 0.0001). We found the quality of asthma management and care to be generally better in Spain than in Latin America. CONCLUSIONS: Although there have been certain improvements in the management of asthma between severe exacerbations and during hospitalization, asthma management remains suboptimal in Spain and, especially, in Latin America.

scholarly journals COVID-19 Prevention Measures Implemented by Tennis Coaches: The Role of Continent, Experience, and Type of Facility

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (23) ◽  
pp. 12679
Author(s):  
Rafael Martínez-Gallego ◽  
Juan Pedro Fuentes-García ◽  
Miguel Crespo
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Hand Hygiene ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Preventive Strategies ◽  
Prevention Measures ◽  
Prevention Strategies ◽  
Public Facilities ◽  
National Organizations

The prevention strategies used by tennis coaches when delivering tennis lessons during the COVID-19 pandemic were analyzed in this study. An ad hoc questionnaire collected data from 655 Spanish and Portuguese speaking tennis coaches working in Latin America and Europe. Differences in the prevention measures were analyzed according to the continent, the coaches’ experience, and the type of facility they worked in. Results showed that coaches used information provided from local and national organizations more than from international ones. Hand hygiene, communication of preventive strategies, and changes in the coaching methodology were the most used prevention measures. Latin American coaches and those working in public facilities implemented the measures more often than their European colleagues or those working in private venues. Finally, more experienced coaches showed a greater awareness of the adoption of the measures than their less experienced counterparts. The data provided by this research may assist in developing new specific guidelines, protocols, and interventions to help better understand the daily delivery of tennis coaching in this challenging context.

scholarly journals Current Issues And Barriers Of Maintenance Management Practices For Public Facilities In Malaysia

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (5C) ◽  
pp. 119-125
Keyword(s):  
Management Practices ◽  
Severity Index ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Maintenance Management ◽  
Maintenance Cost ◽  
Local Authorities ◽  
The Public ◽  
Public Facilities ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Current Practices

There are significant challenges for local authorities in Malaysia in providing and managing the public facilities for the satisfaction of stakeholders. Therefore, the local authorities need to maintain the facilities to ensure the public to be able to use them effectively and comfortably. However, over the years, the local authorities faced countless critics and complaints regarding their performance in managing the facilities from the public. Moreover, the local authorities confronted maintenance cost issues while maintaining and operating the facilities, which lead to ineffective management. This unfortunate situation has tarnished the image of the local authorities, which supposedly act as a service provider to the public in their regions. This paper investigates the current maintenance management practices by the local authorities and to identify the barriers encountered during the implementation of maintenance management. The study utilized a comprehensive sample by distributing 149 questionnaires to the maintenance department of local authorities. The results of current practices were analyzed by using the mean value score and Relative Importance Index (RII) while the barriers were examined using the mean value score and Severity Index (SI). The results indicated that the current practices of the maintenance management conducted by the local authorities did not achieve the level of satisfaction which leads to the issues of ineffective maintenance management and the barriers that faced by the local authorities shows that building characteristics, vandalism and human factors have become the significant factors of maintenance cost issues. Consequently, the study provides the recommendation of directions and guidance towards the best practices of maintenance management to accomplish the maintenance efficiency and value for money throughout various strategies of improvements.

scholarly journals Transition to adulthood in Latin America: 1960s-2010s

2021 ◽  
Vol 38 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Matheus Menezes dos Santos ◽  
Bernardo Lanza Queiroz ◽  
Ana Paula De Andrade Verona
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Transition To Adulthood ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Census Data ◽  
Process Of Change ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
First Union ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Latin American Countries

Multidimensional discussion about transition to adulthood is an incipient theme in Latin America. This paper seeks to describe and characterize the process of change in the transition of men and women in the region between the 1960s and 2010's. Using census data from IPUMS-International for 15 Latin American countries, we calculate the mean ages at transition to adulthood, at entering the labor market, at first union, and at first birth. We concluded there was a process of postponing transition to adulthood, although much stronger for males than for females, which we attribute to the events linked to the transition of each group. With these results, we hope to encourage further research into transition to adulthood in Latin America.

Troubling the Essentialist Discourse of Brown in Education: The Anti-Black Sociopolitical and Sociohistorical Etymology of Latinxs as a Brown Monolith

2020 ◽  
pp. 0013189X2096358
Author(s):  
Christopher L. Busey ◽  
Carolyn Silva
Keyword(s):  
Education Research ◽  
Latin America ◽  
Educational Research ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Racial Formation ◽  
Racial Democracy ◽  
Do So

US-based scholars often colloquially employ Brown as a monolithic reference to Latinidad in education research without attention to its racialized and anti-Black underpinnings. In this conceptual essay, we apprehend the currents of hemispheric racial formation within a South–North orientation to problematize the essentialist ethos of US Latinxs as monolithically Brown. To do so, we briefly trace the anti-Black sociohistorical and sociopolitical etymology of a uniform Brown Latinx identity as a byproduct of colonial logics and homogenizing political philosophies in Latin America such as mestizaje and racial democracy. In conclusion, we offer implications for theorizing Latinidades in educational research that moves beyond mestizaje and colonial logics to consider Afro-Latinx, Afro-Latin American, and Indigenous Latinx subjectivities.

scholarly journals Chinese Economic Statecraft and U.S. Hegemony in Latin America: An Empirical Analysis, 2003–2014

2016 ◽  
Vol 58 (4) ◽  
pp. 3-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisco Urdinez ◽  
Fernando Mouron ◽  
Luis L. Schenoni ◽  
Amâncio J. de Oliveira
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Bank Loans ◽  
Foreign Direct Investments ◽  
Economic Statecraft ◽  
Major Player ◽  
Proportional Relationship ◽  
Latin American Countries ◽  
The U.S ◽  
Do So

AbstractIf one interprets China's sizable rise in Latin America as an unprecedented phenomenon, it follows that the concurrent story of declining U.S. influence in the region is an event hastily acknowledged at best and ignored at worst. In this article, we ask whether Chinese economic statecraft in Latin America is related to the declining U.S. hegemonic influence in the region and explore how. To do so we analyze foreign direct investments, bank loans, and international trade from 2003 to 2014, when China became a major player in the region. We use data from 21 Latin American countries, and find that an inversely proportional relationship exists between the investments made by Chinese state-owned enterprises (SOEs), bank loans, manufacturing exports, and the U.S. hegemonic influence exerted in the region. In other words, Beijing has filled the void left by a diminished U.S. presence in the latter's own backyard.

The Development and Politics of the Latin American Heroin Market

1979 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 349-369 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Solomon
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Latin America ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
The United States ◽  
Economic Conditions ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Changing Patterns ◽  
Do So

Political and economic conditions throughout Latin America provide an ideal setting for a wide range of contraband markets including heroin and other drugs. These conditions coupled with changing patterns of illicit international supply resulted in Latin America's emergence as the primary source and a major transshipment centre for the United States heroin market. Unfortunately it took the United States several years to respond to these unanticipated developments. The United States only recently succeeded in stemming the Latin American heroin trade but to do so it has had to exert considerable economic and diplomatic pressure on the countries involved. However, the underlying conditions which spawned the Latin American heroin trade still exist and the progress made to date may ultimately prove to be temporary.

scholarly journals New features of rubella in Spain: the evidence of an outbreak

2004 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 19-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
C Lemos ◽  
R Ramirez ◽  
M Ordobas ◽  
D H Guibert ◽  
J C Sanz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Professional Training ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Vaccine Coverage ◽  
Training Programme ◽  
Childbearing Age ◽  
Rubella Vaccine ◽  
Congenital Rubella ◽  
The Mean

In most of western Europe the rubella vaccine coverage is high. However, prior to the introduction of the vaccine in Latin America, rubella susceptibility in women of childbearing age was 10-25%. Forty one (93%) countries in Latin America have adopted the rubella vaccine since 2002. The adult immigrant population in Spain constitutes a group of susceptibles. In February 2003, the Madrid Community Measles Elimination Plan detected an increase in rubella notifications in women who had been born in Latin America. A descriptive study was undertaken to characterise the outbreak. A confirmed case was a person with fever or rash and a positive IgM serology, and living in Madrid, between 1 December 2002 and 31 March 2003. The secondary attack rate (SAR) per household was calculated. A total of 19 cases of rubella were identified, 15 were confirmed and 4 were probable cases. Fourteen (73.7%) cases were women at childbearing age. The mean age was 25.1 years. One pregnancy was diagnosed with a voluntary termination. Eleven (57.9%) cases were from Ecuador. The mean time of residence in Spain was 41 months. None of the cases or the 54 (78.3%) household contacts had been vaccinated against rubella. The SAR was 9.1%. This study showed the spread of rubella in the susceptible Latin American Community that is resident in Madrid. The interventions proposed were a vaccination programme towards immigrants, a health education campaign to prevent congenital rubella, and a health professional training programme case management.

Migration vs. development? The case of poverty and inequality in Mexico

2012 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agustín Escobar Latapi
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
International Migration ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Opportunity Cost ◽  
Inequality Index ◽  
Poverty And Inequality ◽  
And Migration

Although the migration – development nexus is widely recognized as a complex one, it is generally thought that there is a relationship between poverty and emigration, and that remittances lessen inequality. On the basis of Latin American and Mexican data, this chapter intends to show that for Mexico, the exchange of migrants for remittances is among the lowest in Latin America, that extreme poor Mexicans don't migrate although the moderately poor do, that remittances have a small, non-significant impact on the most widely used inequality index of all households and a very large one on the inequality index of remittance-receiving households, and finally that, to Mexican households, the opportunity cost of international migration is higher than remittance income. In summary, there is a relationship between poverty and migration (and vice versa), but this relationship is far from linear, and in some respects may be a perverse one for Mexico and for Mexican households.

Palestinian Diaspora Communities in Latin America and Palestinian Statehood

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-120
Author(s):  
Yousef M. Aljamal ◽  
Philipp O. Amour
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
South America ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Economic Life ◽  
Self Determination ◽  
The Political ◽  
Middle Classes ◽  
Latin Americans ◽  
Political Views ◽  
The Right

There are some 700,000 Latin Americans of Palestinian origin, living in fourteen countries of South America. In particular, Palestinian diaspora communities have a considerable presence in Chile, Honduras, and El Salvador. Many members of these communities belong to the professional middle classes, a situation which enables them to play a prominent role in the political and economic life of their countries. The article explores the evolving attitudes of Latin American Palestinians towards the issue of Palestinian statehood. It shows the growing involvement of these communities in Palestinian affairs and their contribution in recent years towards the wide recognition of Palestinian rights — including the right to self-determination and statehood — in Latin America. But the political views of members of these communities also differ considerably about the form and substance of a Palestinian statehood and on the issue of a two-states versus one-state solution.

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