Silvicultural performance of five forest species in the central Brazilian Amazon

ABSTRACT Planting of forest species of timber interest helps to reduce the deforestation pressure on the Amazon forest, promotes sustainable development of the producing region and generates ecological benefits. The objective of this work was to evaluate the survival rate and growth of four native (Swietenia macrophylla, Parkia decussata, Dipteryx odorata and Jacaranda copaia) and one exotic (Acacia mangium) species in monospecific plantations (spacing of 2 x 2 m) established on areas previously used for grazing, in Itacoatiara, State of Amazonas, Brazil. When the trees were four years old, we collected biometric data [height at 1.30 m (DBH, cm), crown projection area (CPA, m2), total height (Ht, m), commercial cylinder volume (Vcyl, m3 ha-1)], and qualitative data from visual diagnosis [survival rate (S, %), nutritional status (NS, G = good, D = deficient, %), and phytosanitary status (PS, S = satisfactory, N = non-satisfactory, %)]. Three plots of 128 m2, with 32 plants each, were evaluated for each species. Jacaranda copaia, followed by Dipteryx odorata and Parkia decussata, were the recommended species for planting in areas with edaphoclimatic conditions similar to those of the present work, due to their better performance according to most of the variables.

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Tree form morphometrics of Agathis dammara and Acacia mangium in the IPB’s Dramaga Landscape Campus, Bogor

IOP Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science ◽

10.1088/1755-1315/918/1/012015 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 918 (1) ◽

pp. 012015

Author(s):

L Karlinasari ◽

U Adzkia ◽

Y Fredisa ◽

M M Rahman ◽

N Nugroho ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Morphometric Analysis ◽

Slenderness Ratio ◽

Acacia Mangium ◽

Projection Area ◽

Complex Structures ◽

Crown Height ◽

Tree Form ◽

Crown Diameter ◽

Biomechanical Responses ◽

Crown Projection Area

Abstract Tree growth comprises diverse tree forms and crown shapes that are influenced by the growing space and are related to biomechanical responses. Due to the complex structures of tree forms and crown architecture, more understanding of their functions is necessary. The study aimed to evaluate the morphometrics of two tree species of contrasting tree forms. Each represents excurrent and decurrent crown architectures located in the Dramaga Campus Landscape, Bogor. Morphometric analysis was conducted on those two species, namely excurrent agathis (n=23 trees) and decurrent mangium (n= 15 trees). The morphometric analysis was carried out for several basic growth variables such as diameter at breast height, total height, and crown height. In addition, other variables and parameters were also assessed, namely live crown ratio, slenderness ratio, crown diameter, crown projection area, crown index, and coefficient of space for growth. The results showed that the average diameters of agathis and mangium trees in this study were 0.49 and 0.48 m, respectively, while the average heights were 24.63 m and 18.23 m, respectively. The live crown ratio of both trees was more than 80%. The average slenderness ratio for agathis trees was 50.66 higher than that of mangium trees (40.64). The crown projection areas for agathis and mangium were 37.60 m2 and 69.69 m2, respectively. On the other hand, the crown index of agathis was 3.20, and mangium was 1.84. The coefficient of space for the growth of agathis and mangium was 0.14. and 0.19. The information related to tree morphometry is important for tree management, especially in evaluating healthy and steady tree stands.

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Natural durability and improved resistance of 20 Amazonian wood species after 30 years in ground contact

Holzforschung ◽

10.1515/hf-2020-0192 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 0 (0) ◽

Author(s):

Fernando Nunes Gouveia ◽

Marcelo Fontana da Silveira ◽

Alencar Garlet

Keyword(s):

Wood Species ◽

Climatic Conditions ◽

Natural Durability ◽

Amazon Forest ◽

Ground Contact ◽

Forest Environment ◽

Ground Test ◽

The Tropics ◽

Dipteryx Odorata ◽

Copper Arsenate

Abstract This study aimed to assess the natural durability of 20 Amazonian wood species preserved with chromated copper arsenate (CCA) after 30 years in ground contact in an experimental field test at National Forest of Tapajós, Pará state - Brazil. Heartwood samples with a cross-section of 5 × 5 cm and 50 cm of length were half-buried in soil and inspected every year for decay. The species were classified according to natural durability following the classification method proposed by Findlay (Findlay, W.P.K. (1985). The nature and durability of wood. In: Findlay, W.P.K. (Ed.), Preservation of timber in the tropics. Springer Science, Whitchurch, pp. 1–13). After 30 years in ground test, six species were classified as Perishable, seven as Non-durable, three as Durable and four as Very durable, namely: Trichilia lecointei, Lecythis pisonis, Pseudopiptadenia suaveolens, and Dipteryx odorata (Very durable), Protium tenuifolium, Dinizia excelsa, and Ormosia paraensis (Durable), Endopleura uchi, Goupia glabra, Pouteria egregia, Tachigali chrysophylla, Tachigali paraensis, Vatairea sericea, and Vochysia maxima (Non-durable) and Chrysophyllum lucentifolium, Couratari oblongifolia, Didymopanax morototoni, Lueheopsis duckeana, Sterculia excelsa, and Xylopia nitida (Perishable). CCA preservative treatment was effective to promote timber protection, even under harsh climatic conditions of the Amazon forest environment.

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Towards Amazon Forest Restoration: Automatic Detection of Species from UAV Imagery

Remote Sensing ◽

10.3390/rs13132627 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (13) ◽

pp. 2627

Author(s):

Marks Melo Moura ◽

Luiz Eduardo Soares de Oliveira ◽

Carlos Roberto Sanquetta ◽

Alexis Bastos ◽

Midhun Mohan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Neural Networks ◽

Convolutional Neural Networks ◽

Forest Restoration ◽

Amazon Forest ◽

Forest Species ◽

Accuracy And Precision ◽

Identification Of Species ◽

Aerial Vehicle ◽

High Resolution Images ◽

Uav Images

Precise assessments of forest species’ composition help analyze biodiversity patterns, estimate wood stocks, and improve carbon stock estimates. Therefore, the objective of this work was to evaluate the use of high-resolution images obtained from Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) for the identification of forest species in areas of forest regeneration in the Amazon. For this purpose, convolutional neural networks (CNN) were trained using the Keras–Tensorflow package with the faster_rcnn_inception_v2_pets model. Samples of six forest species were used to train CNN. From these, attempts were made with the number of thresholds, which is the cutoff value of the function; any value below this output is considered 0, and values above are treated as an output 1; that is, values above the value stipulated in the Threshold are considered as identified species. The results showed that the reduction in the threshold decreases the accuracy of identification, as well as the overlap of the polygons of species identification. However, in comparison with the data collected in the field, it was observed that there exists a high correlation between the trees identified by the CNN and those observed in the plots. The statistical metrics used to validate the classification results showed that CNN are able to identify species with accuracy above 90%. Based on our results, which demonstrate good accuracy and precision in the identification of species, we conclude that convolutional neural networks are an effective tool in classifying objects from UAV images.

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TRIPLOID APPLE VARIETIES OF SUMMER RIPENING SELECTION VNIISPK ON CLONAL ROOTSTOCK 54-118

Vestnik of the Russian agricultural science ◽

10.30850/vrsn/2021/6/34-36 ◽

1970 ◽

pp. 34-36

Author(s):

А. M. Galasheva ◽

Е. N. Sedov

Keyword(s):

Tree Height ◽

Projection Area ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Crown Width ◽

Crown Volume ◽

The World ◽

Apple Cultivars ◽

Crown Projection Area ◽

Academy Of Sciences ◽

First Time

For the first time in the world and in Russia, Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences, breeder Evgeny Nikolaevich Sedov created a series of triploid apple cultivars from intervalent crosses 2х × 4х. Triploid apple cultivars bear fruit more regularly, have higher self-fruitfulness and have fruits of high marketability. The article presents data on the study of triploid apple cultivars of the summer ripening period of the VNIISPK breeding - Augusta, Daryona, Maslovskoye, Osipovskoye, Zhilinskoye, Spasskoye and Yablochny Spas as well as the control Canadian cultivar Melba on a semi-dwarf clone rootstock 54-118. Maslovskoye, Zhilinskoye, Spasskoye and Yablochny Spas have immunity to scab. The orchard was planted in 2014, the garden planting scheme was 5 x 2 m. The indicators of the growth force (tree height, crown width and stem diameter) and the yield of trees were studied. At the age of six, the trees of triploid cultivars reached a height of 2.2 m (Maslovskoye) to 3.0 m (Yablochny Spas) on a semi-dwarf rootstock 54-118. The highest indicators of crown volume (3.3-5.3 m3), crown projection area (4.2-5.3 m2) and the cross-sectional area of the stem (46.5-52.8 cm2) were in Osipovskoye, Yablochny Spas, Zhilinskoye and Spasskoye. The highest yield in an average of three years was given by triploid scab-immune apple cultivars on a semi-dwarf rootstock 54-118: Maslovskoye, Zhilinskoye, Spasskoye and Yablochny Spas.

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Automatic Assessment of Crown Projection Area on Single Trees and Stand-Level, Based on Three-Dimensional Point Clouds Derived from Terrestrial Laser-Scanning

Forests ◽

10.3390/f9050237 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 9 (5) ◽

pp. 237 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Tim Ritter ◽

Arne Nothdurft

Keyword(s):

Laser Scanning ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Terrestrial Laser Scanning ◽

Point Clouds ◽

Projection Area ◽

Automatic Assessment ◽

Crown Projection Area

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The effect of local stand structure on growth and growth efficiency in heterogeneous stands of ponderosa pine and lodgepole pine in central Oregon

Canadian Journal of Forest Research ◽

10.1139/x04-108 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 34 (11) ◽

pp. 2217-2229 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Douglas B Mainwaring ◽

Douglas A Maguire

Keyword(s):

Leaf Area ◽

Ponderosa Pine ◽

Lodgepole Pine ◽

Volume Growth ◽

Basal Area ◽

Growth Efficiency ◽

Projection Area ◽

Sapwood Area ◽

Negative Effect ◽

Crown Projection Area

Basal area and height growth were analyzed for individual trees in uneven-aged ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex Laws.) and lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. ex. Loud.) stands in central Oregon. Basal area growth was modeled as a function of other stand and tree variables to address three general objectives: (1) to compare the predictive ability of distance-dependent versus distance-independent stand density variables; (2) to determine the degree to which small trees negatively affect the growth of overstory trees; and (3) to test for differences in growth efficiency between species and between indices of spatial occupancy used to define efficiency (area potentially available, crown projection area, and a surrogate for total tree leaf area). Distance-dependent variables were found to improve growth predictions when added to models with only distance-independent variables, and small trees were found to have a quantifiably negative effect on the growth of larger trees. While volume growth efficiency declined with increasing levels of spatial occupancy for lodgepole pine, ponderosa pine volume growth efficiency was greatest at the highest levels of crown base sapwood area and crown projection area. The behavior in ponderosa pine resulted from the previously recognized correlation between tree height and total leaf area or crown size. The final statistical models distinguished between the positive effect of relative height and the negative effect of increasing tree size.

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Tree crown size as a measure of tree biosocial position in 135-year-old oak (Quercus L.) stand

Folia Forestalia Polonica ◽

10.1515/ffp-2016-0004 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 58 (1) ◽

pp. 31-42 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Katarzyna Kaźmierczak ◽

Bogna Zawieja

Keyword(s):

Principal Component ◽

Tree Height ◽

Projection Area ◽

Tree Crown ◽

Diameter At Breast Height ◽

Breast Height ◽

Crown Length ◽

Pca Method ◽

Crown Projection Area

AbstractThe paper presents an attempt to apply measurable traits of a tree – crown projection area, crown length, diameter at breast height and tree height for classification of 135-year-old oak (QuercusL.) trees into Kraft classes. Statistical multivariate analysis was applied to reach the aim. Empirical material was collected on sample plot area of 0.75 ha, located in 135-year-old oak stand. Analysis of dimensional traits of oaks from 135-year-old stand allows quite certain classification of trees into three groups: pre-dominant, dominant and co-dominant and dominated ones. This seems to be quite promising, providing a tool for the approximation of the biosocial position of tree with no need for assessment in forest. Applied analyses do not allow distinguishing trees belonging to II and III Kraft classes. Unless the eye-estimation-based classification is completed, principal component analysis (PCA) method provided simple, provisional solution for grouping trees from 135-year-old stand into three over-mentioned groups. Discriminant analysis gives more precise results compared with PCA. In the analysed stand, the most important traits for the evaluation of biosocial position were diameter at breast height, crown projection area and height.

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CARACTERIZAÇÃO TECNOLÓGICA DA MADEIRA DE TRÊS ESPÉCIES FLORESTAIS CULTIVADAS NO AMAZONAS: ALTERNATIVA PARA PRODUÇÃO DE LENHA

FLORESTA ◽

10.5380/rf.v42i4.22514 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 42 (4) ◽

pp. 725 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Samia Valéria dos Santos Barros ◽

Claudete Catanhede do Nascimento ◽

Celso Paulo de Azevedo

Keyword(s):

Basic Density ◽

Acacia Mangium ◽

Heating Power ◽

Forest Species ◽

Experimental Station ◽

Tukey Test ◽

Inga Edulis ◽

Immediate Analysis ◽

Fire Wood

ResumoAs espécies florestais Acacia mangium, Inga edulis e Tachigalia chrysophyllum foram pré-selecionadas para utilização em plantios energéticos. Com o objetivo de caracterizar essas espécies, foram realizados testes a partir das variáveis densidade básica, poder calorífico e análise imediata. O experimento foi implantado na Estação Experimental da EMBRAPA no município de Iranduba/AM. O delineamento foi em blocos ao acaso com três repetições, perfazendo 9 parcelas compostas de 25 plantas cada. Foram retiradas cinco árvores dentre as nove centrais da área útil. Destas, foram retirados os discos com 5 cm de espessura e desdobrados em corpos de prova, para se determinar a densidade básica e demais testes. Realizou-se análise de variância e teste de Tukey a 5% de probabilidade. A Acacia mangium (24,16 cm – 13,09 m) superou as demais em diâmetro e altura, respectivamente. Os dados médios obtidos para densidade básica classificam todas as espécies como madeira de densidade baixa, média e levemente densa. O poder calorífico observado em Acacia mangium (4430,37 kcal/kg) foi estatisticamente superior às demais espécies. Na análise imediata, as espécies apresentaram resultados satisfatórios, sendo apontadas como madeiras adequadas para uso no processo da queima. Os resultados demonstram que as espécies possuem qualidade para produção de lenha.AbstractEnergetic characterization of native and exotic forest species cultivated at Amazonas. The forest species Acacia mangium, Inga edulis and Tachigalia chrysophyllum were pre-selected to be used at energetic crops. In order to their characterization, tests of basic density, heating power and immediate analysis were performed. The experiment was carried out at EMBRAPA’s Experimental Station, located at Iranduba/AM and was designed as randomized blocks, with three repetitions, comprising 9 plots with 25 plants each. Five trees were removed from the nine central ones of the utile area. Discs of 5 cm thick were removed from them and divided into proof bodies to evaluate basic density and other variables. Analysis of variance and Tukey test at 5% of probability were done. Acacia mangium (20.82 cm – 13.41 m) presented greater diameter and height, respectively, than the other species. The data of basic density average classified all three species as low, medium and dense-lightly density wood. The heating power observed for Acacia mangium (4430.37 kcal/kg) was statistically superior to other species. All three species presented satisfactory results at immediate analysis, being identified as suitable woods for use in burning process. Results show that the species present quality for fire wood production.Keywords: Biomass; basic density; heating power; immediate analysis; planting.

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Crown structure of European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.): a non-causal proxy for mechanical–physical wood properties

Canadian Journal of Forest Research ◽

10.1139/cjfr-2020-0382 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Andreas Rais ◽

Martin Jacobs ◽

Jan-Willem G. van de Kuilen ◽

Hans Pretzsch

Keyword(s):

Fagus Sylvatica ◽

Laser Scanning ◽

European Beech ◽

Wood Properties ◽

Projection Area ◽

Mixed Stands ◽

Crown Volume ◽

Crown Structure ◽

Crown Morphology ◽

Crown Projection Area

The current tendency towards the silvicultural promotion of mixed tree species has increased the variability in the crown structure within stands. This study shows how neighbouring trees can influence both the external crown features and internal wood properties of trees. Using terrestrial laser scanning, the crown features of 100 European beech trees, Fagus sylvatica L., from pure beech stands and mixed stands of beech with Douglas fir, Norway spruce, sessile oak and Scots pine were recorded. After felling and sawing, the dynamic modulus of elasticity was determined on 1623 boards from the two lower 4.1-m logs. Significant differences were found between beech trees from pure stands and those from beech–pine mixed stands in terms of crown volume (415 m3 vs 766 m3), crown ratio (50.0% vs 71.5%), crown projection ratio (0.182 m cm−1 vs 0.253 m cm−1) and branch angle (30.7° vs 54.1°). Multiple regression mixed models revealed significant relationships between timber stiffness and crown volume (-1.7 N mm−2 m−3), crown ratio (-28.4 N mm−2 %−1) and crown projection area (-9835 N mm−2 m−1 cm). Thus, the crown morphology of broad-leaved species reflects the tree’s long-term competitive status and suggests indicators for the assessment of mechanical–physical wood properties.

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Influence of Mean Leaf Angles and Irrigation Volumes on Water Capture, Leaching, and Growth of Tropical Tree Seedlings

Forests ◽

10.3390/f11111198 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (11) ◽

pp. 1198

Author(s):

Richardson Barbosa Gomes da Silva ◽

Mônica Moreno Gabira ◽

Débora Zanoni do Prado ◽

Gláucia Uesugi ◽

Danilo Simões ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Nutrient Solution ◽

Irrigation Water ◽

Projection Area ◽

Leaf Angle ◽

Tree Seedlings ◽

System Quality ◽

Tree Seedling ◽

The Mean ◽

Crown Projection Area ◽

Irrigation Volume

Research Highlights: The mean leaf angle and crown projection area can be used as criteria for grouping tree seedling species in different irrigation zones in tree nurseries with overhead microsprinkler systems, preventing water and fertilizer waste, and increasing growth. Background and Objectives: There are important gaps in current functional knowledge about how plant architecture, especially the mean leaf angles of tree seedlings, affect water and nutrient solution capture in overhead microsprinkler systems. These gaps contribute to water and fertilizer waste in tree nurseries. This research aimed to ascertain how mean leaf angles affect irrigation water capture, leaching, and the growth of tree seedlings given different volumes of irrigation. Materials and Methods: Nine species of tree seedlings with different mean leaf angles were submitted to four irrigation volumes (8, 10, 12, and 14 mm) applied daily by overhead microsprinklers in a split-plot design completely randomized. The variables leaching fraction, height, stem diameter, shoot, root, and total dry mass, Dickson quality index, crown projection area, root system quality, and leachate electrical conductivity were evaluated. Results: For species with mean leaf angles of −54, 31, 38, 42, 55, 57, and 58°, the 8 mm irrigation volume was sufficient to produce greater growth and less leaching. For species with angles of −56 and −14°, the 14 mm irrigation volume was required to produce greater growth. Conclusions: The tree seedling species with positive mean leaf angles facilitate irrigation water and nutrient solution capture, allowing the application of lower irrigation volume. On the other hand, some tree seedling species with negative mean leaf angles hinder irrigation water and nutrient solution capture, requiring the application of higher irrigation volume. When the tree seedling species have a negative mean leaf angle, but the crown projection area is small, the difficulty of water and nutrient solution reaches directly the substrate is attenuated.

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