scholarly journals Comparison of the effects of standard and intermittent cryoimmersion on stability, pain threshold and tolerance in the ankle region in healthy individuals

2020 ◽  
Vol 33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lenon de Paula Oliveira Arantes ◽  
Rafael de Medeiros Trombini ◽  
Yago da Silva Tobias ◽  
Thiago Casali Rocha
Keyword(s):  
Analgesic Effect ◽  
Postural Stability ◽  
Pain Threshold ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Water Immersion ◽  
Cold Water Immersion ◽  
Pain Tolerance ◽  
Therapeutic Modality ◽  
Controlled Clinical Trial ◽  
Significant Difference

Abstract Introduction: Cryotherapy is a technique that involves the application of low temperatures in the treatment of acute injuries, with ice being the simplest and oldest therapeutic modality for this. Objective: To compare two different cold water immersion protocols (standard and intermittent) on the ankle region of healthy volunteers, we analyzed changes in static postural stability, threshold, and pain tolerance immediately after application. Method: This is a quasi-experimental study, controlled clinical trial, and non-probabilistic sampling. The total sample consisted of 40 male patients aged 18 to 30 years. Two different cold water immersion protocols (standard and intermittent) were compared for their effects on pain threshold, tolerance, and static postural stability. Results: There were no significant differences between the groups with regards to the stabilometric variables after the application of both protocols (p > 0.05). There was a significant difference in the threshold and tolerance of the two groups after the application of cold water immersion (p < 0.05); however, there were no significant differences between the groups (p > 0.05). Conclusion: Both cold water immersion protocols proved to be safe for static postural balance, without showing deficits in stabilometric variables. Regarding the analgesic effect, both were effective and significantly increased the threshold and tolerance of ankle pain after cryoimmersion, without any differences between groups. Thus, intermittent 10-minute cold water immersion is sufficient to generate the same analgesic effect as the standard 20-minute pattern, with no change in static postural stability.

Effect of Cold-Water Immersion on Handgrip Performance in Rock Climbers

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 1097-1099 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Kodejška ◽  
Jiří Baláš ◽  
Nick Draper
Keyword(s):  
Cold Water ◽  
Water Immersion ◽  
Cold Water Immersion ◽  
Sport Performance ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Recovery Strategy ◽  
Baseline Trial ◽  
Time Integral ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Force Time

Purpose: To determine the effect of 2 cold-water-immersion (CWI) temperatures (15°C and 8°C) on repeat handgrip performance to failure. Methods: A total of 32 participants completed 3 intermittent trials to failure on a climbing-specific handgrip dynamometer on 3 laboratory visits. For each visit, a different recovery strategy was employed: passive (PAS) recovery, CWI at 8°C (CW8), or CWI at 15°C (CW15). The force time integral (FTI: time of contraction multiplied by the force of contraction) was determined to assess handgrip performance. Results: There was no significant difference between recovery strategies at the end of trial 1. In response to the PAS recovery strategy, there were 10% and 22% decreases in FTI in the second and third trials, respectively. The PAS recovery-strategy FTI values were lower than both CWI strategies for trials 2 and 3 (P < .05). FTI increased in the second trial (↑32% and ↑38%; P < .05) for both immersion strategies (CW8 and CW15, respectively) compared with trial 1. During the third trial, FTI was significantly higher for CW15 than CW8 (↑27% and ↓4% with respect to baseline trial; P < .05). Conclusions: The results suggest that CWI has potential performance advantages over PAS recovery for rock climbing. The data show that in events where multiple recoveries are required, 15°C CWI may be more beneficial for climbers than 8°C CWI. Future research should focus on the optimization of protocols for sport performance.

scholarly journals COMBINATION OF STRETCHING WITH IMMERSION SYSTEM (COLD AND CONTRAST) ON DOMS PAIN TOLERANCE

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 118
Author(s):  
Dewi Sartika
Keyword(s):  
Water Temperature ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Water Immersion ◽  
Cold Water Immersion ◽  
Pain Tolerance ◽  
Group I ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Group Ii ◽  
Better Than ◽  
Tolerance Improvement

Introduction: DOMS is a complaint of muscle pain experienced by athletes by exercising overloadedly. DOMS pain tolerance improvement was carried out with several interventions, in the form of a combination of stretching with cold water immersion, and stretching with contrast water immersion. The purpose of this research is to proving which comparison of physiotherapy interventions is better for DOMS pain tolerance improvement. Method: The research was carried out in the Ngurah Rai athletics field in Denpasar in January 2020, experimental in nature with a pretest and post test two group design. Samples were male athletes divided into two groups, each group consisting of 9 respondens. Group I was given a combination of stretching and cold water immersion, Group II was given a combination of stretching and water immersion in contrast. Cold water temperature is 10 ?C and warm water temperature 36-40 ?C. Pain tolerance value measured by sphygmomanometer placed on the calf. The higher the value mmHg, the higher the tolerance would be. Result: Results in Group I, the mean pain tolerance before intervention was 153 ± 7.76 (mmHg) and the mean after intervention (48 hours) 206 ± 8.32 (mmHg) with p = 0,000 (p <0.05). In Group II, the mean pain tolerance before intervention was 154 ± 8.35 (mmHg) and after intervention (48 hours) 188.4 ± 6.95 (mmHg) with a value of p = 0,000 (p <0.05). This showed a significant increase in pain tolerance in each group. Statistical tests conducted between the two groups also showed significant differences, with a result of p = 0,000 (p <0.05) where the value of pain tolerance in Group I was better than Group II. Conclusions: combination of stretching and cold water immersion is better than the combination of stretching and water immersion in contrast in reducing DOMS.     Keywords: Delayed onset muscle soreness; stretching; cold water; contrast water immersion.

scholarly journals Effect of cold water immersion on muscle damage indexes after simulated soccer training in young soccer players

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 236-241
Author(s):  
Saman Khakpoor Roonkiani ◽  
Mohsen Ebrahimi ◽  
Ali Shamsi Majelan
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Muscle Damage ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Water Immersion ◽  
Cold Water Immersion ◽  
Soccer Players ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Soccer Training

Summary Study aim: To investigate the effect of cold water immersion (CWI) on muscle damage indexes after simulated soccer activity in young soccer players. Material and methods: Eighteen professional male soccer players were randomly divided into two groups: CWI (n = 10, age 19.3 ± 0.5, body mass index 22.2 ± 1.3) and control (n = 8, age 19.4 ± 0.8, body mass index 21.7 ± 1.5). Both groups performed a simulated 90-minute soccer-specific aerobic field test (SAFT90). Then, the CWI group subjects immersed themselves for 10 minutes in 8°C water, while the control group subjects sat passively for the same time period. Blood samples were taken before, immediately after, 10 minutes, 24 hours and 48 hours after the training session in a fasted state. Blood lactate, creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) enzyme levels were measured. Results: Lactate, CK and LDH levels increased significantly after training (p < 0.001). There were significant interactions between groups and subsequent measurements for CK (p = 0.0012) and LDH (p = 0.0471). There was no significant difference in lactate level between the two groups at any aforementioned time. Conclusion: It seems that CWI after simulated 90-minute soccer training can reduce the values of muscle damage indexes in soccer players.

Expired air volumes of maies and females during cold water immersion

1981 ◽  
Vol 59 (8) ◽  
pp. 843-846 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. J. Malkinson ◽  
S. Martin ◽  
P. Simper ◽  
K. E. Cooper
Keyword(s):  
Cold Water ◽  
Water Immersion ◽  
Pulmonary Ventilation ◽  
Cold Water Immersion ◽  
Warm Water ◽  
Human Volunteers ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Skin Temperatures ◽  
Expired Air

Expired air volumes were measured from a random population of adult male and female human volunteers before and during short-term immersion in either cold (13.53 ± 0.13 °C) or warm (33.18 ± 0.11 °C) water. A statistically significant difference was found in the pulmonary ventilation over the first 4 min of immersion between males and females when immersed in cold water. The swim suits worn could not account for the differences observed. No statistically significant difference in pulmonary ventilation was found between males and females during warm water immersion. A numerically smaller group of volunteers was preheated in a sauna before immersion in cold or warm water and this resulted in an attenuated ventilatory response. In this instance there is no statistically significant difference in ventilation between males and females. Also, in another small group of volunteers, surface and deep skin temperatures were continuously measured before and during immersion in cold water. The rates of change of deep skin temperature between males and females were found to be similar.

scholarly journals Cold-Water Immersion Promotes Antioxidant Enzyme Activation in Elite Taekwondo Athletes

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 2855
Author(s):  
Eun-Hee Park ◽  
Seung-Wook Choi ◽  
Yoon-Kwon Yang
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Enzymes ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Water Immersion ◽  
Lipid Peroxides ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Cold Water Immersion ◽  
Enzyme Activation ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Significant Difference

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of cold-water immersion (CWI) on lipid peroxides and antioxidant enzymes in adult Taekwondo athletes after a match. A cross-sectional study was performed. After a Taekwondo match, the control group remained seated passively, while the treatment group immersed their legs below the knee joint in cold water at 10 °C. Blood samples were taken at pre-match, post-match, post-treatment, and post-rest, and changes in malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) concentrations were analyzed. The results showed that there was a significant difference in MDA between the two groups, and while the CWI group had 19% lower SOD concentration compared to the control group, and the difference was not significant. However, in case of interaction for GPx concentration (p < 0.001), a statistically significant difference was found between the two groups (p < 0.05). In conclusion, CWI after a Taekwondo match elevates the concentration of antioxidant enzymes.

scholarly journals The The Effects of Cold Water Immersion on Anaerobic Power, Dynamic Balance and Muscle Activation After a karate kumite fighting in Female Karateka

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 72-79
Author(s):  
Taher Afshar Nezhad ◽  
Samane Faghihi ◽  
Amir Hazrati ◽  
Khadije Bahrami
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Activation ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Dynamic Balance ◽  
Water Immersion ◽  
Anaerobic Power ◽  
Cold Water Immersion ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Anaerobic Performance ◽  
Post Intervention ◽  
Significant Difference

Many athletes are using specific techniques to minimize fatigue and accelerate recovery processes. Cold water immersion (CWI) is one of the most popular interventions used by athletes to potentially return to their pre-fatigue performance level. the purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of CWI on anaerobic performance, balance and muscle activation of female karateka after a simulated match. 15 young female karateka (age: 18.7±1.7 years, body mass: 55.5±6.3 kg, height:165±5.1 cm) with at least three years' experience in karate kumite fighting were included in the study. After three round 3-minute competition, participants were grouped into a CWI group (20 min at 12±1°C) and a control group (CTL). Anaerobic power (30 s Wingate test), and dynamic balance (Star-Excursion test) were measured before the competition and 24 h after intervention. Surface electromyography (EMG) was sampled from quadriceps femoris muscles. Peak normalized muscle activation levels and force were identified during maximal isometric test. A significant decrease in the anaerobic performance after the competition was observed for both groups (p<0.05). CWI were effective in enhancing the anaerobic performance after competition compared with the CTL. Dynamic balance decreased for two groups, although CWI resulted in the smallest reduction in balance. There was a significant difference in peak and mean RMS values of the EMG in Rectus Femoris but not Vastus muscles after the CWI intervention when compared to CTL (p<0.05). CWI improve recovery related to dynamic balance and anaerobic performance of karate kumite fighter. It can be concluded that CWI appears to promote muscle activation and reduce fatigue that is related to better performance in 24 hours post intervention.

Human temperature regulation during subanesthetic levels of nitrous oxide-induced narcosis

1995 ◽  
Vol 78 (6) ◽  
pp. 2301-2308 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. S. Cheung ◽  
I. B. Mekjavic
Keyword(s):  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Water Immersion ◽  
Cold Water Immersion ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Dose Dependent ◽  
Male Subjects ◽  
Dose Dependent Effect ◽  
Shivering Thermogenesis

The present study investigated whether nitrous oxide (N2O) attenuates shivering thermogenesis during cold water immersion in a dose-dependent manner. Seven male subjects were immersed to the neck for 60 min in 20 degrees C water on five separate occasions while breathing either air (AIR) or a normoxic mixture of 10, 15, 20, or 25% N2O balanced with N2. All N2O concentrations investigated caused a significant (P < 0.02) reduction in shivering thermogenesis compared with AIR. Despite similar heat flux from the skin, the relative changes in esophageal temperature from resting preimmersion levels were significantly greater (P < 0.05) during the N2O trials compared with AIR, with no significant difference among the N2O conditions. A dose-dependent trend in the perception of thermal comfort was observed for the N2O conditions. It is concluded that shivering thermogenesis, and thus thermal balance, is affected to the same degree for the range of inspired N2O concentrations investigated, with no discernable dose-dependent effect.

scholarly journals Assessment of CPM reliability: quantification of the within-subject reliability of 10 different protocols

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 729-737 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henrik Bjarke Vaegter ◽  
Kristian Kjær Petersen ◽  
Carsten Dahl Mørch ◽  
Yosuke Imai ◽  
Lars Arendt-Nielsen
Keyword(s):  
Test Stimulus ◽  
Pain Threshold ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Water Immersion ◽  
Pressure Pain Threshold ◽  
Cold Water Immersion ◽  
Management Regimes ◽  
Manual Pressure ◽  
Computer Controlled

Abstract Background and aims Conditioned Pain Modulation (CPM) is a well-established phenomenon and several protocols have shown acceptable between-subject reliability [based on intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) values] in pain-free controls. Recently, it was recommended that future CPM test-retest reliability studies should explicitly report CPM reliability based on CPM responders and non-responders (within-subject reliability) based on measurement error of the test stimulus. Identification of reliable CPM paradigms based on responders and non-responders may be a step towards using CPM as a mechanistic marker in diagnosis and individualized pain management regimes. The primary aim of this paper is to investigate the frequency of CPM responders/non-responders, and to quantify the agreements in the classification of responders/non-responders between 2 different days for 10 different CPM protocols. Methods Data from a previous study investigating reliability of CPM protocols in healthy subjects was used. In 26 healthy men, the test-stimuli used on both days were: Pain thresholds to electrical stimulation, heat stimulation, manual algometry, and computer-controlled cuff algometry as well as pain tolerance to cuff algometry. Two different conditioning stimuli (CS; cold water immersion and a computer-controlled tourniquet) were used in a randomized and counterbalanced order in both sessions. CPM responders were defined as a larger increase in the test stimulus response during the CS than the standard error of measurement (SEM) for the test-stimuli between repeated baseline tests without CS. Results Frequency of responders and non-responders showed large variations across protocols. Across the studied CPM protocols, a large proportion (from 11.5 to 73.1%) of subjects was classified as CPM non-responders when the test stimuli standard error of measurements (SEM) was considered as classifier. The combination of manual pressure algometry and cold water immersion induced a CPM effect in most participants on both days (n=16). However, agreement in the classification of CPM responders versus non-responders between days was only significant when assessed with computer-controlled pressure pain threshold as test-stimulus and tourniquet cuff as CS (κ=0.36 [95% CI, 0.04–0.68], p=0.037). Conclusions and implications Agreements in classification of CPM responders/non-responders using SEM as classifier between days were generally poor suggesting considerable intra-individual variation in CPM. The most reliable paradigm was computer-controlled pressure pain threshold as test-stimulus and tourniquet cuff as conditioning stimulus. However while this CPM protocol had the greatest degree of agreement of classification of CPM responders and non-responders across days, this protocol also failed to induce a CPM response in more than half of the sample. In contrast, the commonly used combination of manual pressure algometry and cold water immersion induced a CPM effect in most participants however it was inconsistent in doing so. Further exploration of the two paradigms and classification of responders and non-responders in a larger heterogeneous sample also including women would further inform the clinical usefulness of these CPM protocols. Future research in this area may be an important step towards using CPM as a mechanistic marker in diagnosis and in developing individualized pain management regimes.

scholarly journals Cooling Capacity of Transpulmonary Cooling and Cold-Water Immersion After Exercise-Induced Hyperthermia

2021 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 383-388
Author(s):  
William M. Adams ◽  
Erin E. Butke ◽  
Junyong Lee ◽  
Mitchell E. Zaplatosch
Keyword(s):  
Cold Water ◽  
Water Immersion ◽  
Heat Stroke ◽  
Cooling Capacity ◽  
Cold Water Immersion ◽  
Peak Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Treatment Modalities ◽  
Controlled Clinical Trial ◽  
Cooling Rates ◽  
Adjunct Treatment

Context Cold-water immersion (CWI) may not be feasible in some remote settings, prompting the identification of alternative cooling methods as adjunct treatment modalities for exertional heat stroke (EHS). Objective To determine the differences in cooling capacities between CWI and the inhalation of cooled air. Design Randomized controlled clinical trial. Setting Laboratory. Patients or Other Participants A total of 12 recreationally active participants (7 men, 5 women; age = 26 ± 4 years, height = 170.6 ± 10.1 cm, mass = 76.0 ± 18.0 kg, body fat = 18.5% ± 9.7%, peak oxygen uptake = 42.7 ± 8.9 mL·kg−1·min−1). Intervention(s) After exercise in a hot environment (40°C and 40% relative humidity), participants were randomized to 3 cooling conditions: cooling during passive rest (PASS; control), CWI, and the Polar Breeze thermal rehabilitation machine (PB) with which participants inspired cooled air (22.2°C ± 1.0°C). Main Outcome Measure(s) Rectal temperature (TREC) and heart rate were continuously measured throughout cooling until TREC reached 38.25°C. Results Cooling rates during CWI (0.18°C·min−1 ± 0.06°C·min−1) were greater than those during PASS (mean difference [95% CI] of 0.16°C·min−1 [0.13°C·min−1, 0.19°C·min−1]; P &lt; .001) and PB (0.15°C·min−1 [0.12°C·min−1, 0.16°C·min−1]; P &lt; .001). Elapsed time to reach a TREC of 38.25°C was also faster with CWI (9.71 ± 3.30 minutes) than PASS (−58.1 minutes [−77.1, −39.9 minutes]; P &lt; .001) and PB (−46.8 minutes [−65.5, −28.2 minutes]; P &lt; .001). Differences in cooling rates and time to reach a TREC of 38.25°C between PASS and PB were not different (P &gt; .05). Conclusions Transpulmonary cooling via cooled-air inhalation did not promote an optimal cooling rate (&gt;0.15°C·min−1) for the successful treatment of EHS. In remote settings where EHS is a risk, access and use of treatment methods via CWI or cold-water dousing are imperative to ensuring survival. Trial Registry ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT0419026).

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