Adaptation of the tetrazolium test method for estimating the viability of sorghum seeds

The tetrazolium test is part of internal programs of seed quality control because it allows a quick, reliable and accurate assessment of seed viability. The purpose of this study was to determine, among the various methodologies suggested in the literature, a practical and efficient procedure for carrying out the tetrazolium test in sorghum seeds, with a view toward a rapid estimate of their viability. Four seed lots of the simple hybrid Buster were used, testing two forms of seed pre-conditioning (direct immersion in water and between moistened paper towels); two types of preparation (longitudinal cut of the seed through the embryo with immersion of one of the halves in the tetrazolium solution or placement of the two halves on filter paper moistened with tetrazolium solution); two forms of staining (on paper and with direct immersion in the solution) and three concentrations of tetrazolium solution (0.1%, 0.5% and 1.0%). The tetrazolium test may be efficiently conducted for sorghum seeds through pre-conditioning between paper towels for 18 hours at 20 ºC, with immersion staining of one half of the seed in tetrazolium solution at 0.1% for three hours at 40 ºC.

Download Full-text

Tetrazolium test adjustment for wheat seeds

Journal of Seed Science ◽

10.1590/s2317-15372013000300013 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 35 (3) ◽

pp. 361-367 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Tereza Cristina de Carvalho ◽

Francisco Carlos Krzyzanowski ◽

Osvaldo de Castro Ohlson ◽

Maristela Panobianco

Keyword(s):

Seed Viability ◽

Longitudinal Section ◽

Wheat Seed ◽

Germination Test ◽

Efficient Procedure ◽

Paper Towels ◽

Direct Immersion ◽

Tetrazolium Test ◽

Wheat Seeds ◽

Test Adjustment

The assessment of the germination test in wheat seeds varies from 4 to 15 days, because the species normally presents dormancy in freshly harvested seeds. The tetrazolium test can characterize seed viability in less than 24 hours including lots with dormancy seeds. The objective of this study was to develop a practical and efficient procedure for evaluating the viability of wheat seeds using the tetrazolium test. Five seed lots of the BRS 208 cultivar were used, where the following were tested: a) pre-conditioning between moist paper towels or direct immersion in water for 18 hours, at 20 °C; b) longitudinal section of the embryo and the endosperm; c) coloration on paper or by immersion for 2 and 3 hours, at 30 and 40 °C; and d) concentrations of tetrazolium solution at 0.075%, 0.1%, 0.5% and 1.0%. The tetrazolium test may be efficiently used to evaluate wheat seed viability by pre-conditioning the seeds between paper towels (18 hours, at 20 °C) and adopting the following combinations of preparation and coloration: coloration of both halves of the seed on paper (2 hours, at 30 °C), in a 1.0% tetrazolium solution; or coloration of one half of the seed by immersion (3 hours, at 30 °C), in a 0.1% tetrazolium solution; or coloration of one half of the seed by immersion (2 hours, at 40 °C), in a 0.075% tetrazolium solution. This latter procedure is recommended for identifying and discarding lots with lower viability.

Download Full-text

Tetrazolium test for evaluating triticale seed viability

Revista Brasileira de Sementes ◽

10.1590/s0101-31222010000300018 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 32 (3) ◽

pp. 163-169 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Camila Ribeiro de Souza ◽

Osvaldo de Castro Ohlson ◽

Melícia Ingredi Araújo Gavazza ◽

Maristela Panobianco

Keyword(s):

Filter Paper ◽

Seed Viability ◽

Test Methods ◽

Triphenyl Tetrazolium Chloride ◽

Tetrazolium Chloride ◽

Preconditioning Method ◽

Ttc Test ◽

Paper Towels ◽

Tetrazolium Test ◽

Glass Beaker

Freshly harvested triticale seeds are usually dormant, making the immediate evaluation of the physiological potential of seed lots difficult. We evaluated different triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC) test methods for rapidly determining the viability of four seed lots of x.Triticosecale Wittmack cultivar IPR111. The test variables were: Preconditioning, (i) placing whole seeds between moistened paper towels or (ii) directly soaking the seeds in water, both procedures being conducted at 20 ºC for 18 hours; Post-conditioning seed preparation, (i) longitudinal bisection of the seed through the embryo with one half being stained and the other discarded or (ii) longitudinal bisection with both halves being stained; Staining for three and four hours, in the dark, with 0.1%, 0.5% or 1.0% (w/v) TTC according to the preconditioning method described above, (i) both halves of each seed were placed on filter paper moistened with TTC and maintained at 40 ºC or (ii) one half of each seed was immersed in 5 mL of TTC solution in a 100 mL glass beaker at 30 ºC. The best results were obtained by preconditioning seeds between moistened paper towels at 20 ºC for 18 hours and staining on filter paper with 1.0% (w/v) TTC for three hours at 40 ºC.

Download Full-text

Improved assessment of wheat seeds vigor

Ciência e Agrotecnologia ◽

10.1590/s1413-70542012000600002 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 36 (6) ◽

pp. 608-614 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Tereza Cristina de Carvalho ◽

Francisco Carlos Krzyzanowski ◽

Osvaldo de Castro Ohlson ◽

Maristela Panobianco

Keyword(s):

Moisture Content ◽

Filter Paper ◽

Seed Quality ◽

Seedling Emergence ◽

Accelerated Aging ◽

Seed Vigor ◽

Wheat Seed ◽

Efficient Procedure ◽

Tetrazolium Test ◽

Wheat Seeds

The tetrazolium test is widely used for seed vigor assessment of various plant species. For wheat, however, there is no methodology specifically recommended. This study aimed at determining an efficient procedure to evaluate vigor of wheat seeds by this test; besides allowing the establishment of seed quality classes. Thus, four different wheat seed lots were assessed by determining the moisture content and through tests of germination, accelerated aging, and field seedling emergence. The following methodologies were assessed: 1) longitudinal bisection of seed, with subsequent placement of the two halves on filter paper moistened with a 1.0% tetrazolium solution, at 30º C, for 2 h; 2) longitudinal bisection, with subsequent immersion of one seed half into a 1.0% tetrazolium solution, at 30º C, for 3 h; and 3) longitudinal bisection, with subsequent immersion of one seed half into a 0.075% tetrazolium solution, at 40º C, for 2 h. It was concluded that the tetrazolium test is more efficient in evaluating wheat seed vigor when performed with immersion of one half of the seed into a 0.075% tetrazolium solution (40º C, for 2 h) or a 0.1% tetrazolium solution (30º C, during 3 h); allowing to sort seeds into four quality classes.

Download Full-text

Viability of barley seeds by the tetrazolium test

Revista Brasileira de Sementes ◽

10.1590/s0101-31222012000100006 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 34 (1) ◽

pp. 47-54 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Camila Ribeiro de Souza Grzybowski ◽

Osvaldo de Castro Ohlson ◽

Rosemeire Carvalho da Silva ◽

Maristela Panobianco

Keyword(s):

Salt Solution ◽

Filter Paper ◽

Seed Quality ◽

Research Work ◽

Tetrazolium Salt ◽

Tetrazolium Chloride ◽

Control Seed ◽

Direct Immersion ◽

Tetrazolium Test

The tetrazolium test is used to control seed quality of various plant species since it allows a rapid evaluation of viability. Freshly harvested barley seeds show dormancy that can make the germination test ineffective for an immediate evaluation. Therefore, the development of more efficient methods, such as the tetrazolium test, is necessary. The objective of this research work was to study various procedures for performing the tetrazolium test on barley seeds. Five lots of cv. BRS 195 barley seeds were used and subjected to the following treatments: two different methods of seed preconditioning (direct immersion in H2O and between sheets of moistened paper towels); two types of preparation for staining (longitudinal cross-section of the seed through the embryo with immersion of one half in a 2,3,5 triphenyl tetrazolium chloride solution or placing both halves on top of filter paper moistened with the tetrazolium salt solution); two methods of staining (on top of filter paper and direct immersion in the tetrazolium salt solution). Three concentrations of the tetrazolium salt solution (0.1%, 0.5%, and 1.0%) were used. It was concluded that the tetrazolium test on barley seeds may be accomplished with preconditioning by direct immersion in H2O and staining by immersing in a 0.1% or 0.5% concentration of tetrazolium salt solution or staining on top of filter paper moistened with such solution at a 1.0% concentration.

Download Full-text

Adjustment of the methodology of the tetrazolium test for estimating viability of Eugenia uniflora L. seeds during storage

Journal of Seed Science ◽

10.1590/2317-1545v36n31022 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 36 (3) ◽

pp. 344-351 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Daiana Karoline Kaiser ◽

Laura Cristiane Nascimento de Freitas ◽

Rubia Priscila Biron ◽

Simone Cristina Simonato ◽

Michele Fernanda Bortolini

Keyword(s):

Seed Viability ◽

Germination Test ◽

Preparation Methods ◽

Eugenia Uniflora ◽

Paper Towel ◽

Plastic Bags ◽

Longitudinal Cutting ◽

Direct Immersion ◽

Tetrazolium Test

The study aimed to adjust the methodology of the tetrazolium test to estimate seed viability of Eugenia uniflora L. (Surinam Cherry). Seeds were collected in September 2012 and divided into four lots: freshly harvested (Lot I); stored in plastic bags in a refrigerator at 10 °C for: 15 days (Lot II); 30 days (Lot III); and 45 days (Lot IV). The freshly harvested seeds were preconditioned with direct immersion in water and wet paper towel, followed or not by longitudinal cutting. The seeds were immersed in a 0.1% tetrazolium solution for 4 hours at 30 °C. Appropriate soaking and preparation methods were applied to the seeds lots using three tetrazolium concentrations: 0.1; 0.5; and 1.0%; and four preconditioning periods (2, 4, 6 and 8 hours) at 30 °C. The viability results obtained by the tetrazolium test were compared with those of the germination test. Direct immersion of seeds in water for 24 hours at 25 °C, followed by a longitudinal cut was efficient for preconditioning the seeds. Seed staining with tetrazolium solution at a concentration of 0.5% for 2 hours at 30 °C can be used to estimate the viability of freshly harvested and stored Surinam Cherry seeds.

Download Full-text

VIABILIDADE DE SEMENTES DE CASTANHA-DO-BRASIL PELO TESTE DE TETRAZÓLIO

Nativa ◽

10.31413/nativa.v8i3.9333 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (3) ◽

pp. 336-343

Author(s):

Daniela Roberta Borella ◽

Andréa Carvalho Da Silva ◽

Júlio Henrique Germano De Souza ◽

Charles Campoe Martim ◽

Mariana Pizzatto ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Solution Concentration ◽

Tetrazolium Salt ◽

Bertholletia Excelsa ◽

Soaking Time ◽

Brazil Nuts ◽

Paper Towel ◽

Paper Towels ◽

Direct Immersion ◽

Forest Seeds ◽

Tetrazolium Test

Objetivou-se revisar e propor o protocolo de viabilidade das sementes da Bertholletia excelsa pelo teste de tetrazólio. Sementes oriundas de plantio comercial propagado por enxertia com 16 anos de idade implantadas na Fazenda Iracema em Cláudia, MT, foram destegumentadas e cortadas longitudinalmente, depois foram hidratadas em água por imersão direta (ID) e papel toalha Germitest® (PG) por 24 e 48 h e embebidas nas concentrações de 0,1 e 0,5% do sal de tetrazólio por 12 e 24 h no escuro à 30 °C. O delineamento experimental foi completamente randomizado em fatorial 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 (forma de embebição x tempo em embebição x tempo em solução de tetrazólio x concentração da solução de tetrazólio) com quatro repetições de 8 sementes. O teste de tetrazólio foi eficiente para colorir e identificar as sementes viáveis e inviáveis. A avaliação da viabilidade das sementes da B. excelsa destegumentadas e partidas ao meio foi melhor na condição de embebição com imersão direta em água por 24 h e concentração de 0,5% do sal tetrazólio por 24 h à 30 °C e embebição em papel toalha Germitest® por 24 h e concentração de 0,5% do sal tetrazólio por 12 h à 30 °C.Palavras-chave: Bertholletia excelsa Humb. Bonpl; potencial fisiológico; sementes florestais; recalcitrância. VIABILITY OF BRAZIL NUTS SEEDS BY TETRAZOLIUM TEST ABSTRACT: The objective was to review and propose the protocol of viability of Bertholletia excelsa seeds by tetrazolium test. Seeds from the commercial planting propagated by grafting with 16-year-old implanted at Fazenda Iracema in Cláudia, MT, were undegumented and cut longitudinally, then hydrated in water by direct immersion (ID) and Germitest® paper towel (PG) for 24 and 48 h and soaked in concentrations of 0.1 and 0.5% of tetrazolium salt for 12 and 24 h in the dark at 30 ° C. The experimental design was completely randomized in a factorial design 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 (soaking form x soaking time x time in tetrazolium solution x tetrazolium solution concentration) with four replications of 8 seeds. The tetrazolium test was efficient to color and identify viable and unviable seeds. The evaluation of viability of detegumented and cut longitudinally B. excelsa seeds was better in: direct soaking in water for 24 h and concentration of 0.5% of tetrazolium salt for 24 h at 30 ° C and soaking in Germitest® paper towels for 24 h and a concentration of 0.5% of the tetrazolium salt for 12 h at 30 ° C.Keywords: Bertholletia excelsa Humb. Bonpl; physiological potential; forest seeds; recalcitrance.

Download Full-text

Short Communication: Tetrazolium test for evaluating viability of Capsicum annum seeds

Nusantara Bioscience ◽

10.13057/nusbiosci/n100302 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 10 (3) ◽

pp. 142-145

Author(s):

ADITYA KUSUMAWARDANA ◽

BAMBANG PUJIASMANTO ◽

PARDONO PARDONO

Keyword(s):

Plant Growth ◽

Laboratory Test ◽

Seed Quality ◽

Seed Viability ◽

Test Results ◽

Capsicum Annum ◽

Laboratory Test Results ◽

Tetrazolium Staining ◽

Growth Vigor ◽

Tetrazolium Test

Kusumawardana A, Pujiasmanto B, Pardono. 2018. Tetrazolium test for evaluating viability of Capsicum annum seeds. Nusantara Bioscience 10: 142-145. Seed quality is important in seeds production. This research was conducted to obtain information of topographical tetrazolium staining pattern of pepper (Capsicum annum) seeds. Tetrazolium test was conducted to determine the seed viability and plant growth vigor. Laboratory test for standard germination and field performances were performed on four lots (A, B, C, D) of pepper seeds. The viability categories pattern were determined by Root Mean Square (RMS), regression, and correlation analyses. Nine topographical patterns were recognized. The laboratory test results and field performances were compared with the topographical pattern. Combination of patterns 1,2 (embryonic axis and cotyledon completely stained) selected as viable category as it gave the least RMS value, the highest determination (R²) and correlation (r) coefficient with standard germination (RMS = 4, 06; R² = 0,761; r = 0,872). Combination of patterns 1,2 also gave the highest determination (R²) and correlation (r) coefficient with field stand (R² = 0,921; r = 0,959). The combination of patterns 1,2 is recommended for estimating plant growth performance in the field.

Download Full-text

Tetrazolium: an important test for physiological seed quality evaluation

Journal of Seed Science ◽

10.1590/2317-1545v41n3223104 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 41 (3) ◽

pp. 359-366 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

José de Barros França-Neto ◽

Francisco Carlos Krzyzanowski

Keyword(s):

Quality Evaluation ◽

Seed Quality ◽

Seed Viability ◽

Mechanical Damage ◽

Tetrazolium Salt ◽

High Quality ◽

Physiological Quality ◽

The 19Th Century ◽

Important Test ◽

Tetrazolium Test

Abstract: The production of high quality seeds is linked to a good quality control system. In this system, the tetrazolium test plays an important role in the evaluation of the seed physiological quality, not only due to its relative quickness, but also because of the amount of information that the test presents, such as the indexes of viability and vigor, in addition to providing the diagnosis of possible seed quality problems, such as mechanical damage, insect damage, pre-harvest weathering and deterioration during storage. The development of the test had its beginnings at the end of the 19th century, with great evolution in its concepts and methods in the 20th century. For that, there was the dedication of dozens of professionals in several countries, such as Germany, Japan, Russia, Serbia (former Yugoslavia), United States, Argentina and Brazil. The test indirectly measures the respiration processes that occur in the mitochondria of the cells that make up the tissues of the seeds. The reducing reaction of the solution of the tetrazolium salt under the action of dehydrogenase enzymes results in triphenylformazan, which presents a red carmin coloration. By the interpretation of the resulting staining patterns, seed viability, vigor and the main problems affecting seed quality are determined.

Download Full-text

Suitability of tetrazolium test for Tamarindus indica L. seeds

Semina Ciências Agrárias ◽

10.5433/1679-0359.2022v43n2p509 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 43 (2) ◽

pp. 509-522

Author(s):

Luciana Nunes Cordeiro ◽

◽

Riselane de Lucena Alcântara Bruno ◽

Lucas Kennedy Silva Lima ◽

Albericio Pereira de Andrade ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Seed Quality ◽

Seed Viability ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Tetrazolium Salt ◽

Tamarindus Indica ◽

Test Protocol ◽

Randomized Design ◽

Class 1 ◽

Set Up ◽

Tetrazolium Test

Seed quality is routinely assessed by direct tests, e.g, the germination test, or indirect tests like the tetrazolium test, which has shoown to be promising in the determine viability and vigor, allowing the diagnosis of the main problems that may affect seed quality, such as mechanic damages, field deterioration and storage. In this respect, this study was conducted to develop a tetrazolium test protocol to evaluate the viability and vigor of Tamarindus indica L. seeds. Before exposing the seeds to the tetrazolium solution, seed preconditioning studies were carried out in which seven soaking times were tested. The soaking time that did not cause damage to the seed embryo and allowed the removal of the seed coat to expose the seed structures to the tetrazolium salt was selected. Then, an experiment was set up in a completely randomized design with a 2x3x3 factorial arrangement involving two seed lots, three soaking times in tetrazolium salt (6, 12 and 16 h) and three salt concentrations (0.075, 0.1 and 0.5%), totaling 18 treatments with four replicates of 25 seeds, evaluated at 40 ºC. For each treatment, the seeds were divided into three classes, namely, viable and vigorous embryos (class 1); viable embryos (class 2) and non-viable or dead embryos (class 3). For a comparison with the tetrazolium test results, the two seed lots were analyzed for water content, germination, emergence, first count, germination speed index, emergence speed index, growth and seedling dry weight. The viability and vigor of T. indica seeds can be evaluated after a soaking period of 48 h and immersion for 6h in tetrazolium salt at the concentration of 0.1%, at 40°C, with provides results similar to conventional seed viability tests. The tetrazolium test proved to be adequate to differentiate T. indica seed lots in terms of viability.

Download Full-text

Suitability of forms of preparing seeds of Dalbergia miscolobium Benth for exposure to the tetrazolium test / Adequação das formas de preparação de sementes de Dalbergia miscolobium Benth para exposição ao teste de tetrazolium

Savannah Journal of Research and Development ◽

10.26512/savannahjournal.v1i1.7361 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Juliana Martins de Mesquita Matos ◽

Rosana De Carvalho Cristo Martins ◽

Valéria Regina Bellotto ◽

Lilian Gomes da Silva Rocha ◽

Eloiza Aparecida Barbosa ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Endangered Species ◽

Filter Paper ◽

Federal District ◽

Complete Removal ◽

Sensu Stricto ◽

The Other ◽

Distrito Federal ◽

Viable Seeds ◽

Range Test ◽

Tetrazolium Test

Dalbergia miscolobium or Jacarandá do Cerrado is a species of legume in the Fabaceae family. It occurs in the sensu stricto Cerrado and in the dystrophic cerradão. It shows potential for landscaping and for recovering damaged areas. It is an endangered species and therefore is protected by the law that prevents cut in areas of the Federal District (Decree No. 14.783/93). The purpose of this study was to determine the best procedure to prepare seeds of Dalbergia miscolobium to assess viability in the tetrazolium test. We carried out the following treatments: i) hydration on filter paper at 25 ° C, ii) hydration on filter paper at 25 ° C followed by a cut in the tegument and iii) hydration on filter paper at 25 ° C followed bya complete removal of the tegument. The results were analyzed using analysis of variance and the Tukey range test. The analyzes showed that the best procedure to prepare seeds of Dalbergia miscolobium is the treatment in which there is a hydration followed by the complete removal of the integument. Where 78% of the seeds showed uniform staining, indicating that the seeds analyzed are of good quality. The other treatments, hydration and hydration followed by cutting, showed respectively 35% and 41% of viable seeds. RESUMO A Dalbergia miscolobium ou Jacarandá do Cerrado é uma espécie de leguminosa da família Fabaceae. Ocorre no sentido stricto Cerrado e no cerradão distrófico. Possui potencial para paisagismo e para recuperar áreas degradadas. É uma espécie ameaçada de extinção e, portanto, está protegida pela lei que previne o corte em áreas do Distrito Federal (Decreto 14.783 / 93). O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar o melhor procedimento de prepararação das sementes de Dalbergia miscolobium para serem submetidas à análise de viabilidade pelo teste de tetrazólio. Foram realizados os seguintes tratamentos: i) hidratação em papel de filtro a 25 ° C, ii) hidratação em papel de filtro a 25 ° C seguida de um corte no tegumento e iii) hidratação em papel de filtro a 25 ° C seguido de remoção completa do tegumento. Os resultados foram analisados utilizando-se a análise de variância e o teste de médias de Tukey. As análises mostraram que o melhor procedimento para preparar sementes de Dalbergia miscolobium é o tratamento em que há uma hidratação seguida pela remoção completa do tegumento, onde 78% das sementes apresentaram coloração uniforme, indicando que as sementes analisadas são de boa qualidade. Os demais tratamentos, hidratação e hidratação seguida de corte, mostraram respectivamente 35% e 41% de sementes viáveis.

Download Full-text