scholarly journals Tetrazolium: an important test for physiological seed quality evaluation

2019 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 359-366 ◽  
Author(s):  
José de Barros França-Neto ◽  
Francisco Carlos Krzyzanowski
Keyword(s):  
Quality Evaluation ◽  
Seed Quality ◽  
Seed Viability ◽  
Mechanical Damage ◽  
Tetrazolium Salt ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Physiological Quality ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Important Test ◽  
Tetrazolium Test

Abstract: The production of high quality seeds is linked to a good quality control system. In this system, the tetrazolium test plays an important role in the evaluation of the seed physiological quality, not only due to its relative quickness, but also because of the amount of information that the test presents, such as the indexes of viability and vigor, in addition to providing the diagnosis of possible seed quality problems, such as mechanical damage, insect damage, pre-harvest weathering and deterioration during storage. The development of the test had its beginnings at the end of the 19th century, with great evolution in its concepts and methods in the 20th century. For that, there was the dedication of dozens of professionals in several countries, such as Germany, Japan, Russia, Serbia (former Yugoslavia), United States, Argentina and Brazil. The test indirectly measures the respiration processes that occur in the mitochondria of the cells that make up the tissues of the seeds. The reducing reaction of the solution of the tetrazolium salt under the action of dehydrogenase enzymes results in triphenylformazan, which presents a red carmin coloration. By the interpretation of the resulting staining patterns, seed viability, vigor and the main problems affecting seed quality are determined.

scholarly journals Suitability of tetrazolium test for Tamarindus indica L. seeds

2022 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 509-522
Author(s):  
Luciana Nunes Cordeiro ◽  
◽  
Riselane de Lucena Alcântara Bruno ◽  
Lucas Kennedy Silva Lima ◽  
Albericio Pereira de Andrade ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seed Quality ◽  
Seed Viability ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Tetrazolium Salt ◽  
Tamarindus Indica ◽  
Test Protocol ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Class 1 ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Tetrazolium Test

Seed quality is routinely assessed by direct tests, e.g, the germination test, or indirect tests like the tetrazolium test, which has shoown to be promising in the determine viability and vigor, allowing the diagnosis of the main problems that may affect seed quality, such as mechanic damages, field deterioration and storage. In this respect, this study was conducted to develop a tetrazolium test protocol to evaluate the viability and vigor of Tamarindus indica L. seeds. Before exposing the seeds to the tetrazolium solution, seed preconditioning studies were carried out in which seven soaking times were tested. The soaking time that did not cause damage to the seed embryo and allowed the removal of the seed coat to expose the seed structures to the tetrazolium salt was selected. Then, an experiment was set up in a completely randomized design with a 2x3x3 factorial arrangement involving two seed lots, three soaking times in tetrazolium salt (6, 12 and 16 h) and three salt concentrations (0.075, 0.1 and 0.5%), totaling 18 treatments with four replicates of 25 seeds, evaluated at 40 ºC. For each treatment, the seeds were divided into three classes, namely, viable and vigorous embryos (class 1); viable embryos (class 2) and non-viable or dead embryos (class 3). For a comparison with the tetrazolium test results, the two seed lots were analyzed for water content, germination, emergence, first count, germination speed index, emergence speed index, growth and seedling dry weight. The viability and vigor of T. indica seeds can be evaluated after a soaking period of 48 h and immersion for 6h in tetrazolium salt at the concentration of 0.1%, at 40°C, with provides results similar to conventional seed viability tests. The tetrazolium test proved to be adequate to differentiate T. indica seed lots in terms of viability.

scholarly journals Adaptation of the tetrazolium test method for estimating the viability of sorghum seeds

2014 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 246-252 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tereza Cristina de Carvalho ◽  
Camila Ribeiro de Souza Grzybowski ◽  
Osvaldo de Castro Ohlson ◽  
Maristela Panobianco
Keyword(s):  
Quality Control ◽  
Filter Paper ◽  
Seed Quality ◽  
Seed Viability ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Accurate Assessment ◽  
Efficient Procedure ◽  
Paper Towels ◽  
Direct Immersion ◽  
Tetrazolium Test

The tetrazolium test is part of internal programs of seed quality control because it allows a quick, reliable and accurate assessment of seed viability. The purpose of this study was to determine, among the various methodologies suggested in the literature, a practical and efficient procedure for carrying out the tetrazolium test in sorghum seeds, with a view toward a rapid estimate of their viability. Four seed lots of the simple hybrid Buster were used, testing two forms of seed pre-conditioning (direct immersion in water and between moistened paper towels); two types of preparation (longitudinal cut of the seed through the embryo with immersion of one of the halves in the tetrazolium solution or placement of the two halves on filter paper moistened with tetrazolium solution); two forms of staining (on paper and with direct immersion in the solution) and three concentrations of tetrazolium solution (0.1%, 0.5% and 1.0%). The tetrazolium test may be efficiently conducted for sorghum seeds through pre-conditioning between paper towels for 18 hours at 20 ºC, with immersion staining of one half of the seed in tetrazolium solution at 0.1% for three hours at 40 ºC.

scholarly journals Short Communication: Tetrazolium test for evaluating viability of Capsicum annum seeds

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 142-145
Author(s):  
ADITYA KUSUMAWARDANA ◽  
BAMBANG PUJIASMANTO ◽  
PARDONO PARDONO
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Laboratory Test ◽  
Seed Quality ◽  
Seed Viability ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Capsicum Annum ◽  
Laboratory Test Results ◽  
Tetrazolium Staining ◽  
Growth Vigor ◽  
Tetrazolium Test

Kusumawardana A, Pujiasmanto B, Pardono. 2018. Tetrazolium test for evaluating viability of Capsicum annum seeds. Nusantara Bioscience 10: 142-145. Seed quality is important in seeds production. This research was conducted to obtain information of topographical tetrazolium staining pattern of pepper (Capsicum annum) seeds. Tetrazolium test was conducted to determine the seed viability and plant growth vigor. Laboratory test for standard germination and field performances were performed on four lots (A, B, C, D) of pepper seeds. The viability categories pattern were determined by Root Mean Square (RMS), regression, and correlation analyses. Nine topographical patterns were recognized. The laboratory test results and field performances were compared with the topographical pattern. Combination of patterns 1,2 (embryonic axis and cotyledon completely stained) selected as viable category as it gave the least RMS value, the highest determination (R²) and correlation (r) coefficient with standard germination (RMS = 4, 06; R² = 0,761; r = 0,872). Combination of patterns 1,2 also gave the highest determination (R²) and correlation (r) coefficient with field stand (R² = 0,921; r = 0,959). The combination of patterns 1,2 is recommended for estimating plant growth performance in the field.

scholarly journals Viability of Carica papaya L. Seeds by the Tetrazolium Test

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 335 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara M. C. Carvalho ◽  
Salvador B. Torres ◽  
Erivanessa C. Sousa ◽  
Danielle M. M. Sousa ◽  
Kleane T. O. Pereira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Carica Papaya ◽  
Seed Viability ◽  
Germination Test ◽  
Long Period ◽  
Physiological Quality ◽  
Rapid Tests ◽  
Papaya Seeds ◽  
Tetrazolium Test

Germination test for papaya seeds demands thirty days to obtain the results, which is a long period for decision-making. Thus, rapid tests become essential tools to evaluate seed viability, and the tetrazolium test is an alternative for this purpose. Hence, this study aimed to establish the adequate procedure to apply this test, in order to reduce the time of evaluation of papaya seeds. For that, four tetrazolium solution concentrations (0.05, 0.1, 0.5 and 1%) and three staining times (3, 6 and 9 hours) were tested at temperatures of 35 and 40 ºC. The experimental design was completely randomized in 4 × 3 + 1 factorial scheme (concentrations × staining times + one control = germination test). It was found that the tetrazolium test allows to evaluate the physiological quality of papaya seeds, thus reducing the time for decision-making. For the test, we recommend using the concentrations of 0.1% for 9 hours or 1% for 6 hours of staining, at temperature of 40 ºC.

scholarly journals Methodology of the tetrazolium test for assessing the viability of seeds of Eugenia brasiliensis Lam., Eugenia uniflora L. and Eugenia pyriformis Cambess

2014 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 427-434 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edmir Vicente Lamarca ◽  
Claudio José Barbedo
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Seed Viability ◽  
Important Method ◽  
Eugenia Uniflora ◽  
Fruit Species ◽  
Incubation Periods ◽  
Physiological Quality ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Tetrazolium Test

Eugenia brasiliensis Lam. ("grumixameira"), Eugenia uniflora L. ("pitangueira") and Eugenia pyriformis Cambess. ("uvaieira") are forest and fruit species of pharmacological and gastronomic potential and have desiccation-sensitive seeds. The development of quick viability tests for the assessment of physiological quality of these seeds is needed. The tetrazolium test is an important method providing fast assessment of the seed physiological quality. Thus, this work aimed to develop a method for the tetrazolium test for determining viability of "grumixameira," "pitangueira" and "uvaieira" seeds. Initially the seeds of these species were soaked in water for 3 h at 25 ºC. Three concentrations of tetrazolium solutions were analyzed (0.100 %, 0.125 % and 0.250 %) for seed staining using three incubation periods (2, 3 and 6 h) at 35 ºC in the dark. After staining, seed viability was determined. Then, the seeds were subjected to different levels of controlled drying and were analyzed for their physiological quality by germination and electrical conductivity tests. The tetrazolium test is a suitable tool for determining viability after staining the seeds at 35 ºC using a 0.250 % concentration solution for 3 hours for "grumixameira" seeds, 0.125 % for 3 hours for "pitangueira" seeds and 0.100 % for 2 hours for "uvaieira" seeds.

scholarly journals Physiological quality of mechanically harvested chickpea seeds

2021 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 28-35
Author(s):  
Letícia Betânia Xavier Dias ◽  
Pedro Afonso de Melo Queiroz ◽  
Thaís Cardoso de Castro ◽  
Marco Antonio Moreira de Freitas ◽  
Érica Fernandes Leão-Araújo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Significant Interaction ◽  
Seed Quality ◽  
Rotation Speed ◽  
Mechanical Damage ◽  
Seed Vigor ◽  
Rotor Rotation ◽  
Germination Speed ◽  
Physiological Quality

Our objective was to evaluate the occurrence of mechanical damage in chickpea seeds with the combination of two harvester speeds (2.5 and 3.5 km.h-1) and three adjustments for rotor rotation speeds (500, 700, and 850 rpm). Harvesting was carried out in a seed production field. Seeds were evaluated for purity, germination (G), first count (FC), germination speed index (GSI), hypochlorite, electrical conductivity, and tetrazolium tests. There was an effect of harvester speeds on seed physiological quality for the first count (FC), germination (G), germination speed index (GSI), especially when combining with high rotor rotation speed. In these cases, the speed of 2.5 km.h-1 resulted in lower values. This harvester speed also had worse results when combining with 850 rpm for purity and hypochlorite tests. The tetrazolium test was not efficient in identifying differences in seed quality. There was no significant interaction between harvester speeds and rotor rotation speeds for the conductivity test. Evaluating the harvester speed’s isolated effect (3.5 km.h-1), we identified problems in seed vigor due to the higher value of exudates in the electrical conductivity test. Low harvester speed (2.5 km.h-1) associated with high rotor rotation speeds (700 and 850 rpm) causes a reduction of the physical and physiological quality of seeds.

scholarly journals Mechanical damage caused by the use of grain carts for transport during soybean seed harvest

2018 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 422-427
Author(s):  
Rodrigo Albaneze ◽  
Francisco Amaral Villela ◽  
Jean Carlo Possenti ◽  
Karina Guollo ◽  
Ivan Carlos Riedo
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Seed Production ◽  
Seed Coat ◽  
Seed Viability ◽  
Mechanical Damage ◽  
Soybean Seed ◽  
Soybean Seeds ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Moisture Contents ◽  
Seed Harvest

Abstract: Mechanical damage constitutes one of the factors limiting production of high quality soybean seeds. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects on seed viability and mechanical damage caused to soybean seeds when using a grain cart, together with an auger unloading system, as a means of transporting grain from the combine to the truck. Seed samples were collected in two seed production fields in the region of Abelardo Luz, SC, Brazil, at three different times (10:00, 12:30, and 16:00) and from three places (in the combine grain tank, in the grain wagon, and in the truck). The percentages of broken seeds, moisture content, mechanical damage to the seed coat, and germination were evaluated. The use of auxiliary grain cart equipment contributed to an increase in breakage and mechanical injury in seeds, worsening seed viability. Seeds collected at lower moisture contents had higher breakage and higher rates of mechanical damage.

scholarly journals Adjustments in the tetrazolium test methodology for assessing the physiological quality of chickpea seeds

2019 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Humberto Alencar Paraíso ◽  
Delacyr da Silva Brandão Junior ◽  
Ramon Ivo Soares Avelar ◽  
Candido Alves da Costa ◽  
Luan Souza de Paula Gomes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seed Quality ◽  
Class Ii ◽  
Class I ◽  
Class Iii ◽  
Test Methodology ◽  
Physiological Quality ◽  
Tetrazolium Test ◽  
Class Iv

Abstract: Quick tests are essential tools to evaluate seed quality. The objective of this study was to adapt the methodology of tetrazolium test, by identifying the most suitable pre-conditioning parameters of imbibition temperature and duration, and tetrazolium solution concentrations, in order to assess the physiological quality of chickpea seeds. Also, this work proposed the separation of lots in classes, according to the viability and vigor of the seeds. Three lots of chickpeas (lot 1 - BRS Aleppo C1, lot 2 - BRS Aleppo basic, and lot 3 - Cicero) were evaluated. They were analyzed according to three combinations of imbibition temperature and duration (41 °C for 4 hours, 41 ºC for 6 hours, and 30 ºC for 18 hours) and two tetrazolium concentrations (0.1% and 0.5%). The imbibition at 41 °C for 4 or 6 hours, and at 30 ºC for 18 hours allowed clear visualization of injuries in the seeds after immersion in 0.1% tetrazolium solution. The intense coloration formed by the 0.5% solution of this salt prevented the differentiation of the types of damage. In addition, it was possible to separate the seeds into four classes: class I (viable and vigorous, without damages), class II (viable and vigorous, with superficial injuries), class III (viable and non-vigorous), and class IV (non-viable).

scholarly journals Criteria for implementation of a tetrazolium test in canola seeds

2015 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 222-227 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariana Faber Flores ◽  
Camila Ribeiro de Souza Grzybowski ◽  
Kelly Pazolini ◽  
Jean Carlo Possenti ◽  
Maristela Panobianco
Keyword(s):  
Incubation Period ◽  
Crop Rotation ◽  
Vegetable Oil ◽  
Salt Concentration ◽  
Seed Viability ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Tetrazolium Salt ◽  
Canola Seed ◽  
Germination Test ◽  
Tetrazolium Test

Canola is an oilseed winter plant, constituting an alternative to crop rotation. It presents socioeconomic value for the production of vegetable oil for human consumption, biodiesel and animal food formulation. The evaluation of canola seed viability is routinely performed by germination test, which can be extended for up to 14 days if it is necessary to overcome dormancy. The objective of this study was to establish criteria for conducting a tetrazolium test in canola seeds, determining viability groups. Four lots of seed were used, placed between soaked paper to hydrate for 16 hours at 20 °C. In the coloration step, after preliminary tests, the following combinations of tetrazolium salt concentration, temperature and incubation period were tested: 0.5 and 1.0% at 30 °C; 0.2, 0.5 and 1.0% at 40 °C for two, four and six hours. It was concluded that the evaluation of viability of canola seeds by the tetrazolium test is effective upon hydration of the seeds between papers for 16 hours at 20 °C, coloration by immersion in 0.5% tetrazolium solution for six hours, at 40 °C and two viability groups were established and illustrated.

scholarly journals Relationship between pod permeability and seed quality in soybean

2014 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 273-281 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolina Maria Gaspar de Oliveira ◽  
Francisco Carlos Kryzanowski ◽  
Maria Cristina Neves de Oliveira ◽  
José de Barros França-Neto ◽  
Ademir Assis Henning
Keyword(s):  
Seed Quality ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Seed Viability ◽  
Soybean Seed ◽  
Seed Vigor ◽  
Development Stages ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Soybean Genotypes ◽  
Physiological Quality

The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of pod wall permeability on the physiological quality of soybean seed. The cultivars studied were Sant'Ana, FT-2, FT-10, Bossier, Davis and the breeding line F 84-7-30, with a black seed coat. Pods were collected from plants at the R4, R5, R6, R7 and R8 development stages, which composed the treatments in regard to time of harvest. The parameters of permeability and the lignin content of the pods and the seeds within the pods were evaluated. The seeds were collected just after full maturity (R8), and the following tests were performed: germination, electrical conductivity, and tetrazolium, which determined seed viability and vigor. A randomized complete block design in a split-plot in time arrangement was used, with four replications per treatment. The soybean genotypes (six) composed the plots, and the split-plots consisted of the development stages (R4, R5, R6, R7 and R8). In seed evaluation, the same design was used, reducing the number of treatments to three in the split-plots (R6, R7 and R8). Pod permeability varied with the genotype and stage of development; this affected seed vigor, but not the viability of newly-harvested seeds. The pod lignin content did not show any influence on pod permeability.

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