scholarly journals Forty years of visceral leishmaniasis in the State of Piaui: a review

2011 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karina Oliveira Drumond ◽  
Francisco Assis Lima Costa
Keyword(s):  
Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽  
Population Growth ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Human Population ◽  
The State ◽  
Land Occupation ◽  
High Incidence ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Major Factors ◽  
Over Time

Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) has been known to occur in the state of Piauí since 1934. The typically rural disease began to appear in urban areas over time, being concentrated mainly in Teresina, the capital of Piauí. Teresina was also affected by the first urban epidemic of VL in Brazil. Over 1,000 cases of the disease were reported during urbanization (1981-1986). Human population growth and migration led to land occupation on the outskirts of Teresina. These factors have contributed to vector proliferation, increasing the incidence of VL. At present, the incidence of human and canine disease is quite high and uncontrolled in Piauí. It seems that some measures, such as the elimination of seropositive dogs, failed to significantly reduce the number of new VL cases in Teresina. Despite previously conducted studies, little is known about VL epidemiology in urban areas. The aim of this review is to reveal the situation of VL in Teresina during the last 40 years, focusing on the major factors that may contribute to the high incidence and persistence of VL infection.

scholarly journals EXPANSION OF VISCERAL LEISHMANIASIS IN THE STATE OF RIO DE JANEIRO, BRAZIL: REPORT OF THE FIRST AUTOCHTHONOUS CASE IN THE MUNICIPALITY OF VOLTA REDONDA AND THE DIFFICULTY OF DIAGNOSIS

2014 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 271-274 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luiz Henrique Conde Sangenis ◽  
Sebastião Roberto de Almeida Lima ◽  
Cíntia Xavier de Mello ◽  
Daniela Trindade Cardoso ◽  
Jurema Nunes Mello ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽  
Symptom Onset ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Correct Diagnosis ◽  
Great Difficulty ◽  
The State ◽  
Differential Diagnoses ◽  
The North ◽  
Kala Azar ◽  
Epidemiological Changes

Visceral Leishmaniasis has been showing remarkable epidemiological changes in recent decades, with marked expansion and an emergence of cases in urban areas of the North, Southeast and Midwest regions of Brazil. The Kala-azar cases reported here, despite being very characteristic, presented a great difficulty of diagnosis, because the disease is not endemic in Volta Redonda. The child underwent two hospitalizations in different hospitals, but got the correct diagnosis only after 11 months of symptom onset. In this report we discuss the main differential diagnoses and call attention to the suspected symptoms of visceral leishmaniasis in patients with prolonged fever, hepatosplenomegaly and pancytopenia, even in areas not traditionally endemic for the disease.

scholarly journals A Formação de Dolinas em Áreas Urbanas: o Caso do Bairro de Cruz das Armas em João Pessoa-PB (The Formation of Dolines in Urban Areas: The Case of Cruz das Armas in João Pessoa-PB)

2011 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 161
Author(s):  
Max Furrier ◽  
Saulo Roberto de Oliveira Vital
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Shuttle Radar Topography Mission ◽  
Dynamic Interaction ◽  
The State ◽  
Digital Terrain ◽  
Terrain Models ◽  
Geological Map ◽  
Major Factors ◽  
The City

Evidências de dolinas são bastante comuns na cidade de João Pessoa-PB, mas ainda pouco estudadas. As dolinas são consideradas depressões fechadas, circulares, associadas a rebaixamento topográfico coadjuvado por fenômenos cársticos de sub-superfície, caracterizando um carste inumado. Assim como as encostas e os vales entalhados, as dolinas também são alvo da intensa ocupação nas cidades por parte da camada social menos favorecida, tendo em vista, serem áreas bastante deprimidas e susceptíveis a enchentes. A partir de então, esta pesquisa tem como objetivo, identificar os principais fatores de predisposição do terreno para criação de relevo do tipo carste, exclusivamente as dolinas e os riscos associados. Para isso, foram levantados dados sobre o embasamento geológico a partir do mapa geológico do Estado da Paraíba, e informações sobre a morfologia do terreno, coletadas a partir do radar SRTM (Shuttle Radar Topography Mission), além das observações de campo. Como produto, obteve-se os Modelos Digitais do Terreno, por meio dos quais se tornou possível realçar as evidências de subsidência do relevo local, corroborado pelas informações sobre a geologia local, marcada por uma intensa interação dinâmica entre as Formações Barreiras e Gramame (Sub-bacia Sedimentar Alhandra). Concluiu-se que os planos de falha existentes nos calcários da Formação Gramame contribuem de forma conspícua para percolação da água nessa formação perfazendo uma reação química capaz de dissolver o calcário, rebaixando a Formação Barreiras que se encontra sobreposta, dando origem a depressões circulares.Palavras-Chave: Dolinas, Formação Gramame, Formação Barreiras, João Pessoa. The Formation of Dolines in Urban Areas: The Case of Cruz das Armas in João Pessoa-PB ABSTRACTEvidence of dolines are much common in João Pessoa, the capital of the state of Paraíba, but they are still poorly studied. The dolines are considered to be closed and circled depressions, associated to a topographic smoothing assisted by subsurface karstic phenomenons, characterizing an inhumed karst. As well as the slopes and the carved valleys, the dolines are also intensively occupied in the city by people who are less favoured, what represents a serious problem considering that these are depressed areas and susceptible to flooding. The research aims to verify the major factors of the terrain susceptibility to the karst features formation, exclusively the dolines, and the associated risks. In view of this objective, the geological basement data were gathered from the geological map of the State of Paraíba and the terrain morphological information were collected from the SRTM radar (Shuttle Radar Topography Mission), besides the observations of the fieldwork developed. As result, the Digital Terrain Models were achieved enabling to present the evidences of the local subsidence features, corroborated by the information about the local geography marked by a intense dynamic interaction between Barreiras and Gramame Formation (Alhandra Sedimentary Sub-Basin). The analysis showed that the failed plans presented in the limestones of the Gramame Formation contribute evidently to the percolation of water on this formation totalizing a chemical reaction able to dissolve the limestone, lowering the superposed Barreiras Formation, what give rise to circular depressions.   Key-Words: Dolines, Gramame Formation, Barreiras Formation, João Pessoa.

scholarly journals Epidemiological aspects of visceral leishmaniasis in Brazil and in international border regions

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. e549101220684
Author(s):  
Lara Camila de Oliveira ◽  
Neide Martins Moreira
Keyword(s):  
Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
The State ◽  
Clinical Aspects ◽  
Twin Cities ◽  
Mato Grosso ◽  
Twin City ◽  
International Border ◽  
Mato Grosso Do Sul

Objectives: To verify the number of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) cases in Brazil and its states and twin cities, with a focus on the state and twin city with the highest number of cases. We investigated social, demographic, laboratory and clinical aspects of these cases. Methodological design: We performed a descriptive study using a quantitative approach and data from 2010 to 2019 that were obtained through a public domain website, the Informatics Department of the Unified Health System. The incidence rate of VL cases was calculated per 100,000 inhabitants. software. Results: In Brazil, 35,886 VL cases were reported, with 2,834 cases in international border states and 148 cases in twin cities. The state and twin city with the highest number of cases were Mato Grosso do Sul (1,834 cases) and Corumbá (94 cases), respectively, with annual mean incidence rates of 6.4 and 8.3 cases per 100,000 inhabitants. In Mato Grosso do Sul and Corumbá, the disease was more frequent in male and brown-skinned individuals who had up to 8 years of education (age range: 1 to > 80 years old). Most of the cases occurred in urban areas, was diagnosed by laboratory tests and evolved to cure (p < 0.05). Conclusions: A high number of VL cases in Brazil was found during the period of study. The cases were distributed in 10 states with international borders and eight twin cities. These findings draw attention to the greater need for management programs to control and prevent VL.

Quantifying trends and predictors of decline in eastern grey kangaroo (Macropus giganteus) populations in a rapidly urbanising landscape

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 63 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth A. Brunton ◽  
Sanjeev K. Srivastava ◽  
David S. Schoeman ◽  
Scott Burnett
Keyword(s):  
Population Growth ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Human Population ◽  
Urban Expansion ◽  
Natural Habitat ◽  
Urban Landscapes ◽  
Human Population Growth ◽  
Terrestrial Mammals ◽  
Grey Kangaroo ◽  
The Impact

Human population growth and the resultant expansion of urban landscapes are drivers of biodiversity loss globally. Impacts of urbanisation on wildlife are not well understood, although the importance of preserving biodiversity in urban areas is widely recognised. The eastern grey kangaroo (Macropus giganteus), a common species of large macropod, can be found in high densities in many urban landscapes across Australia. South East Queensland is a subtropical region of Australia that has experienced high rates of urban expansion. Human population growth in the region has resulted in widespread changes to the landscape and much of the eastern grey kangaroo’s natural habitat has been modified. Declines in kangaroo populations have been anecdotally reported; however, the impact of urbanisation on kangaroo populations has not been quantified. This study used a modelling approach, collecting data from the community, and private and government organisations to: (1) map the current distribution of eastern grey kangaroos; (2) quantify trends in kangaroo abundance; and (3) identify anthropogenic drivers of changes in kangaroo abundance in the region. Of the kangaroo populations identified, 42% were reported to have undergone an overall decline in abundance since 2000. Higher human population growth rate and smaller area remaining under natural land use were predictors of kangaroo population declines. Further kangaroo declines can be anticipated in the region, particularly in areas with projected human population growth rates over 80% for the next decade. This study emphasises the importance of integrated urban development over large spatial extents to mitigate impacts of urbanisation on terrestrial mammals.

Disaster Medicine in the 21st Century: Future Hazards, Vulnerabilities, and Risk

2002 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey L. Arnold
Keyword(s):  
Population Growth ◽  
Disaster Management ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Chemical Warfare Agents ◽  
Disaster Medicine ◽  
Clear Understanding ◽  
Industrial Chemicals ◽  
Warfare Agents ◽  
Major Factors

AbstractThe prediction of future disasters drives the priorities, urgencies, and perceived adequacies of disaster management, public policy, and government funding. Disasters always arise from some fundamental dysequilibrium between hazards in the environment and the vulnerabilities of human communities. Understanding the major factors that will tend to produce hazards and vulnerabilities in the future plays a key role in disaster risk assessment.The factors tending to produce hazards in the 21st Century include population growth, environmental degradation, infectious agents (including biological warfare agents), hazardous materials (industrial chemicals, chemical warfare agents, nuclear materials, and hazardous waste), economic imbalance (usually within countries), and cultural tribalism. The factors tending to generate vulnerabilities to hazardous events include population growth, aging populations, poverty, maldistribution of populations to disaster-prone areas, urbanization, marginalization of populations to informal settlements within urban areas, and structural vulnerability.An increasing global interconnectedness also will bring hazards and vulnerabilities together in unique ways to produce familiar disasters in unfamiliar forms and unfamiliar disasters in forms not yet imagined. Despite concerns about novel disasters, many of the disasters common today also will be common tomorrow.The risk of any given disaster is modifiable through its manageability. Effective disaster management has the potential to counter many of the factors tending to produce future hazards and vulnerabilities. Hazard mitigation and vulnerability reduction based on a clear understanding of the complex causal chains that comprise disasters will be critical in the complex world of the 21st Century.

scholarly journals A conservation checklist of the amphibians and reptiles of the State of Mexico, Mexico with comparisons with adjoining states

ZooKeys ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 953 ◽  
pp. 137-159
Author(s):  
Julio A. Lemos-Espinal ◽  
Geoffrey R. Smith
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Population Growth ◽  
Mexico City ◽  
Human Population ◽  
Metropolitan Areas ◽  
Conservation Status ◽  
The State ◽  
Unique Combination ◽  
Reptile Species ◽  
Near Threatened

The State of Mexico has a unique combination of geographic characteristics and topography that promotes a high biodiversity. Unfortunately, continued human population growth of the metropolitan areas of Mexico City and Toluca have degraded the environment of the State of Mexico, which threatened its wildlife. An updated checklist of the amphibians and reptiles of the State of Mexico is provided and their conservation status summarized. The State of Mexico has 49 species of amphibians and 101 species of reptiles. The majority of the amphibians (73.5%) and reptiles (70.3%) found in the State of Mexico are endemic to Mexico. Of the amphibian and reptile species in the State of Mexico, 20.1% are IUCN listed (i.e., Vulnerable, Near Threatened, or Endangered), 18.4% are placed in a protected category by SEMARNAT (excluding NL and Pr, this last category is equivalent to the LC category of IUCN), and 34.9% are categorized as high risk by the EVS. The importance of forested habitats for the protected amphibians and reptiles in the State of Mexico suggest that management of these habitats to maintain or expand them needs to be considered.

Carceral urbanism: Reconstructing the architecture of punitive space in post-genocide Rwanda

2021 ◽  
pp. 146247452110345
Author(s):  
Shakirah E Hudani
Keyword(s):  
Urban Planning ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
The State ◽  
Capital City ◽  
Production Of Space ◽  
Problem Space ◽  
Penal Order ◽  
The City ◽  
Over Time

In this article I make the argument that the prison in post-genocide Rwanda is an architectural artefact and a problem-space around which to examine the transitional dilemmas of the post-genocide period. I examine the changing punitive architecture of incarceration in Rwanda’s capital and in secondary urban areas. Looking at the space of the prison in relation to the changing city, I posit that through the penal production of space, the state reconfigures logics of punitive practices and urban governmentality. Changing logics of incarceration are evident in Rwanda today in the deconcentration of the capital, Kigali, to make way for an urban masterplanned order. In analyzing this shift in the visibility of the penal order in Rwanda over time, I contend that the prison constructs the city through its punitive and surveillance-based logic, as much as the city constitutes the prison as a spatially segregated edifice. I examine two sets of governmental spaces and practices that have run through different eras of Rwanda’s colonial, post-independence and post-genocide periods: (a) the prison and punishment, and (b) the reordering of the capital city and urban planning.

scholarly journals Solving Social and Demographic Problems as a Factor of Sustainable Development

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nodirbek Tula
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Social Protection ◽  
Sex Structure ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
The Social ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Major Factors ◽  
Age And Sex

In conditions of economic reforms, the demographic challenges and problems of the social protection of population stand at the forefront. In the field of demography it is quite essential to consider such factors as birth, mortality rates, marriages, divorces, age and sex structure and migration. In the social protection sphere the first major factors that we must pay careful attention are the number of pensioners, children and disabled people. In Uzbekistan, in recent years, fewer people have left the country. This is due to the gradual increase in the incomes and in the relatively homogeneous ethnic structure of the population. The age and sex structure of the population are changing, furthermore the population is gradually aging, which in turn will lead to a great demographic burden on the part of a certain age. In addition, the disparity of the gender in rural and urban areas, can lead adversely effect on the social life. It should be noted that in recent years there has been a tendency for an increase in the number of birth in absolute numbers and slowdown in its rate of percentage. This trend will effect to the economy of the country as a whole, as its regions as well. Therefore, it is necessary to carefully study the demographic processes, to develop a set of measures to balance social protection, growth rates and population migration.

scholarly journals Opioid Misuse in Missouri: Analyzing Emergency Department Use in Urban/Rural Areas

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Evan Mobley ◽  
Andrew Hunter ◽  
Whitney Coffey
Keyword(s):  
Emergency Department ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
The State ◽  
Opioid Overdose ◽  
Metro Area ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Ed Visits ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
Over Time

ObjectiveCompare rate changes over time for Emergency Department (ED) visits due to opioid overdose in urban versus rural areas of the state of Missouri.IntroductionLike many other states in the U.S., Missouri has experienced large increases in opioid abuse resulting in hundreds dying each year and thousands of ED visits due to overdose. Missouri has two major urban areas, St. Louis and Kansas City and a few smaller cities, while the remainder of the state is more rural in nature. The opioid epidemic has impacted all areas in the state but the magnitude of that impact varies as well as the type of opioid used. Missouri Department of Health and Senior Services (MODHSS) maintains the Patient Abstract System (PAS) which contains data from hospitals and ambulatory surgical centers throughout the state. PAS includes data from ED visits including information on diagnoses, patient demographics, and other information about the visit. MODHSS also participates in the Enhanced State Surveillance of Opioid-involved Morbidity and Mortality project (ESOOS). One major aspect of this surveillance project is the collection of data on non-fatal opioid overdoses from ED visits. Through this collection of data, MODHSS analyzed opioid overdose visits throughout the state, how rates compare across urban and rural areas, and how those rates have changed over time.MethodsThe 115 counties in Missouri were organized into the six-level urban-rural classification scheme developed by the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS). The attached table shows the breakout of counties into the six different categories. The data years analyzed were 2012 through 2016. ED visits due to opioid overdose were identified using case definitions supplied by ESOOS. Overdoses were analyzed in three different categories—all opioids, heroin, and non-heroin opioids. The all opioid category combines heroin and non-heroin opioids. Non-heroin opioids includes prescription drugs such as oxycodone, hydrocodone, fentanyl, and fentanyl analogues. Annual rates per 10,000 were calculated for each county classification using population estimates. Confidence intervals (at 95%) were then calculated using either inverse gamma when the number of ED visits was under 500, or Poisson when the number was 500 or more. Changes over time were calculated using both a year over year method and a 5 year change method.ResultsOverall opioid rates have increased in all geographic areas during the 5 year period analyzed. Large Central Metro and Large Fringe Metro counties had the highest rates of ED visits due to opioid overdose. These two classifications also saw the largest increases in rates. The Large Central Metro counties collectively increased over 125%, while the Large Fringe Metro area increased 130%. Both areas experienced statistically significant increases year-to-year between 2014 and 2016 in addition to the overall 5 year period of 2012-2016.Analysis was also conducted for heroin and non-heroin subsets of opioid abuse. There were important differences in these two groups. For heroin ED visits, the highest rates were found in the Large Central Metro and Large Fringe Metro regions. However, the largest increase in percentage terms were found in the Medium Metropolitan, Micropolitan and Noncore regions which all saw increases of over 300%. Notably, every region experienced increases of over 150%. The Medium Metro had two consecutive years (2013/2014 and 2014/2015) where the heroin ED rate more than doubled.In contrast, non-heroin ED visits did not experience such a large increase over time. Most areas saw small fluctuations year-to-year with moderate overall increases over the 5-year time period. The exception to this trend is the Large Fringe Metro area, which saw increases every year most notably between 2014 and 2015 and had by far the largest 5 year increase at 82%.ConclusionsThe urban areas in Missouri continue to have the highest rates of opioid overdose, however all areas within the state have experienced very large increases in heroin ED visits within the past five years. The increase in heroin ED visits in the rural areas suggests the abuse of heroin has now spread throughout the state, as rates were much lower in 2012. The steady increase in non-heroin opioids unique to the Large Fringe Metro may be due to the availability of fentanyl in urban areas especially the St. Louis area. This possible finding would correspond with the increased deaths due to fentanyl experienced in and around the St. Louis urban area that has been identified through analysis of death certificate data. 

Away without Leave

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Larry Eugene Rivers
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
The State ◽  
High Incidence ◽  
Constant Source ◽  
Over Time

This chapter talks about how the very nature of Florida′s development over time caused bondpeople within and outside its boundaries to view the peninsula as a runaway haven. Nineteenth-century bondpeople escaped from farms and plantations; enslaved persons from other jurisdictions absconded to the peninsula as well. Many whites understood this fact and reflected on what they perceived as the high incidence of truancy in Florida. A St. Augustine journalist expressed in 1824 what many others had feared for years: many newcomers refused to settle in the territory “because they are liable to the loss of their negroes by elopement.” The intra- and interstate flight of bondservants would continue to mark nineteenth-century Florida until freedom came for all, and the state′s image as a haven for runaways remained a constant source of concern to whites.

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