scholarly journals Produtividade simulada de tubérculos de batata em cenários de mudanças climáticas

2010 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 351-360 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joelma Dutra Fagundes ◽  
Nereu Augusto Streck ◽  
Dilson Antônio Bisognin ◽  
Ana Paula Schwantes ◽  
Cleber Maus Alberto
Keyword(s):  
Potato Tuber ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Tuber Yield ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Concentration ◽  
Climate Change Scenarios ◽  
Planting Dates ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Temperature Offset

The objective of this study was to simulate potato (Solanum tuberosum) tuber yield in different climate change scenarios of increased carbon dioxide concentration [CO2] and air temperature, considering symmetric and asymmetric increases in minimum and maximum daily air temperatures. Spitters model was used to simulate Asterix cultivar tuber yield considering two growing seasons (spring and fall) recommended for Santa Maria, state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. In each growing season, five planting dates were evaluated in climate scenarios of a hundred years with no increase in [CO2] and temperature (current scenario), and in scenarios with doubling [CO2] and temperature increases of 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6ºC. A symmetric increase of 4ºC and an asymmetric increase of 5ºC in air temperature offset the yield beneficial effect of increasing [CO2] during spring, whereas increase in air temperature does not affect potato tuber yield during fall. Anticipating planting date in spring and delaying it in fall decrease the negative impact of the increasing air temperature on potato tuber yield.

scholarly journals Seasonal dynamics of methane emissions from a subarctic fen in the Hudson Bay Lowlands

2013 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 4465-4479 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. L. Hanis ◽  
M. Tenuta ◽  
B. D. Amiro ◽  
T. N. Papakyriakou
Keyword(s):  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Surface Soil Temperature ◽  
Filling Method ◽  
Highly Correlated

Abstract. Ecosystem-scale methane (CH4) flux (FCH4) over a subarctic fen at Churchill, Manitoba, Canada was measured to understand the magnitude of emissions during spring and fall shoulder seasons, and the growing season in relation to physical and biological conditions. FCH4 was measured using eddy covariance with a closed-path analyser in four years (2008–2011). Cumulative measured annual FCH4 (shoulder plus growing seasons) ranged from 3.0 to 9.6 g CH4 m−2 yr−1 among the four study years, with a mean of 6.5 to 7.1 g CH4 m−2 yr−1 depending upon gap-filling method. Soil temperatures to depths of 50 cm and air temperature were highly correlated with FCH4, with near-surface soil temperature at 5 cm most correlated across spring, fall, and the shoulder and growing seasons. The response of FCH4 to soil temperature at the 5 cm depth and air temperature was more than double in spring to that of fall. Emission episodes were generally not observed during spring thaw. Growing season emissions also depended upon soil and air temperatures but the water table also exerted influence, with FCH4 highest when water was 2–13 cm below and lowest when it was at or above the mean peat surface.

Rail Temperature Approximation and Heat Slow Order Best Practices

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Radim Bruzek ◽  
Michael Trosino ◽  
Leopold Kreisel ◽  
Leith Al-Nazer
Keyword(s):  
Air Temperature ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Temperature Threshold ◽  
Eastern United States ◽  
Ambient Air Temperature ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Temperature Offset ◽  
Environmental Prediction

The railroad industry uses slow orders, sometimes referred to as speed restrictions, in areas where an elevated rail temperature is expected in order to minimize the risk and consequence of derailment caused by track buckling due to excessive rail temperature. Traditionally, rail temperature has been approximated by adding a constant offset, most often 30°F, to a peak ambient air temperature. When this approximated maximum rail temperature exceeds a given risk threshold, slow orders are usually issued for a predefined period of the day. This “one size fits all” approach, however, is not effective and suitable in all situations. On very warm days, the difference between rail temperature and ambient air temperature can exceed railroad-employed offsets and remain elevated for extended periods of time. A given temperature offset may be well suited for certain regions and track buckling risk-related rail temperature thresholds but less accurate for others. Almost 160,000 hours of rail temperature measurements collected in 2012 across the eastern United States by two Class I railroads and predicted ambient air temperatures based on the National Weather Service’s National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) data were analyzed using detection theory in order to establish optimal values of offsets between air and rail temperatures as well as times when slow orders should be in place based on geographical location and the track buckling risk rail temperature threshold. This paper presents the results of the analysis and describes an improved procedure to manage heat-related slow orders based on ambient air temperatures.

scholarly journals The influence of thermal conditions on potato yield in the administrative regions of the Republic of Belarus

2019 ◽  
pp. 46-62
Author(s):  
Olga V. Davydenko ◽  
Piotr S. Lopukh
Keyword(s):  
Negative Impact ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Thermal Conditions ◽  
Vegetation Period ◽  
Potato Yield ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Planting Dates ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Potato Yields

The analysis of the dynamics of thermal conditions during 1961–1988 and 1989–2015, as well as the adjacent decade of the study period. Changes were estimated for the average temperatures of individual months of the year, high average and maximum daily temperatures, as well as for the duration of the active vegetation period and the sums of active temperatures. The established increase in average annual temperatures was 0.4 °С per decade. At the same time, in the first half of potato vegetation (May – June) the thermal trends are ambiguous, while in the second half (July – August) the increase of average air temperatures prevails. The increase in temperatures in the summer months is accompanied by an increase in the prevalence of negative thermal effects on potato yields, which is confirmed by negative correlation coefficients of potato yield deviations from trend lines and indicators such as the air temperature in July and the number of hot days (with an average temperature above 20 °С and a maximum temperature above 30 °С). Statistical reliability of correlation between potato yield deviations from trend lines and July temperatures is confirmed only in 1989 –2015 and covers 60 administrative districts. In these and most of the remaining areas, the correlation coefficients are negative. It is established that the proposed and justified critical value of the number of days with a maximum temperature above 30 °С (10 and more) determines more than a third of the negative deviations of potato yield in most of the country, and the probability of its negative impact in the modern period is 70 %. The decrease in average yield is 12.7 c/ha (8 %). It was found that the most unfavorable hot period occurs during the tuber formation and growth of potato tubers, in connection with which possible measures of adaptation of potatoes to temperature increase are proposed: the use of heat-resistant potato varieties, the shift of potato planting dates to earlier dates, irrigation (in the case of a combination of high temperatures with insufficient moisture).

scholarly journals Multiple Indicators of Extreme Changes in Snow-Dominated Streamflow Regimes, Yakima River Basin Region, USA

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (19) ◽  
pp. 2608
Author(s):  
Anna M. Wagner ◽  
Katrina E. Bennett ◽  
Glen E. Liston ◽  
Christopher A. Hiemstra ◽  
Dan Cooley
Keyword(s):  
River Basin ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Snow Water Equivalent ◽  
Hydrological Cycle ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Clear Trend ◽  
Multiple Indicators ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Yakima River ◽  
Streamflow Trends

Snow plays a major role in the hydrological cycle. Variations in snow duration and timing can have a negative impact on water resources. Excluding predicted changes in snowmelt rates and amounts could result in deleterious infrastructure, military mission, and asset impacts at military bases across the US. A change in snowpack can also lead to water shortages, which in turn can affect the availability of irrigation water. We performed trend analyses of air temperature, snow water equivalent (SWE) at 22 SNOTEL stations, and streamflow extremes for selected rivers in the snow-dependent and heavily irrigated Yakima River Basin (YRB) located in the Pacific Northwest US. There was a clear trend of increasing air temperature in this study area over a 30 year period (water years 1991–2020). All stations indicated an increase in average air temperatures for December (0.97 °C/decade) and January (1.12 °C/decade). There was also an upward trend at most stations in February (0.28 °C/decade). In December–February, the average air temperatures were 0.82 °C/decade. From these trends, we estimate that, by 2060, the average air temperatures for December–February at most (82%) stations will be above freezing. Furthermore, analysis of SWE from selected SNOTEL stations indicated a decreasing trend in historical SWE, and a shift to an earlier peak SWE was also assumed to be occurring due of the shorter snow duration. Decreasing trends in snow duration, rain-on-snow, and snowmelt runoff also resulted from snow modeling simulations of the YRB and the nearby area. We also observed a shift in the timing of snowmelt-driven peak streamflow, as well as a statistically significant increase in winter maximum streamflow and decrease in summer maximum and minimum streamflow trends by 2099. From the streamflow trends and complementary GEV analysis, we show that the YRB basin is a system in transition with earlier peak flows, lower snow-driven maximum streamflow, and higher rainfall-driven summer streamflow. This study highlights the importance of looking at changes in snow across multiple indicators to develop future infrastructure and planning tools to better adapt and mitigate changes in extreme events.

scholarly journals Thermal growing season in Poland calculated by two different methods

2015 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 261-273 ◽  
Author(s):  
Małgorzata Kępińska-Kasprzak ◽  
Przemysław Mager
Keyword(s):  
Air Temperature ◽  
Graphical Method ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Threshold Value ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Temperature Changes ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Weather Stations ◽  
Comparative Results

Abstract Methods of identifying dates of passing determined threshold value are of significant importance in the study of thermal growing seasons. The difficulty to determine dates of beginning and end of growing season in a given year stems from the fact that daily mean air temperature changes irregularly on a day-to-day basis often crossing the threshold value (i.e. 5°C) multiple times. The most frequently used method to identify dates of threshold value crossing is the mathematical or graphical method proposed by Gumiński in 1950 which based on monthly mean air temperature values. In the 1970s, Huculak and Makowiec presented a method using daily mean values of air temperature. It is assumed that both methods give comparative results although calculations of daily mean air temperature render more accurate results. This paper presents the comparison of these two methods. Air temperatures measurements from 1966–2005 taken at 38 weather stations located in various physiographic conditions in Poland were used.

scholarly journals Radiation-and-temperature resources of the steppe zone in Ukraine under the climate change conditions in the period of up to 2050

2017 ◽  
pp. 82-89
Author(s):  
А. N. Polevoy ◽  
O. V. Shabliy
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Emissions ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Temperature Regime ◽  
Steppe Zone ◽  
Climate Change Scenarios ◽  
Gas Emissions ◽  
Air Temperatures

Indices of the radiation-and-temperature regime in the Steppe zone of Ukraine in the period of 1986 through 2005, as compared to the expected changes in these indices, calculated in accordance with the two climate change scenarios, RCP4.5 and RCP8.5, for the period of up to 2050, are under consideration in the paper. RCP4.5 is a scenario of stabilization of greenhouse gas emissions into the atmosphere, while RCP8.5 is the one of very high greenhouse gas emissions. To characterize the radiation and thermal resources in the Steppe zone of Ukraine in the period of 1986 through 2005 (the basic period), and the change in the period of 2021 through 2050 calculations of average long-term values for the first group of environmental factors were performed: the duration of daytime, the total daily solar radiation, the intensity of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), the accumulated PAR, the radiation balance of the vegetation cover, and the temperature regime. The following principal agro-climatic characteristics of the temperature regime were considered: dates of stable rise of the air temperature above 0, 5, 10, 15 °C in spring and autumn, duration of the period with air temperatures above 0, 5, 10, 15 °C, the accumulated positive air temperatures for the period with air temperatures above 0, 5, 10, 15 °C, the average air temperature in January and July, and the amplitude. It is pointed out that in the period of up to 2050, according to the calculations in both scenarios, increased indices of the radiation-and-temperature regime will be observed. The values of the radiation regime parameters will predominantly increase in late summer and early autumn. As a result of the inflow of increased accumulated solar radiation, the accumulated temperatures in the period with air temperatures above 5 °C will also rise. The expected increase in the accumulated temperatures will nevertheless not exceed 200 °C. A rise in the total temperature will contribute to better heat supply for the crops.

scholarly journals Tuber Yield, Water Productivity and Post-harvest Quality of Sprinkler-irrigated Chip Potato (solanum tuberosum L.) Under a Semiarid Climate

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Potato Tuber ◽  
Cold Storage ◽  
Tuber Yield ◽  
Storage Period ◽  
Chip Color ◽  
Sucrose Content ◽  
Internal Defects ◽  
Glucose Content ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Physical And Chemical

The potato chip industry has critical requirements regarding tuber physical and chemical aspects and these requirements are the characteristics targeted by chip potato breeding programs. This study aimed to evaluate 33 chip potato cultivars for the tuber yield and some physical and chemical characteristics of the tuber and potato chips at harvest and during cold storage period. Field experiments were conducted during the 2017 and 2018 growing seasons under sprinkler irrigation. Twenty-one cultivars were evaluated in 2017 and 22 cultivars were evaluated in 2018 using a randomized complete block design with four replications. The target traits under this study were tuber yield, tuber size, internal and external defects, sucrose and glucose content of the tuber and the chip color at harvest and during storage time. Fresh potato tuber yield varied with cultivar and ranged from 44.7 to 72.1 t/ha, averaging 58.5t/ha in 2017 and 60.8 t/ha in 2018. In 2017, cultivar NDTX081648CB-13W obtained the highest tuber yield and TX09396-1W obtained the lowest, while in 2018, Lamoka obtained the highest tuber yield and MSW044-1obtained the lowest. Cultivars NDTX081648CB-13W, MSW485-2, Atlantic, ACO1144-1W, and WANETA were the highest yielding cultivars in 2017, and Lamoka, HODAG, NICOLET, DAKOTA PEARL, and AF5429-3 were the highest yielding cultivars in 2018. Potato tuber size class of 4.7-8.75 cm was the most dominant and accounted for 93% in 2017 and 89% in 2018, respectively. Potato tuber specific gravity varied from 1.08-1.11 during both growing seasons and the dry matter content of the tubers ranged from 17.2 to 22.2% W9968-5 and MSV030-4 showed the highest internal defects of 47.2% and 33.7%, respectively, at harvest. W9968-5 still showed the highest external defects during the storage period. CO07070-13W, NDA081453CAB-2C and NY157 showed some internal defects during storage time in 2017. In 2018, NDA081453CAB-2C presented very high undesirable chip color (71.1%) followed by ND7519-1 (33.1%). In 2018, NDTX081648CB-13W, NY152 Niagara, and MSV313-2 showed relatively high internal defects (>15%) while Atlantic, MSV313-2, MSV358-3 and W9968-5 showed the highest external defects. During eight months of cold storage, NY162 showed 44.5% of external defects followed by MSV358-3 (24.6%), MSV313-2 (24%) and W9968-5 (20%). NY162 showed the highest total defects of 44.5% followed by MSV358-3, MSV313-2 and W9968-5 with total defects greater than 20%. Overall, there was a decrease in sucrose contents in the tubers after six months of cold storage except for the cultivars AF5040-8 and NDA081453CAB-2C. It increased thereafter during eight months in cold storage. However, sucrose content of the tubers at the end of the storage period was lower than the sucrose content at harvest except for B2727-2, NDA081453CAB-2C, NDTX081648CB-13W, and CO07070-13W. Significantly 100% increase in sucrose content in tubers of AF5040-8, DAKOTA PEARL, MSW485-2 Huron, MSX540-4 Mackinaw, NDA081453CAB-2C, and NDTX081648CB-13W was observed during the storage period. Glucose content of tubers changed during the storage period and was more noticeable in AF5040-8, AF5040-8, DAKOTA PEARL, MSW485-2 Huron, MSX540-4 Mackinaw, ND7519-1, NDA081453CAB-2C, and NDTX081648CB-13W. There was considerable increase in glucose content in ACO1144-1W, NDA081453CAB-2C, NDTX081648CB-13W, CO07070-13W, and W9968-5 tubers. At nine-month storage period, only Lamoka, ACO1144-1W, AF5040-8, MSX540-4, and CO02321-4W, HODAG, MSV030-4, MSW044-1, NY152 Niagara, NY162, and WANETA HODAG showed nice chip color. NDA081453CAB-2C, NDTX081648CB-13W, ND7519-1, and NDA081453CAB-2C presented the least desirable chip color with score “5”. Cultivars with consistent scores of “1” constitute promising lines for chip potato producers across the dry and hot environment of the southwest region of the United States.

scholarly journals Trend Analysis of Air Temperature in the Federal District of Brazil: 1980–2010

Climate ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (8) ◽  
pp. 89 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valdir Adilson Steinke ◽  
Luis Alberto Martins Palhares de Melo ◽  
Mamedes Luiz Melo ◽  
Rafael Rodrigues da Franca ◽  
Rebecca Luna Lucena ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Temperature ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Statistical Tests ◽  
Federal District ◽  
Data Series ◽  
Public Administrators ◽  
Temperature Trends ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Weather Stations ◽  
Maximum Minimum

This study was designed to identify trends in maximum, minimum, and average air temperatures in the Federal District of Brazil from 1980 to 2010, measured at five weather stations. Three statistical tests (Wald–Wolfowitz, Cox–Stuart, and Mann–Kendall) were tested for their applicability for this purpose, and the ones found to be most suitable for the data series were validated. For this data sample, it was observed that the application of the Wald–Wolfowitz test and its validation by the Cox–Stuart and Mann–Kendall tests was the best solution for analyzing the air temperature trends. The results showed an upward trend in average and maximum air temperature at three weather stations, a downward trend at one, and the absence of any trend at two. If the trend of increasing air temperature in the Federal District persists, it could have a negative impact on various sectors of society, mainly on the health of the population, especially during the dry season when more cases of respiratory diseases are registered. These results could serve as inputs for public administrators involved in the planning and formulation of public policies.

scholarly journals Impact of CO2 concentration on indoor air quality and correlation with relative humidity and indoor air temperature in school buildings in Serbia

2016 ◽  
Vol 20 (suppl. 1) ◽  
pp. 297-307 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivan Lazovic ◽  
Zarko Stevanovic ◽  
Milena Jovasevic-Stojanovic ◽  
Marija Zivkovic ◽  
Milos Banjac
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Indoor Air ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Winter Season ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Concentration ◽  
Average Concentration ◽  
Heating Season

Previous studies have shown that poorly ventilated classrooms can have negative impact on the health of children and school staff. In most cases, schools in Serbia are ventilated naturally. Considering their high occupancy, classroom air quality test determines the level of air pollution, after which it is possible to implement corrective measures. The research presented in this study was conducted in four schools which are located in different areas and have different architecture designs. Measurements in these schools have been performed during the winter (heating season) and spring (non-heating season) and the following results were presented: indoor air temperature, relative humidity and carbon dioxide concentration. These results show that the classroom average concentration of carbon dioxide often exceeds the value of 1500 ppm, during its full occupancy, which indicates inadequate ventilation. Measurement campaigns show that carbon dioxide concentration increased significantly from non-heating to heating season in three of the four schools. Analysis of measurements also determined high correlation between relative humidity and carbon dioxide concentration in all schools in winter season. This fact may constitute a solid basis for the fresh air supply strategy.

scholarly journals Seasonal dynamics of methane emissions from a subarctic fen in the Hudson Bay Lowlands

2013 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 4539-4574
Author(s):  
K. L. Hanis ◽  
M. Tenuta ◽  
B. D. Amiro ◽  
T. N. Papakyriakou
Keyword(s):  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Surface Soil Temperature ◽  
Filling Method ◽  
Highly Correlated

Abstract. Ecosystem-scale methane (CH4) flux (FCH4) over a subarctic fen at Churchill, Manitoba, Canada was measured to understand the magnitude of emissions during spring and fall shoulder seasons, and the growing season in relation to physical and biological conditions. FCH4 was measured using eddy covariance with a closed-path analyzer in four years (2008–2011). Cumulative measured annual FCH4 (shoulder plus growing seasons) ranged from 3.0 to 9.6 g CH4 m−2 yr−1 among the four study years, with a mean of 6.5 to 7.1 g CH4 m−2 yr−1 depending upon gap-filling method. Soil temperatures to depths of 50 cm and air temperature were highly correlated with FCH4, with near surface soil temperature at 5 cm most correlated across spring, fall, and the whole season. The response of FCH4 to soil temperature at the 5 cm depth and air temperature was more than double in spring to that of fall. Emission episodes were generally not observed during spring thaw. Growing season emissions also depended upon soil and air temperatures but water table also exerted influence with FCH4 highest when water was 2–13 cm below and least when it was at or above the mean peat surface.

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