scholarly journals Growth performance and body composition of giant trahira fingerlings fed diets with different protein and energy levels

2010 ◽  
Vol 45 (9) ◽  
pp. 1021-1027 ◽  
Author(s):  
Galileu Crovatto Veras ◽  
Ana Lucia Salaro ◽  
Jener Alexandre Sampaio Zuanon ◽  
Antonio Policarpo Souza Carneiro ◽  
Daniel Abreu Vasconcelo Campelo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Energy Levels ◽  
Mineral Matter ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Body Lipid ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Dietary Crude Protein ◽  
Energy Retention ◽  
Gross Energy

The objective of this work was to determine the proper levels of protein and energy in diets of Hoplias lacerdae fingerlings. The dietary crude protein (CP) and gross energy (GE) levels for fingerlings of giant trahira were evaluated in a completely randomized 4x3 factorial design with 35, 39, 43 and 47% CP and 4,100, 4,300 and 4,500 kcal kg-1 of GE, and four replicates. The survival rate was 99.22%, and a linear improvement on the performance parameters was detected after increasing diet crude protein levels. Feed conversion ratio decreased with increasing levels of dietary protein and energy in the diets. A significant interaction between crude protein and gross energy was observed over body protein and mineral matter. Body lipid has increased linearly as gross energy in the diet increased. The retention of crude protein and energy showed a linear increasing with rising of crude protein levels in the diet. Crude protein level at 47% provides the best performance and energy retention, independently of the gross energy levels in the diet.

scholarly journals Impact of Microbial Protease Enzyme and Dietary Crude Protein Levels on Growth and Nutrients Digestibility in Broilers over 15–28 Days

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 2499
Author(s):  
Abdul Jabbar ◽  
Muhammad Tahir ◽  
Ibrahim A. Alhidary ◽  
Mutassim A. Abdelrahman ◽  
Hani Albadani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Conversion Ratio ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Dietary Crude Protein ◽  
Protease Enzyme ◽  
Microbial Protease ◽  
Gross Energy

In this trial, a 3 × 2 factorial design with different dietary crude protein levels (CP, 17, 19 and 21%) and two levels of exogenous protease (0 and 30,000 IU/kg) was used. A total of 540 two-week old broilers (Ross-308) was randomly allocated to experimental diets over 15–28 days of age. The interaction between dietary protein levels and enzyme supplementation showed that body weight gain was significantly (p < 0.05) higher in birds fed CP-19 (1114.7 g) and CP-21 (1108.8 g) with enzymes supplementation. Feed intake was higher (p < 0.05) in broilers fed with CP-17 than CP-19 with supplementation of the protease enzyme. Results also revealed that the feed conversion ratio (FCR) was significantly (p < 0.05) improved in birds fed with CP-19 and CP-21 and protease supplementation. Total tract N retention was lower (p < 0.05) in birds fed CP-17 with no enzyme than the other dietary groups. Similarly, the gross energy (GE) was significantly (p < 0.05) lower in birds fed CP-17 with or without the protease enzyme. Abdominal fat was higher (p < 0.05) in CP-17 (0.96%) without the protease enzyme. It was concluded that a diet at 19% CP with the protease enzyme improved the performance and nutrient digestibility in broilers over 15–28 days.

scholarly journals Chemical Composition and Nutritive Value of Some Wild-Gathered Tropical Plant Seeds

1996 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 1-4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ikechukwu E. Ezeagu ◽  
Cornelia C. Metges ◽  
Jürgen Proll ◽  
Klaus J. Petzke ◽  
Akintunde O. Akinsoyinu
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Energy Levels ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Total Carbohydrate ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Plant Seeds ◽  
Tropical Plant ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Alternative Sources

As part of the search for alternative sources of food to alleviate hunger, this study reports the approximate total contents of soluble sugars, starch, and gross energy of nine lesser-known wild-gathered plant seeds. High crude protein levels occurred in Lonchocarpus sericeus (28.03%), Albizia zygia (32.90%), and Gliricidia septum (34.15%). High levels of fat occurred in Entandrophragma angolense (59.30%), L. sericeus (34.15%), and Millettia thonningii (30.66%). Low levels of crude protein but high levels of total carbohydrate were found in Diospyros mespiliformis (77.21% carbohydrate), Daneillia ogea (74.32% carbohydrate), and Afzelia belle (53.96% carbohydrate). Starch contents were high in A. zygia (40.46%), D. ogea (69.62%), and A. belle (51.43%). The seeds with high fat content invariably showed high gross energy levels: E. angolense (30.9 kJ/g), L. sericeus (24.37 kJ/g), and M. thonningii (25.12 kJ/g). The results are compared to those for soya bean and other common staples. It is concluded that these less familiar wild seed plants should not be ignored, but further investigation into possible toxic and antinutrient factors, amino acid patterns, digestibility, and fatty acid composition is still required before recommendations are made.

scholarly journals Dietary protein and energy requirements of juvenile freshwater angelfish

2009 ◽  
Vol 38 (6) ◽  
pp. 989-993 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jener Alexandre Sampaio Zuanon ◽  
Ana Lúcia Salaro ◽  
Sofia Simões Silveira Moraes ◽  
Leandro Moreno de Oliveira Alves ◽  
Eric Márcio Balbino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Energy Levels ◽  
Stocking Density ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Dietary Crude Protein ◽  
Final Weight ◽  
Final Length ◽  
Pterophyllum Scalare

Dietary protein and energy requirements of juvenile freshwater angelfish (Pterophyllum scalare) were evaluated. A 3 × 2 factorial design was used, with three dietary crude protein levels being tested (26, 30, and 34% of CP) combined with two digestible energy levels (3,100 and 3,300 kcal DE/kg of diet) in three replicates. Juveniles averaging 2.33 ± 0.26 g were reared in a 25L-aquarium with controlled temperature (26 ± 1ºC), biological filter and stocking density of six fish/aquarium. Fish were fed ad libitum at 09:00 a.m., 2:00 p.m. and 4:30 p.m. The following performance parameters were evaluated: final weight, final length, weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, specific growth rate, protein efficiency ratio and condition factor. Fish fed diets with 26% CP showed greater protein efficiency values when compared to those fed diets with 34% CP. Diets with 26% of CP and 3100 kcal DE/kg could meet the nutritional requirements of juvenile freshwater angelfish.

scholarly journals The influence of dietary protein and energy levels on the performance, meat bone ratio and meat chemical composition of SenSi-1 Agrinak chicken

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cecep Hidayat ◽  
Sofjan Iskandar
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Production Efficiency ◽  
Energy Levels ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Meat Production ◽  
Treatment Combination ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Dietary Crude Protein

<p class="Default"><span lang="EN-US">Sensi-1 Agrinak is a strain of the improved native chickens for meat production in Indonesia. The objective of </span><span lang="IN">this</span><span lang="EN-US"> study  was to investigate influence of different dietary energy and protein levels on </span><span lang="IN">p</span><span lang="EN-US">erformance, meat bone ratio</span><span lang="IN">,</span><span lang="EN-US"> and meat chemical composition of Sensi-1 Agrinak chicken, reared until 10 weeks of age. Two hundred and sixteen of unsexed day old chickens (DOC) of  Sensi-1 Agrinak were subjected to six experimental rations differed in dietary crude protein (CP) content,. </span><span lang="IN">Namely:</span><span lang="EN-US"> 21;19; and 17 % and dietary  metabolizable  energy (ME) (2800 and 3000 kcal/kg). Each treatment combination was replicated  four times and fed from day old to 10 weeks old. In each treatment combination there were nine unsexed-DOCs. The parameters observed were performance (i.e. live weight, feed intake, viability, FCR), economic index (European Production Efficiency Factor/EPEF), meat bone ratio, and meat chemical composition.  </span><span lang="IN">R</span><span lang="EN-US">esult showed that  </span><span lang="EN-US">increas</span><span lang="IN">ed</span><span lang="EN-US"> of dietary CP level increased live weight and EPEF (p&lt;0.05). Sensi-1 Agrinak chicken had the best FCR (2.59), when fed  diet containing 21% CP and 3000 kcal/kg. Increas</span><span lang="IN">ed</span><span lang="EN-US"> dietary CP level increased the  meat-bone ratio of breast, thighs, and drumsticks. Meanwhile, increas</span><span lang="IN">ed</span><span lang="EN-US"> levels of dietary CP and ME did not affect (p&gt;0.05) meat chemical composition. It </span><span lang="IN">is</span><span lang="EN-US"> concluded that optimal dietary levels of crude protein and energy for unsexed Sensi-1 Agrinak chicken  up to 10 weeks of age were 21% CP and 3000 kcal/kg.</span></p>

scholarly journals Determining the Importance of Macro and Trace Dietary Minerals on Growth and Nutrient Retention in Juvenile Penaeus monodon

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 2086
Author(s):  
Ha H. Truong ◽  
Amy F. Moss ◽  
Nicholas A. Bourne ◽  
Cedric J. Simon
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Penaeus Monodon ◽  
Nutrient Retention ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Crude Lipid ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Energy Retention ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Dietary Minerals ◽  
Dietary Treatments

Twelve minerals were screened to identify key dietary minerals important for Penaeus monodon growth. The minerals selected included boron, calcium plus phosphorus (assessed in tandem at a 1:1 ratio), cobalt, copper, magnesium, manganese, potassium, selenium, sodium, strontium and zinc. Twelve purified casein/gelatin-based diets were formulated and contained minerals at two levels: below expected requirements, as attributed by the basal formulation (−) and above expected requirements by adding inorganic minerals (+). The two levels were allocated to dietary treatments in juvenile prawns in accordance with the PB design. A two-level screening analysis was employed where effect of each mineral at level − or + across twelve diets were compared to identify the minerals of importance for culture performance of juvenile prawns. Calcium plus phosphorus (at a 1:1 ratio), magnesium, boron, manganese, selenium and zinc produced the greatest positive effects on weight gain, feed conversion efficiency, biomass gain and nutrient/energy retention. Particularly, boron and manganese significantly increased retention of key macronutrients and energy including gross energy, crude protein and crude lipid. Our study demonstrates the importance of several macro and trace minerals in prawn diets and the pressing need to refine their requirements for P. monodon.

scholarly journals UTILIZATION OF CROP RESIDUES AND AGRO-INDUSTRIAL BY-PRODUCTS AS COMPLETE DIETS FOR WEST AFRICAN DWARF SHEEP AND GOATS

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-160
Author(s):  
E. A. ADEBOWALE ◽  
A. A. TAIWO
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Energy Levels ◽  
Industrial Wastes ◽  
Weight Changes ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Sheep And Goats ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Dwarf Sheep

Two experiments consisting of three dietary treatments each were conducted on the use of crop residues and agro-industrial wastes for formulating complete diets for growing West production. African dwarf sheep and goats. Growth Performance and digestibility studies were carried out with the animals, In experiment  Crude protein (CP), ash and gross energy levels increased from diet 1 to diet 3 while the crude fibre contents decreased progressively. Sheep consumed more nutrients (P<0.01) than goats. In the streep, the highest dry matter intake (DMI) was on diet 2 (74.1y/kyw 0.75). However,the intakes of CP and energy on diets 2 and 3 d were similar (P1.05). Energy intake was highest in diet 3 for goats, while DMI (47.6g/kW0.75 .) was comparable (P>0.05) to those on diets 1and 2 (50.5 and 45.0y/kyW0.75 respectively. Various strategies Sheep and goats digested DM, CP and energy similarly (P>0.05). Diet 3 was the most digestible (P<0.01) for energy in both species. Digestibility of DM and CP was best in diet 3 for sheep. The highest (P<0.05) weight gain of 60.3y/day was for sheep on diet 3. The best feed conversion efficiency (FCE) was also recorded for the same diet for sheep (10.0%) and goat (9.2%). In Experiment 2, crude protein levels fibre decreased from diets 1 to 3. Concentrations of HCN (16.7 and 19.3mg/kgfor primary diets 1 and 2 respectively) were low. Sheep consumed more (P<0.05) DM than goats (83.8 and 79.5g/kg w respectively) while CP was consumed similarly (P>0.05), Goats digested DM (68.2% better (P<0.05) than sheep (59.6%). Diets did not influence (P>0.05) the DM digestibility within the two species. The highest (P<0.05) weight changes were recorded on diet in 3 for sheep and goats (112.4 and 55.2g/dey

scholarly journals Effect of dietary protein levels on the performance and carcass characteristics of cockerel finishers

2021 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. I. Salami ◽  
O. G. Longe ◽  
J. A. Oluyemi
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Carcass Characteristics ◽  
Response Criteria ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Dietary Crude Protein ◽  
Metabolisable Energy ◽  
Diet Dilution ◽  
Modified Diet

A study was carried out to investigate the effect of dietary crude protein (CP) levels in diets of 2600kcal kg metabolisable energy content on the performance and carcass characteristics of cockerel finishers. The experimental diets A, B, C, D and E contained CP levels of 140, 160, 180, 200 and 200g kg and they were produced by modified diet dilution technique. Response criteria such as weight gain and feed conversion ratio, among others, and carcass characteristics were measured. Results on performance and carcass characteristics, with the exception of the neck, intestinal weights  and other visceral offals, revealed that these response criteria were optimized in the birds fed on 180g kg dietary CP level. Beyond this level, it was nor beneficial to feed higher CP levels. It is therefore, concluded that the CP requirement of finisher cockerels is 18% on the bases of their Performance and carcass characteristics.

scholarly journals A Mixture of Chicken Viscera, Housefly Larvae and Spirulina Waste as Replacement of Fishmeal in Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Diets

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-21
Author(s):  
Cayen Sédro Alofa ◽  
Youssouf Abou
Keyword(s):  
Oreochromis Niloticus ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Male Fish ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
Commercial Feed ◽  
Alternative Protein ◽  
Nile Tilapia Oreochromis Niloticus ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Chicken Viscera

This research investigated different blends of spirulina waste (SW), chicken viscera meal (CVM) and housefly maggot meal (HMM) as alternative protein sources on growth performance, feed utilization and body composition of Oreochromis niloticus fingerlings. Triplicate groups of male fish (initial mean weight, 6.09±0.5g) were fed a commercial feed Skretting (SK), fish meal (FM) based-diet D0 (30%FM), diet D1 (FM+SW+HMM), diet D2 (FM+SW+CVM), diet D3 (FM+HMM+CVM) and diet D4 (SW+HMM+CVM) for 84 days. Diets were isonitrogenous (35% crude protein) and isoenergetic (19 KJ/g gross energy). No effects were found on survival rate and body protein content of fish fed experimental diets. Specific growth rate, weight gain, feed conversion ratio and protein efficiency ratio (PER) of fish fed D0 and SK did not differ significantly from those fed diet D3. These parameters were significantly lower in fish fed the other diets (P<0.05). Feed intake significantly decreased in fish fed diet D1 and D2 while PER obtained did not differ than those fed control diets. The higher profit index was recorded in the tested diets and the lower in the control diets. The results of this study indicate that fishmeal level for O. niloticus could be reduced to 5 % by inclusion of CVM and HMM in combination.

scholarly journals Effects of feeding varying dietary crude protein and digestible energy concentrations on performance of pigs raised in a humid tropical environment

2021 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-40
Author(s):  
O. M. Oyeleke
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Energy Levels ◽  
Feed Utilization ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Weanling Pigs ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Protein Levels

This paper aims at investigating relationships and effects of varying protein and energy levels on growth performance, efficiency of feed conversion and efficiency of nutrient utilization of weanling pigs fed from of 9 to 60kg. A total of one hundred and twenty weanling pigs weighing ± 9kg were allotted randomly to sixteen groups of eight pigs each. for females and four castrated males in a 4x 4factorial design. The sixteen diets consist of four digestible energy levels (3,000: 3300: 3,600 and 3,900 kcal/kg) and four crude protein levels (18; 21: 24 and 27%). The pigs were fed these experimental diets until they attained a predetermined liveweight of 60 +1.5 kg. The effects of the varying crude protein and digestible energy were studied on growth and performance parameters Neither protein nor energy levels significantly affected daily feed intake, but significantly decreased daily feed intake at 27protein level. Daily protein intake was influenced by protein intake and digestible energy intake was also significantly influenced by digestible energy intake. There were no significant interactions between protein and energy levels with respect to feed intake and intake of protein and energy Energy but no protein levels significantly influenced rate of live weight gain. Feed conversion efficiency (FEC) was highly (P 0.001) influenced by energy but not protein levels. In both sexes, females and castrated males, increasing dietary levels of protein and energy resulted in improved efficiency of feed utilization within protein levels but there were significant differences between the two highest energy levels for castrated males and within the diets with 3.300, 3.600 and 3.900 kcal/DE/kg for the females. When high protein levels were combined with high energy levels feed intakes were depressed only on the 279% protein level. Feed conversion efficiency was maximized on the diet with 21 and 249% protein levels with appreciable sex diferences, with female pigs requiring more protein than males. Digestible Energy range of 3,300 and 3,600 kcalkg would be adequate for maximum gain and efficiency of feed utilization in pigs under the humid tropical environment tropical. Feed to gain ratio, a very important economic index should be an important index of the quality of any diet for promoting growth. 

scholarly journals Performance of juveniles of Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum fed graded levels of corn gluten meal

2012 ◽  
Vol 47 (6) ◽  
pp. 838-845 ◽  
Author(s):  
Álvaro José de Almeida Bicudo ◽  
Ricardo Borghesi ◽  
Jony Koji Dairiki ◽  
Ricardo Yuji Sado ◽  
José Eurico Possebon Cyrino
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Corn Gluten Meal ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
Corn Gluten ◽  
Mesenteric Fat ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Yellow Coloration ◽  
Yellow Pigmentation ◽  
Striped Catfish

The objective of this work was to evaluate corn gluten meal (CGM) as a substitute for fish meal in diets for striped catfish (Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum) juveniles. Eight isonitrogenous (46% crude protein) and isoenergetic (3,450 kcal kg-1 digestible energy) diets, with increasing levels of CGM - 0, 6, 12, 18, 24, 30, 36, and 42% -, were fed to juvenile striped catfish (113.56±5.10 g) for seven weeks. Maximum values for weight gain, specific growth rate, protein efficiency ratio and feed conversion ratio, evaluated by polynomial quadratic regression, were observed with 10.4, 11.4, 15.4 and 15% of CGM inclusion, respectively. Feed intake decreased significantly from 0.8% CGM. Mesenteric fat index and body gross energy decreased linearly with increasing levels of CGM; minimum body protein contents were observed with 34.1% CGM. Yellow pigmentation of fillets significantly increased until 26.5% CGM, and decreased from this point forth. Both plasma glucose and protein concentrations decreased with increased CGM levels. The inclusion of 10-15% CGM promotes optimum of striped catfish juveniles depending on the parameter evaluated. Yellow coloration in fillets produced by CGM diets can have marketing implications.

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