Crop Growth and Yield Losses in Wheat Due to Little Seed Canary Grass Infestation Differ with Weed Densities and Changes in Environment

ABSTRACT: Understanding the weed interference with different sowing times of crop is inevitable for forecasting yield losses by weed infestation and designing sustainable weed management systems. A field experiment was carried out to evaluate the effects of sowing dates (20th November, 10th December) and various little seed canary grass (LCG) infestation levels (10, 20, 30 and 40 plant m-2) on growth and yield of wheat under semiarid conditions. Plots with two natural infestations of weeds including LCG (Unweeded control; UWC) and excluding LCG (UWC-LCG) were maintained for comparing its interference in pure stands with designated densities. A season-long weed-free (WFC) treatment was also run. All the weeds/LCG infestation levels starting from 10 LCG plants m-2 considerably reduced the wheat growth (leaf area index, crop growth rate, total dry matter accumulation) and hampered the yield contributing factors in both sowing dates. Presence of LCG was more detrimental for growth of late-sown wheat (10th Dec), therefore, 40 LCG plants m-2 recorded more reductions in growth indices of wheat even than UWC. In late sown wheat crop, the grain yield losses by 40 LCG plants m-2 and UWC were comparable, however, these losses were much greater than UWC LCG. In crux, delay in sowing of wheat not only reduced the crop growth and yield but also enhanced the LCG/weed interference. Furthermore, greater competitive ability of LCG particularly for late-sown wheat suggests that it should be controlled in order to provide healthy environment for crop plants.

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Nitrogen Supply Affects Grain Yield by Regulating Antioxidant Enzyme Activity and Photosynthetic Capacity of Maize Plant in the Loess Plateau

Agronomy ◽

10.3390/agronomy11061094 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (6) ◽

pp. 1094

Author(s):

Kai Yue ◽

Lingling Li ◽

Junhong Xie ◽

Setor Kwami Fudjoe ◽

Renzhi Zhang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Grain Yield ◽

Antioxidant Enzyme ◽

Loess Plateau ◽

Photosynthetic Capacity ◽

Growth And Yield ◽

Dry Matter Accumulation ◽

The Loess Plateau ◽

Area Index ◽

Leaf Stage ◽

Significant Difference

Nitrogen (N) is the most limiting nutrient for maize, and appropriate N fertilization can promote maize growth and yield. The effect of N fertilizer rates and timings on morphology, antioxidant enzymes, and grain yield of maize (Zea mays L.) in the Loess Plateau of China was evaluated. The four N levels, i.e., 0 (N0), 100 (N1), 200 (N2), and 300 (N3) kg ha−1, were applied at two timings (T1, one-third N at sowing and two-thirds at the six-leaf stage of maize; T2, one-third applied at sowing, six-leaf stage, and eleven-leaf stage of maize). The results show that N2 and N3 significantly increased the plant height, stem and leaf dry weight, and leaf area index of maize compared with a non-N-fertilized control (N0). The net photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, and leaf chlorophyll contents were lower, while the intercellular carbon dioxide concentration was higher for non-fertilized plants compared to fertilized plants. The activities of peroxidase (POD) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) increased with N rate, but the difference between 200 and 300 kg ha−1 was not significant; further, the isozyme bands of POD and SOD also changed with their activities. Compared with a non-N-fertilized control, N2 and N3 significantly increased grain yield by 2.76- and 3.11-fold in 2018, 2.74- and 2.80-fold in 2019, and 2.71- and 2.89-fold in 2020, and there was no significant difference between N2 and N3. N application timing only affected yield in 2018. In conclusion, 200 kg N ha−1 application increased yield through optimizing the antioxidant enzyme system, increasing photosynthetic capacity, and promoting dry matter accumulation. Further research is necessary to evaluate the response of more cultivars under more seasons to validate the results obtained.

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Effect of sowing time on growth and yield attributes of three mustard cultivars grown in Tidal Floodplain of Bangladesh

Journal of the Bangladesh Agricultural University ◽

10.3329/jbau.v14i2.32689 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 14 (2) ◽

pp. 155-160

Author(s):

MAR Sharif ◽

MZ Haque ◽

MHK Howlader ◽

MJ Hossain

Keyword(s):

Grain Yield ◽

Leaf Area Index ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Growth And Yield ◽

Index Number ◽

Sowing Time ◽

Area Index ◽

Yield Attributes ◽

Sowing Dates ◽

1000 Grain Weight

The experiment was conducted at the field laboratory of the Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Patuakhali, Bangladesh during the period from November, 2011 to March 2012 under the tidal Floodplain region to find out optimum sowing time for the selected three cultivars (BARI Sharisha-15, BINA Sharisha-5 and BARI Sharisha-9). There were four sowing dates viz. 30 November, 15 December, 30 December and 15 January. Significant variations due to different sowing dates were observed in plant height, total dry matter, leaf area index, number of siliqua plant-1, seeds silique-1, 1000-grain weight, grain yield and HI. Results showed that the highest grain yield (1.73 t ha-1) was obtained from the first sowing (30 November) with BINA Sharisha-5 and it was significantly different from the yields of all other combination.J. Bangladesh Agril. Univ. 14(2): 155-160, December 2016

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Growth and yield of wheat at different dates of sowing under chrland ecosystem of Bangladesh

Journal of the Bangladesh Agricultural University ◽

10.3329/jbau.v14i2.32688 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 14 (2) ◽

pp. 147-154 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

MM Kamrozzaman ◽

MAH Khan ◽

S Ahmed ◽

N Sultana

Keyword(s):

Growth Rate ◽

Leaf Area Index ◽

Leaf Area ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Block Design ◽

Grain Filling ◽

Crop Growth ◽

Growth And Yield ◽

Area Index ◽

Crop Growth Rate

An experiment was conducted at Sadipur charland under Farming System Research and Development Site, Hatgobindapur, Faridpur, during rabi season of 2012-13 and 2013-14 to study the growth and yield performance of cv. BARI Gom-24 as affected by different dates of sowing under Agro-ecological Zone-12 (AEZ-12) of Bangladesh. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design with six replications, comprising five different dates of sowing viz. November 5, November 15, November 25, December 5 and December 15. Results reveal that the tallest plant, leaf area index, total dry matter, and crop growth rate were observed in November 25 sown crop and leaf area index, total dry matter and crop growth rate were higher at booting, grain filling, and tillering stages of the crop. Maximum effective tillers hill-1 (3.49), spikes m-2, (311), number of grains spike-1 (42.20) and 1000-grain weight (52.10 g) were produced by November 25 sown crop exhibited the highest grain (4.30 t ha-1) and straw yield (4.94 t ha-1) as well as harvest index (46.88%) of the crop. Lowest performance was observed both in early (November 5) and late sown crop (December 15). The overall results indicated that November 25 sown crop showed better performance in respect of growth and yield of wheat under charland ecosystem of Bangladesh.J. Bangladesh Agril. Univ. 14(2): 147-154, December 2016

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Growth and Yield Performance of Cowpea (Vigna Unguiculata (L.) Walp) as influenced by Row-Spacing and Period of Weed interference in South-West Nigeria

Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.5539/jas.v6n4p188 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 6 (4) ◽

pp. 188 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Joseph Adigun ◽

A. O. Osipitan ◽

Segun Toyosi Lagoke ◽

Raphael Olusegun Adeyemi ◽

Stephen Olaoluwa Afolami

Keyword(s):

Grain Yield ◽

Vigna Unguiculata ◽

Growth Parameter ◽

Crop Growth ◽

Growth And Yield ◽

Row Spacing ◽

Grain Yields ◽

Weed Interference ◽

Weed Infestation ◽

Weed Removal

Weed problem appears to be the most deleterious factor causing between 25 and 60% reduction in potential yield of cowpea. Field trials were therefore conducted to study the effect of inter-row spacing and period of weed interference on growth and yield of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L) Walp) at the Teaching and Research Farm of the Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta (07° 15'; 03° 25' E) in South Western Nigeria during the early and late wet seasons of 2009. The experiment consisted of eight main plots of weed interference which included initial weed removal for 3, 6, 9, and 12 weeks after sowing (WAS) and subsequently weed –infested until harvest as well as initial weed infestation for corresponding periods and thereafter kept weed free until harvest. There were also sub-plot treatments of three inter-row spacing of 60, 75, and 90 cm. All treatments in different combinations were laid out in a split-plot design with three replications. In both trials, the use of inter-row spacing of 60 cm resulted in significant reduction in weed growth as evident in lower weed dry matter production and subsequent higher cowpea pod and grain yields than those of 75 and 90 cm inter-row spacing. Initial weed infestation of up to 3 WAS did not have any adverse effect on crop growth and cowpea grain yields provided the weeds were subsequently removed. On the other hand, cowpea grain yield loss was not significantly averted by keeping the crop weed free for only 3 WAS without subsequent weed removal. In this study, initial weed-infestation for 6 WAS and beyond significantly depressed various crop growth parameter and cowpea grain yield compared with the crop kept weed free throughout its life cycle. In order to obtain optimum yields similar to that of the weed free cowpea field, it was required to keep the crop weed free for 6 WAS and beyond. However, frequent weeding beyond 9 weeks after sowing did not improve cowpea yield significantly and as a matter of fact it may even result in reduction of cowpea grain yield due to mechanical damage of hoe weeding. The practical implication of this finding is that early weeding starting from 3 WAS is very crucial for cowpea production while the critical period of weed removal for optimum yield in cowpea is between 3 and 9 WAS in the forest-savannah transitional zone of south Western Nigeria.

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Effect of Cowpea severe mosaic virus on Crop Growth Characteristics and Yield of Cowpea

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pd-89-0515 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 89 (5) ◽

pp. 515-520 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

H. M. Booker ◽

P. Umaharan ◽

C. R. McDavid

Keyword(s):

Mosaic Virus ◽

Leaf Area ◽

Growth Phase ◽

Field Experiments ◽

Yield Loss ◽

Crop Growth ◽

Growth And Yield ◽

Exponential Growth Phase ◽

Area Index ◽

The Impact

Field experiments were carried out in St. Augustine, Trinidad & Tobago, West Indies to determine the effects of time of inoculation of Cowpea severe mosaic virus (CPSMV) and cultivar on crop growth and yield in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata). Crop growth and yield loss were investigated through growth analysis and yield component analysis on three cultivars in two seasons (wet and dry). Time of inoculation had the most profound impact on yield. Inoculations during the early log phase (seedling stage), 12 days after seeding (DAS), consistently had the greatest impact (50 to 85% yield loss) compared with those inoculated during the exponential growth phase (24 DAS; 22 to 66% yield loss) or linear growth phase (35 DAS; 2 to 36% yield loss). The effects were particularly pronounced in the dry season and in the more determinate cultivar, H8-8-27. Reduction in maximum leaf area index, leaf area duration, or maximum vegetative dry matter explained reductions in yield. Yield reductions resulted primarily from reduced pod number per plant and, to a lesser extent, from reduced average pod dry weight. The results show that CPSMV control measures should be aimed at delaying infection by CPSMV to minimize the impact on cowpea yield.

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Effect of Different Dates of Sowing on Growth, Yield Attributes and Yield of Various Cultivars of Kharif Blackgram (Vigna mungo L.) under Amritsar Conditions

Agricultural Science Digest - A Research Journal ◽

10.18805/ag.d-5297 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Karan Kumar ◽

Rakesh Kumar

Keyword(s):

Seed Yield ◽

Seed Weight ◽

Growth Yield ◽

Vigna Mungo ◽

Limiting Factors ◽

Dry Matter Accumulation ◽

Area Index ◽

Yield Attributes ◽

Kharif Season ◽

Sowing Dates

Background: Among pulses, blackgram is one of most important crop. Blackgram has originated from Indian sub-continent where it has been cultivated from ancient times and standout amongst most expensive pulse crop in India. Being observed, the productivity of blackgram is low in India as well as in Punjab due to lack of knowledge regarding various agronomic implementations, among them, time of sowing and selection of suitable cultivar are one of the major limiting factors in production, especially during kharif season. Methods: The research was carried out to investigate the effect of different dates of sowing on growth, yield attributes and yield of various cultivars of kharif blackgram (Vigna mungo L.) during kharif season 2019 at Student’s Research Farm, Department of Agriculture, Khalsa College, Amritsar. The experiment was laid-out in split-plot design, consisting of four dates of sowing (8th July, 18th July, 28th July and 8th August) as main-plot treatments and three cultivars (Mash114, Mash 338 and KUG 479) as sub-plot treatments, with four replications. Result: Among the sowing dates, the higher seed yield (10.27 q/ha) of blackgram was recorded when crop was raised on 8th July, which was significantly 12.6%, 20.3% and 30.5% higher than 18th July, 28th July and 8th August sown crop respectively. Among blackgram cultivars, the higher seed yield was observed in Mash 114 (10.19 q/ha) which was significantly 14% and 32% superior over Mash 338 and KUG 479 respectively. The sowing dates and cultivars had significant effect on the pods/plant, seeds/pod and seed weight/plant. The significantly higher number of pods/plant (24.3), seeds/pod (6.8) and seed weight/plant (3.2 g) were obtained with 8th July sown crop as compared to 28th July and 8th August sown crop. Among the cultivars, the significantly higher number of pods/plant (23.6), seeds/pod (6.4) and seed weight/plant (3.2 g) were recorded with Mash 114. The growth parameters viz. Plant height, nodules/plant, leaf area index and dry matter accumulation, were shown decreased trend by 29.2%, 19.13%, 12.2% and 25.4% respectively with the delay in sowing from 8th July to 8th August.

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Growth and yield attributes of wheat crop in response to application of micronutrients: A review

Journal of Applied and Natural Science ◽

10.31018/jans.v11i4.2167 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (4) ◽

pp. 823-829

Author(s):

Ganpat Louhar

Keyword(s):

Growth Rate ◽

Grain Yield ◽

Leaf Area ◽

Foliar Application ◽

Animal Health ◽

Growth And Yield ◽

Wheat Crop ◽

Optimum Dose ◽

Area Index ◽

Yield Attributes

Wheat is one of the most important cereal crop and staple foods in the world. Increase in productivity of wheat by balance nutrient management is one of the most crucial factors. The main objective this study is to assessing the role of micronutrients in improving different components of wheat yield. There are different methods of application such as seed priming, soil application and fortification but foliar application is more beneficial. This is due to response of foliar application has positive and quadrate in nature i.e. the optimum dose of foliar application of zinc for grain yield of wheat was observed as 0.04%. Among treatments of micronutrient alone or combined forms give better results over control. Results have show that micronutrient application substantially improved leaf area index (LAI), leaf area duration, CGR (Crop growth rate), RGR (Relative growth rate), NAR (Net assimilation rate), plant height, spike length, spikelets/spike, grains/spike, test weight, tillers m-2, grain yield, chlorophyll content and biological yield as well as harvest index of wheat. The yield and quality of wheat products improved and boosted by micronutrient applications. Therefore, human and animal health will be protected with the feed of enriched and balanced nutrition of produce as well as it will help in facing the severe global food security.

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Effect of Mulching on Growth and Yield of Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) on the Coastal Sandy Land in Nghe An Province, Vietnam

Indian Journal of Agricultural Research ◽

10.18805/ijare.af-689 ◽

2022 ◽

Author(s):

Tran Xuan Minh ◽

Nguyen Cong Thanh ◽

Tran Hau Thin ◽

Nguyen Thi Huong Giang ◽

Nguyen Thi Tieng

Keyword(s):

Arachis Hypogaea ◽

Management Practices ◽

Block Design ◽

Growth And Yield ◽

Dry Matter Accumulation ◽

Sandy Land ◽

Plastic Mulch ◽

Area Index ◽

Straw Mulch ◽

Arachis Hypogaea L

Background: Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is one of the oil and cash crops in Vietnam. However, owing to the lack of appropriate management practices, the production and the area under cultivation of peanut have remained low. Mulches are the key factors contributing to promoting crop development and early harvest and increasing yields. Methods: The experiment consisted of three mulch treatments, viz., plastic mulch, straw mulch and no-mulch control. All the treatments were replicated thrice in a complete randomized block design. Result: In the conditions of mulch, the plant growth parameters (germination rate, growing time, plant height, number of branches per plant), leaf area index, the number of nodules per plant, dry matter accumulation, yield components and yield of peanut was much higher than that of no-mulch control. Among the mulches, plastic mulch was found superior to straw mulch in the pod yields and water-use efficiency and moisture conservation, thereby can be considered as a reliable practice for increasing the productivity of peanut on the coastal sandy land in Nghe An province, Vietnam.

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Comparison of Growth Indices of Nigella sativa L. under Different Plant Densities and Fertilization

Emirates Journal of Food and Agriculture ◽

10.9755/ejfa.2019.v31.i4.1934 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 231

Author(s):

Ioannis Roussis, Ioanna Kakabouki, Dimitrios Bilalis

Keyword(s):

Growth Rate ◽

Leaf Area ◽

Plant Density ◽

Nigella Sativa ◽

Crop Growth ◽

Growth And Yield ◽

Growth Indices ◽

Area Index ◽

High Plant Density ◽

Plant Densities

Agronomic practices such as plant density and fertilizer management are referred to comprise crop environment, which influences plant growth, productivity, and ultimately the yield. The objective of the current study was to evaluate the influence of plant density and fertilization on the growth and growth indices of Nigella sativa crop and to determine the association between yield and growth characteristics at both the single plant and crop stand level. The 2-year experiment was laid out in a split-plot design, with three replications, two main plots (200 and 300 plants m-2) and four sub-plots (fertilization treatments: control, compost, farmyard manure and inorganic fertilizer). The highest absolute growth rate (AGR) (0.0321 g day-1) and relative growth rate (RGR) (0.0714 g g-1 day-1) values were recorded when plants subjected to low-density and inorganic fertilization, while the highest crop growth rate (CGR) (8.0342 g m-2 day-1) was obtained under high-plant density and inorganic fertilization. Concerning specific leaf area (SLA), the highest value (196.28 cm2 g-1) was found in inorganic fertilized treatment. Leaf area index (LAI), Leaf area duration (LAD) and Biomass duration (BMD) were positively affected by both plant density and fertilization with the greatest values observed under high-density and fertilization. In conclusion, plant densities higher than 200 plants m-2 lead to higher crop growth, but lower growth of individual plants and decreased seed yield, while the application of inorganic fertilizers increases crop growth and yield as these fertilizers contain higher levels of nitrogen with high solubility and therefore quick availability for the crop than the organic fertilizers.

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Effect of different methods of sowing and row orientation on growth, yield and quality of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Agricultural Science Digest - A Research Journal ◽

10.18805/ag.d-4720 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 39 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Kuldeep Singh ◽

Rakesh Sharma

Keyword(s):

Field Experiment ◽

Grain Yield ◽

Sandy Loam ◽

Growth And Yield ◽

Dry Matter Accumulation ◽

Zero Tillage ◽

Area Index ◽

Yield Attributes ◽

Available N ◽

East West

A field experiment was conducted during Rabi season of 2015-16 at the Students’ Research Farm, Khalsa College Amritsar, on sandy loam soil, low in organic carbon and available N, Medium in available P and high in available K. Field experiment was laid out in split plot design comprising four methods of sowing such as (Bed Planting, Zero tillage, Flat drilling, Happy seeder) and two row orientation as (North-South and East-West) replicated four times. Bed planting method produced significantly higher growth characters (i.e. plant height, leaf area index and dry matter accumulation, yield contributing characters effective tillers, grains ear-1, grain and straw yield, harvest index and B C ratio) than happy seeder and zero tillage sowing Bed planting recorded 14% and 10.48% higher grain yield over happy seeder and zero tillage sowing, respectively. Between row orientations, north-south row orientation produced higher growth and yield attributes than east-west whereas grain yield and biological yield was 3.86% and 3.77% higher than east-west sowing direction respectively.

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