Analysis models for variables associated with breastfeeding duration

OBJECTIVE To analyze the factors associated with breastfeeding duration by two statistical models. METHODS A population-based cohort study was conducted with 86 mothers and newborns from two areas primary covered by the National Health System, with high rates of infant mortality in Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil. During 30 months, 67 (78%) children and mothers were visited seven times at home by trained interviewers, who filled out survey forms. Data on food and sucking habits, socioeconomic and maternal characteristics were collected. Variables were analyzed by Cox regression models, considering duration of breastfeeding as the dependent variable, and logistic regression (dependent variables, was the presence of a breastfeeding child in different post-natal ages). RESULTS In the logistic regression model, the pacifier sucking (adjusted Odds Ratio: 3.4; 95%CI 1.2-9.55) and bottle feeding (adjusted Odds Ratio: 4.4; 95%CI 1.6-12.1) increased the chance of weaning a child before one year of age. Variables associated to breastfeeding duration in the Cox regression model were: pacifier sucking (adjusted Hazard Ratio 2.0; 95%CI 1.2-3.3) and bottle feeding (adjusted Hazard Ratio 2.0; 95%CI 1.2-3.5). However, protective factors (maternal age and family income) differed between both models. CONCLUSIONS Risk and protective factors associated with cessation of breastfeeding may be analyzed by different models of statistical regression. Cox Regression Models are adequate to analyze such factors in longitudinal studies.

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Stunting at birth and associated factors among newborns delivered at the University of Gondar Comprehensive Specialized Referral Hospital

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0245528 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (1) ◽

pp. e0245528

Author(s):

Almaz Tefera Gonete ◽

Bogale Kassahun ◽

Eskedar Getie Mekonnen ◽

Wubet Worku Takele

Keyword(s):

Logistic Regression ◽

Birth Weight ◽

Low Birth Weight ◽

Short Stature ◽

Odds Ratio ◽

Associated Factors ◽

Adjusted Odds Ratio ◽

Referral Hospital ◽

Factors Associated ◽

The University

Background Stunting at birth is a chronic form of undernutrition majorly attributable to poor prenatal nutrition, which could persist in children’s later life and impact their physical and cognitive health. Although multiple studies have been conducted in Ethiopia to show the magnitude of stunting and factors, all are concentrated on children aged between 6 to 59 months. Therefore, this study was done to determine the prevalence and associated factors of stunting at birth among newborns delivered at the University of Gondar Comprehensive Specialized Referral Hospital, Northwest, Ethiopia. Methods An institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted from February 26th to April 25th/2020. A systematic random sampling technique was used, to select a total of 422 newborn-mother pairs. The binary logistic regression was employed to identify factors associated with stunting and all independent variables were entered into the multivariable logistic regression model to adjust for confounders. Variables that had significant association were identified based on p-value < 0.05 and the adjusted odds ratio with its respective 95% confidence interval was applied to determine the strength as well as the direction of the association. Results About 30.5% (95% CI: 26.3%, 35.1%) of newborns were stunted at birth. Being male [Adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 2.9(1.62, 5.21)], newborns conceived in Kiremt(rainy season) [AOR = 2.7(1.49, 4.97)], being low birth weight [AOR = 3.1(1.64, 6.06)] were factors associated with stunting at birth. Likewise, newborns born to short stature mothers [AOR = 2.8(1.21, 6.62)] and chronically malnourished mothers [AOR = 15.3(8.12, 29.1)] were at greater risk of being stunted. Conclusion Just under a third of newborns are stunted at birth, implying a pressing public health problem. Newborns born to chronically malnourished and short stature mothers were more stunted. Besides, stunting was prevalently observed among male neonates, newborns conceived in Kiremet, and being low birth weight. Thus, policymakers and nutrition programmers should work on preventing maternal undernutrition through nutrition education to reduce the burden of low birth weight and stunting. Further, paying due attention to newborns conceived in Kiremet season to improve nutritional status is recommended.

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Effects of Older Adult Driving Resumption on All-Cause Mortality

The Journals of Gerontology Series B ◽

10.1093/geronb/gbz058 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 75 (10) ◽

pp. 2263-2267

Author(s):

Kendra L Ratnapradipa ◽

Jing Wang ◽

Marla Berg-Weger ◽

and Mario Schootman

Keyword(s):

Logistic Regression ◽

Older Adult ◽

Mortality Risk ◽

Odds Ratio ◽

Regression Models ◽

Adjusted Odds Ratio ◽

Community Dwelling ◽

Driving Cessation ◽

Logistic Regression Models ◽

All Cause Mortality

Abstract Objectives Driving cessation is associated with adverse social and health outcomes including increased mortality risk. Some former drivers resume driving. Do resumed drivers have a different mortality risk compared to former drivers or continued drivers? Method We analyzed National Health and Aging Trends Study (2011–2015) data of community-dwelling self-responding ever drivers (n = 6,189) with weighted stratified life tables and discrete time logistic regression models to characterize mortality risk by driving status (continued, resumed, former), adjusting for relevant sociodemographic and health variables. Results Overall, 14% (n = 844) of participants died and 52% (n = 3,209) completed Round 5. Former drivers had the highest mortality (25%), followed by resumed (9%) and continued (6%) drivers. Former drivers had 2.4 times the adjusted odds of mortality compared with resumed drivers (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 2.41; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.51, 3.83), with no difference between continued and resumed drivers (aOR = 1.22; 95% CI = 0.74, 1.99). Discussion Those who resumed driving had better survival than those who did not. Practice implications include driver rehabilitation and retraining to safely promote and prolong driving.

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A Multi-hospital Study in Wuhan, China: Protective Effects of Non-menopause and Female Hormones on SARS-CoV-2 infection

10.1101/2020.03.26.20043943 ◽

2020 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Ting Ding ◽

Jinjin Zhang ◽

Tian Wang ◽

Pengfei Cui ◽

Zhe Chen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Logistic Regression ◽

Protective Factors ◽

Regression Model ◽

Disease Severity ◽

Sex Hormones ◽

Cox Regression ◽

Pearson Correlation ◽

Protective Effects ◽

Female Patients ◽

Composite Endpoints

AbstractImportanceHow to explain the better prognosis of female coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients than that of males?ObjectiveTo determine the correlation between menstruation status/sex hormones and prognosis of COVID-19, and to identify potential protective factors for female patients.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsA cross-sectional study of COVID-19 patients who were hospitalized at Tongji and Mobile Cabin Hospitals from Jan 28, 2020 to March 8, 2020.ExposuresConfirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection.Main Outcomes and MeasuresSex differences in severity and composite endpoints (admission to intensive care unit (ICU), use of mechanical ventilation, or death) of COVID-19 patients were compared. The correlation analysis and cox/logistic regression modeling of menstruation status/sex hormones and prognosis were conducted. Correlation between cytokines related to immunity and inflammation and disease severity or estradiol (E2) was revealed.ResultsChi square test indicated significant differences in distribution of composite endpoints (p<0.01) and disease severity (p=0.05) between male and female patients (n=1902). 435 female COVID-19 patients with menstruation records were recruited. By the end of Mar 8, 111 patients recovered and discharged (25.3%). Multivariate Cox regression model adjusted for age and severity indicated that post-menopausal patients show the greater risk of hospitalization time than non-menopausal patients (relative hazard [RH], 1.91; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.06-3.46) Logistic regression model showed that higher anti-müllerian hormone (AMH) as a control for age increases the risk of severity of COVID-19 (HR=0.146,95%CI = (0.026-0.824) p=0.029). E2 showed protective effect against disease severity (HR= 0.335, 95%CI = (0.105-1.070), p= 0.046). In the Mann-Whitney U test, the higher levels of IL6 and IL8 were found in severe group (p= 0.040, 0.033). The higher levels of IL2R, IL6, IL8 and IL10 were also observed in patients with composite end points (p<0.001, <0.001, 0.009, 0.040). E2 levels were negatively correlated with IL2R, IL6, IL8 and TNFα in luteal phase (Pearson Correlation=−0.592, −0.558, −0.545, −0.623; p=0.033, 0.048, 0.054, 0.023) and with C3 in follicular phase (Pearson Correlation=-0.651; p=0.030).Conclusions and RelevanceMenopause is an independent risk factor for COVID-19. E2 and AMH are negatively correlated with COVID-19’s severity probably due to their regulation of cytokines related to immunity and inflammation.Key PointsQuestionAny differences in the outcomes between hospitalized female and male COVID-19 patients? If so, why?FindingsFemale patients display better prognosis than male patients. Non-menopausal women have shorter length of hospital stays, and AMH and E2 are negatively correlated with COVID-19’s severity. There is a negative correlation between E2 and the levels of IL6, IL8, IL2R and TNF-α, which are significantly correlated with disease severity or composite endpoint.MeaningNon-menopause and female sex hormones, especially E2 and AMH, are potential protective factors for females COVID-19 patients. E2 supplements could be potentially used for COVID-19 patients.

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Factors Associated With Increased Dissemination of Positive Mental Health Messaging On Social Media

Crisis ◽

10.1027/0227-5910/a000598 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 41 (2) ◽

pp. 141-145 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Steven A. Sumner ◽

Daniel A. Bowen ◽

Brad Bartholow

Keyword(s):

Mental Health ◽

Social Media ◽

Logistic Regression ◽

Odds Ratio ◽

Adjusted Odds Ratio ◽

Positive Mental Health ◽

Affective States ◽

Factors Affecting ◽

Linguistic Style ◽

Factors Associated

Abstract. Background: The dissemination of positive messages about mental health is a key goal of organizations and individuals. Aims: Our aim was to examine factors that predict increased dissemination of such messages. Method: We analyzed 10,998 positive messages authored on Twitter and studied factors associated with messages that are shared (re-tweeted) using logistic regression. Characteristics of the account, message, linguistic style, sentiment, and topic were examined. Results: Less than one third of positive messages (31.7%) were shared at least once. In adjusted models, accounts that posted a greater number of messages were less likely to have any single message shared. Messages about military-related topics were 60% more likely to be shared (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 1.6, 95% CI [1.1, 2.1]) as well as messages containing achievement-related keywords (AOR = 1.6, 95% CI [1.3, 1.9]). Conversely, positive messages explicitly addressing eating/food, appearance, and sad affective states were less likely to be shared. Multiple other message characteristics influenced sharing. Limitations: Only messages on a single platform and over a focused period of time were analyzed. Conclusion: A knowledge of factors affecting dissemination of positive mental health messages may aid organizations and individuals seeking to promote such messages online.

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Weaning and associated factors in children from low-income communities

Revista de Odontologia da UNESP ◽

10.1590/rou.2014.032 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 43 (3) ◽

pp. 172-179

Author(s):

Anyele Kleine BUCKSTEGGE ◽

Luciana Reichert da Silva ASSUNÇÃO ◽

Fernanda de Morais FERREIRA ◽

Fabian Calixto FRAIZ ◽

Margaret Cristina da Silva BOGUSZEWSKI

Keyword(s):

Low Income ◽

Cox Regression ◽

Rank Correlation ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Bottle Feeding ◽

Breastfeeding Duration ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Governmental Organization ◽

Factors Associated ◽

Spearman’S Rank Correlation

Introduction: The average duration of breastfeeding is still insufficient and differ widely taking in account the location and specific characteristic of local people involved in these studies. Aim: This research aimed at studying factors associated to weaning among South Brazilian children living in a low-income household. Material and method: Cross-sectional study was carried out enrolling 124 mothers of 1 to 12-month-old children, who were interviewed at "Pastoral da Criança" (non-governmental organization) in Almirante Tamandaré, Paraná, Brazil. The risk of weaning considered was the dependent variable and the information collected from the questionnaires, independent variables. The method used to collect information in this study was Kaplan-Meier method and Cox regression model and Spearman's rank correlation (α = 0.05). Result: Actuarial life table presented a higher weaning conditional probability at 12 months of age, followed by first and fourth months of age. Multivariate analysis pointed out that contact with bottle feeding before the sixth month of age [HR=17.16 (2.34-125.86)] and contact with pacifier before the sixth months of age [HR=3.48 (1.90-6.38)] are risk factors associated with weaning. Among children who were not breastfed at the moment of the interview, breastfeeding duration presented a positive correlation with the ages when the children had their first contact with sugar (r s =+0.419, p=0.001) and negative correlation with the use of pacifier (r s =-0.300, p=0.017). Conclusion: Results from this study showed that the use of the feeding bottle and pacifier were related to a shorter breastfeeding time span at these communities.

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Factors reducing inappropriate attendances to emergency departments before and during the COVID-19 pandemic: A multicentre study

Annals of the Academy of Medicine, Singapore ◽

10.47102/annals-acadmedsg.2021151 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 50 (11) ◽

pp. 818-826

Author(s):

Lenard Cheng ◽

Wei Ming Ng ◽

Ziwei Lin ◽

Lawrence Siu-Chun Law ◽

Lorraine Yong ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Emergency Department ◽

Logistic Regression ◽

Emergency Departments ◽

Odds Ratio ◽

Older Patients ◽

Adjusted Odds Ratio ◽

Time Frame ◽

Healthcare Systems ◽

Low Back ◽

Factors Associated

Introduction: Inappropriate attendances (IAs) to emergency departments (ED) create an unnecessary strain on healthcare systems. With decreased ED attendance during the COVID-19 pandemic, this study postulates that there are less IAs compared to before the pandemic and identifies factors associated with IAs. Methods: We performed a retrospective review of 29,267 patient presentations to a healthcare cluster in Singapore from 7 April 2020 to 1 June 2020, and 36,370 patients within a corresponding period in 2019. This time frame coincided with local COVID-19 lockdown measures. IAs were defined as patient presentations with no investigations required, with patients eventually discharged from the ED. IAs in the 2020 period during the pandemic were compared with 2019. Multivariable logistic regression was performed to identify factors associated with IAs. Results: There was a decrease in daily IAs in 2020 compared to 2019 (9.91±3.06 versus 24.96±5.92, P<0.001). IAs were more likely with self-referrals (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.58, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.50–1.66) and walk-ins (aOR 4.96, 95% CI 4.59–5.36), and those diagnosed with non-specific headache (aOR 2.08, 95% CI 1.85–2.34), or non-specific low back pain (aOR 1.28, 95% CI 1.15–1.42). IAs were less likely in 2020 compared to 2019 (aOR 0.67, 95% CI 0.65–0.71) and older patients (aOR 0.79 each 10 years, 95% CI 0.78–0.80). Conclusion: ED IAs decreased during COVID-19. The pandemic has provided a unique opportunity to examine factors associated with IAs. Keywords: COVID-19, emergency department, inappropriate attendance, utilisation

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Erythropoiesis-Stimulating Agents in Elderly Patients with Anemia of Unknown Etiology: Treatment Response and Cardiovascular Outcomes

Blood ◽

10.1182/blood.v128.22.1267.1267 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 128 (22) ◽

pp. 1267-1267

Author(s):

Zachary Gowanlock ◽

Swetha Sriram ◽

Alison Martin ◽

Anargyros Xenocostas ◽

Alejandro Lazo-Langner

Keyword(s):

Logistic Regression ◽

Treatment Response ◽

Cardiovascular Event ◽

Odds Ratio ◽

Cardiovascular Events ◽

Regression Models ◽

Cox Regression ◽

Cardiovascular Outcomes ◽

Unknown Etiology ◽

Hazard Ratios

Abstract Background: Anemia of unknown etiology (AUE) is a common category of anemia in the elderly where investigations cannot identify a specific cause. We have previously shown that AUE patients exhibit lower erythropoietin (EPO) levels which may be associated with either decreased EPO production or a blunted EPO response to anemia. Erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) mimic the effect of endogenous EPO and may play a role in treating AUE. In this study, we investigated the response to ESA treatment in patients with AUE compared to other causes of anemia. We also examined the effect of ESAs on cardiovascular outcomes in our cohort. To our knowledge, no previous study has specifically assessed ESAs in AUE. Patients and methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study including all consecutive hematology patients referred to our centre and who had EPO levels determined between 2005 and 2013. We included patients 60 years or older who met the World Health Organization criteria for anemia (hemoglobin [Hb] <130 g/L in men, <120 g/L in women) excluding patients with insufficient electronic medical records. The cohort was subdivided into a group treated with ESAs and an untreated group. Three reviewers independently adjudicated each patient's anemia to one of four diagnostic groups: chronic kidney disease (CKD), myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), AUE, or other miscellaneous etiologies. The etiology reported by at least two of the three reviewers was used in the analysis, with differences resolved by consensus. Inter-observer agreement was assessed using Fleiss' Kappa statistic. Treatment response was defined by at least a 15 g/L increase in the Hb level from baseline, or a decrease of at least 4 transfusions over 8 weeks, compared to pretreatment. We performed logistic regression to measure the association between the anemia etiology and treatment response while controlling for the following potential confounders: sex, age, weight, Charlson's comorbidity index, Hb, EPO level, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), and the presence of additional cytopenias. To evaluate safety we identified each documented cardiovascular event in the cohort including ischemic stroke, myocardial infarction, pulmonary embolism, deep vein thrombosis or portal vein thrombosis. We generated Kaplan-Meier curves comparing cardiovascular events and cardiovascular event-free survival between the treated and untreated groups. Hazard ratios were calculated using Cox regression analysis. Results: The inclusion criteria were met by 570 of 1511 potentially eligible patients. Of the 113 patients treated with an ESA, data was adequate to assess treatment response in 101 patients. Of the patients treated with an ESA, the mean age was 75.1 years and 60% were male. The mean pretreatment hemoglobin was 88.5 g/L. Inter-observer agreement for diagnostic categories was adequate. Eighty-two patients were treated with epoetin alfa and 19 patients received darbepoetin alfa. Treatment response was better in the CKD and AUE groups (54% and 47%, respectively) compared to the other groups. Compared to the group of other etiologies logistic regression analysis showed a 3.6 and 3.3 adjusted odds ratio (OR) for response for CKD and AUE respectively, although this was not statistically significant (Table 1). A baseline EPO level <200 IU/L was associated with a response to ESAs (OR 9.3; 95% CI 1.1-75.4). There was no significant difference in cardiovascular events or cardiovascular event-free survival between the treated and untreated groups, even after adjusting for confounders (Table 2). Conclusion: Our results suggest that ESAs can be used to treat anemia of unknown etiology, and responses may be similar to those in chronic kidney disease. This supports the notion that a relative EPO deficiency is probably related to the pathogenesis of AUE. Although treatment may be associated with increased cardiovascular events, this was not found to be significant in our cohort. Limitations of this study include its retrospective nature and a relatively small sample size. Further studies exploring the safety and efficacy of ESAs in the treatment of AUE are warranted. Table 1 Odds ratio of treatment response in unadjusted and adjusted logistic regression models Table 1. Odds ratio of treatment response in unadjusted and adjusted logistic regression models Table 2 Hazard ratios for cardiovascular outcomes in patients receiving ESAs in unadjusted and adjusted Cox regression models Table 2. Hazard ratios for cardiovascular outcomes in patients receiving ESAs in unadjusted and adjusted Cox regression models Disclosures Xenocostas: Janssen Inc.: Research Funding. Lazo-Langner:Daiichi Sankyo: Research Funding; Pfizer: Honoraria; Bayer: Honoraria.

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Factors associated with prolonged psychiatric intensive care unit admission at Somdet Chaophraya Institute of Psychiatry, Thailand

Journal of Psychiatric Intensive Care ◽

10.20299/jpi.2020.003 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 16 (1) ◽

pp. 9-14

Author(s):

Poom Chompoosri ◽

Thatsani Kunchanaphongphan

Keyword(s):

Intensive Care Unit ◽

Logistic Regression ◽

Regression Analysis ◽

Logistic Regression Analysis ◽

Odds Ratio ◽

Adjusted Odds Ratio ◽

Multiple Logistic Regression Analysis ◽

Compulsory Admission ◽

Multiple Logistic Regression ◽

Factors Associated

Aim: Our objective is to determine factors associated with prolonged psychiatric intensive care unit (PICU) admission at Somdet Chaophraya Institute of Psychiatry (SCIP).<br/> Method: We reviewed the medical records of patients admitted to the PICU between 1 July 2016 and 31 December 2016 meeting PICU admission criteria. We defined prolonged admission as PICU clinical stay of longer than five days. We then performed univariate binary logistic regression analysis to analyse the association between factors and prolonged PICU admission. Factors with p-value <0.25 were then included in backward stepwise multiple logistic regression analysis.<br/> Results: We included 293 cases then excluded 42 of them using our exclusion criteria (30 were discharged by other means and 12 cases were due to inability to obtain essential information). Of 251 studied cases, 112 cases (44.6%) had prolonged PICU admission. Univariate logistic regression analysis found that a history of prior PICU admission, compulsory admission, treatment with electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), and primary diagnosis were associated with prolonged PICU admission with p-value <0.25. Using multiple logistic regression analysis, factors associated with prolonged PICU admission were: compulsory admission (adjusted odds ratio 2.45, 95% CI 1.06–5.69 when adjusted with treatment with ECT) and treatment with ECT during PICU admission (adjusted odds ratio 9.01, 95% CI 2.57–31.59 when adjusted with compulsory admission).<br/> Conclusions: Factors associated with prolonged PICU admission at SCIP were compulsory admission and treatment with ECT during PICU admission. We propose that further study of these two groups should provide clues on how to improve treatment in PICU.

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Demographic factors associated with missed follow-up among solid tumor patients treated at a large multi-site academic institution

Future Oncology ◽

10.2217/fon-2020-0425 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 16 (32) ◽

pp. 2635-2643

Author(s):

Samantha L Freije ◽

Jordan A Holmes ◽

Saleh Rachidi ◽

Susannah G Ellsworth ◽

Richard C Zellars ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cancer Patients ◽

Odds Ratio ◽

Regression Models ◽

Tumor Patients ◽

Logistic Regression Models ◽

Factors Associated ◽

Follow Up Care ◽

Risk Patients ◽

African American Race

Aim: To identify demographic predictors of patients who miss oncology follow-up, considering that missed follow-up has not been well studies in cancer patients. Methods: Patients with solid tumors diagnosed from 2007 to 2016 were analyzed (n = 16,080). Univariate and multivariable logistic regression models were constructed to examine predictors of missed follow-up. Results: Our study revealed that 21.2% of patients missed ≥1 follow-up appointment. African–American race (odds ratio [OR] 1.33; 95% CI: 1.17–1.51), Medicaid insurance (OR 1.59; 1.36–1.87), no insurance (OR 1.66; 1.32–2.10) and rural residence (OR 1.78; 1.49–2.13) were associated with missed follow-up. Conclusion: Many cancer patients miss follow-up, and inadequate follow-up may influence cancer outcomes. Further research is needed on how to address disparities in follow-up care in high-risk patients.

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Factors associated with the development of ocular candidiasis and ocular prognosis with echinocandin therapy for candidemia

Journal of Ophthalmic Inflammation and Infection ◽

10.1186/s12348-021-00248-0 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Daiki Sakai ◽

Wataru Matsumiya ◽

Sentaro Kusuhara ◽

Makoto Nakamura

Keyword(s):

Candida Albicans ◽

Medical Records ◽

Odds Ratio ◽

Adjusted Odds Ratio ◽

Patient Characteristics ◽

Antifungal Drugs ◽

Factors Associated ◽

Logistic Analysis ◽

Multivariate Logistic Analysis ◽

Systemic Antifungal Therapy

Abstract Purpose To evaluate the factors associated with the development of ocular candidiasis (OC) and ocular prognosis with echinocandin therapy for candidemia. Methods The medical records of 56 consecutive patients with a positive blood culture for Candida species between November 2016 and October 2019 were retrospectively reviewed. Information on patient characteristics, isolated Candida species, treatment details for candidemia, and ocular findings were extracted to identify factors associated with OC development. Results The leading pathogen of candidemia was Candida albicans (C.albicans) (41.1%). Of 56 patients, 18 (32.1%) were diagnosed with chorioretinitis, categorized as either probable (8 patients) or possible OC (10 patients). There was no case of endophthalmitis with vitritis. The incidence of probable OC was not significantly different between the groups treated with echinocandins and other antifungal drugs (15.2% vs. 11.1%, p = 1.00). In all probable OC cases, systemic antifungal therapy was switched from echinocandins to azoles, and no case progressed to endophthalmitis. A multivariate logistic analysis revealed that female sex (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 8.93; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.09–72.9) and C. albicans (aOR, 23.6; 95% CI, 1.8–281) were independent factors associated with the development of probable OC. Conclusion One-seventh of patients with candidemia developed probable OC. Given the evidence of female and C. albicans as the factors associated with OC development, careful ophthalmologic management is required with these factors, especially in candidemia. Although echinocandins had no correlation with OC development and did not lead to the deterioration of ocular prognosis, further investigation is required.

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