scholarly journals Eggplant growth as affected by bovine manure and magnesium thermophosphate rates

2008 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marinice Oliveira Cardoso ◽  
Walter Esfrain Pereira ◽  
Ademar Pereira de Oliveira ◽  
Adailson Pereira de Souza
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Quadratic Function ◽  
Potassium Sulfate ◽  
Linear Functions ◽  
Quadratic Functions ◽  
Positive Interaction ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
High K ◽  
Cow Urine

Plant growth is influenced by nutrient availability. The objective of this research was to study, under greenhouse conditions, eggplant growth as affected by rates of bovine manure and magnesium thermophosphate (g kg-1 and mg kg-1, respectively), according to a "Box central composite" matrix: 4.15-259; 4.15-1509; 24.15-259; 24.15-1509; 0.0-884; 28.3-884; 14.15-0,0; 14.15-1768; 14.15-884. Potassium sulfate (170 mg kg-1) and 200 mL per pot of cow urine solution were applied four times, but the concentration of the last two applications (200 mL/H2O L) was twice of that of the first two. Additional treatments: magnesium thermophosphate without cow urine and triple superphosphate with urea, both with nutrient levels equivalent to the bovine manure, P2O5 and potassium sulfate to the combination 14.15-884. The experimental design consisted of randomized blocks with four replicates. Leaf area (LA) and LA ratio increased as quadratic functions with manure rates, with negative interaction for thermophosphate. Leaf dry matter mass (DMM) had an increasing quadratic function with rates for both fertilizers. The higher combined rates of both fertilizers resulted in the smallest specific leaf area, but also the highest values of shoot and root DMM, total DMM and, with positive interaction in relation to root shoot dry matter ratio. The relative growth rate in stem height, and also in diameter, increased with manure, according to quadratic and linear functions, respectively. The cow urine effect was, in general, lower than that of urea. The plant's overall growth was more influenced by manure. Root DMM and shoot DMM were greater with high K and P.

Prediction of vernalisation in three Australian Vrn responsive wheats

2003 ◽  
Vol 54 (3) ◽  
pp. 283 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. D. J. Penrose ◽  
H. M. Rawson ◽  
M. Zajac
Keyword(s):  
Quadratic Function ◽  
Linear Interpolation ◽  
Development Stage ◽  
Linear Functions ◽  
Quadratic Functions ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Floral Initiation ◽  
Maximum Temperatures ◽  
Double Ridge ◽  
Interpolation Functions

This study sought to better estimate vernalisation in winter wheats, so that their early development and time of anthesis can be better predicted. For this, an accurate relationship between temperature and the effectiveness of vernalisation is required. Using previously published data, our study found that the relationship between temperature and effectiveness of vernalisation can be suitably described by a quadratic function. In contrast, most previous studies used linear interpolation functions to describe vernalising effectiveness. These consist of a series of linear functions of temperature over adjoining temperature ranges. An advantage of quadratic functions is that they allow effectiveness of vernalisation to be described in terms of underlying physiological processes, and require the estimation of fewer parameters to predict wheat development. Our study found the cardinal temperatures for vernalisation to be –3�C, 6.5�C, and 15.9�C, that is for the lower, optimum, and maximum temperatures respectively. To allow for different upper temperature limits for vernalisation, 2 quadratic temperature-vernalising effectiveness functions were used to predict accumulated daily vernalisation at 3 field sites. These predictions of daily vernalisation were compared with corresponding estimates produced with 3 previously proposed linear interpolation functions. Varying degrees of agreement were found between estimates produced by the 2 types of vernalising effectiveness functions. Equations that have been developed to predict floral initiation in winter wheats have not been previously evaluated in Australian field environments. These equations utilise the same underlying relationship between accumulated daily vernalisation and a measure of floral initiation, often the appearance of double ridges. Two of these equations were used to predict the appearance of double ridges for a field-grown Australian winter wheat, JF87%014. Neither equation could satisfactorily predict the timing of the double ridge development stage for this wheat, whatever vernalising effectiveness function was used to predict vernalisation in the field. Both equations had greatest difficulty in predicting the double ridge stage, in environments where vernalisation most delayed development. This finding suggests that equations currently predicting floral initiation in winter wheats do not utilise an accurate relationship between accumulated vernalisation and floral initiation. An alternative method of predicting anthesis in winter wheats is to predict final leaf number, but this approach has not been reliably applied in environments where vernalising temperatures vary.

scholarly journals Growth of the crabgrass species Digitaria ciliaris and Digitaria nuda

2012 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 317-325 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.C. Souza ◽  
A.C. Dias ◽  
M.R.A. Figueiredo ◽  
F.E.B. Obara ◽  
P.J Christoffoleti
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Relative Growth Rate ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Area Ratio ◽  
Leaf Area Ratio ◽  
Leaf Number ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Absolute Growth Rate ◽  
Absolute Growth

The aim of this research paper was to compare the growth of D. ciliaris and D. nuda crabgrass species under non-competitive conditions. To this end, two experiments were conducted, one from March - July 2010 and the other from February - June 2011. The experimental design of both trials was completely randomized making a factorial (2 seasons x 2 species crabgrass x 12 evaluation periods) with four replications. Assessments began at 15 days after sowing (DAS), and repeated weekly until 92 DAS. The variables evaluated were total dry matter (roots+leaves+stems), leaf area, leaf number and tiller. The results were submitted to analysis of variance and the absolute growth rate, relative growth rate and leaf area ratio were calculated using the means, which were adjusted regression models. The crabgrass species were significantly different in leaf area, leaf number, tiller number and dry matter per plant. D. ciliaris for all variables was statistically higher than D. nuda. Regarding the speed at which the growth of the species occurred, the absolute growth rate and relative growth rate of D. ciliaris was also greater than D. nuda. In addition, D. ciliaris also had a lower leaf area ratio indicating greater efficiency in converting light energy into carbohydrates. It can be concluded that D. ciliaris has a higher growth rate in conditions where there is no limitation of nutrients and water availability in relation to D. nuda, mainly due to D. ciliaris have greater leaf area, number of leaves and dry matter accumulation per plant.

Clustering in the presence of side information: a non-linear approach

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 292-314
Author(s):  
Ahmad Ali Abin
Keyword(s):  
Linear Method ◽  
Quadratic Function ◽  
Background Knowledge ◽  
Kernel Functions ◽  
Linear Functions ◽  
Quadratic Functions ◽  
Target Space ◽  
Constrained Clustering ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Non Linear

Purpose Constrained clustering is an important recent development in clustering literature. The goal of an algorithm in constrained clustering research is to improve the quality of clustering by making use of background knowledge. The purpose of this paper is to suggest a new perspective for constrained clustering, by finding an effective transformation of data into target space on the reference of background knowledge given in the form of pairwise must- and cannot-link constraints. Design/methodology/approach Most of existing methods in constrained clustering are limited to learn a distance metric or kernel matrix from the background knowledge while looking for transformation of data in target space. Unlike previous efforts, the author presents a non-linear method for constraint clustering, whose basic idea is to use different non-linear functions for each dimension in target space. Findings The outcome of the paper is a novel non-linear method for constrained clustering which uses different non-linear functions for each dimension in target space. The proposed method for a particular case is formulated and explained for quadratic functions. To reduce the number of optimization parameters, the proposed method is modified to relax the quadratic function and approximate it by a factorized version that is easier to solve. Experimental results on synthetic and real-world data demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed method. Originality/value This study proposes a new direction to the problem of constrained clustering by learning a non-linear transformation of data into target space without using kernel functions. This work will assist researchers to start development of new methods based on the proposed framework which will potentially provide them with new research topics.

INFLUENCE OF AIR TEMPERATURE, LIGHT INTENSITY AND SOIL MOISTURE ON THE GROWTH, YIELD AND SOME GROWTH ANALYSIS CHARACTERISTICS OF CHINOOK WHEAT GROWN IN THE GROWTH CHAMBER

1968 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 299-311 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. A. Campbell ◽  
D. W. L. Read
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Light Intensity ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Moisture Stress ◽  
Assimilation Rate ◽  
Total Leaf Area ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Net Assimilation

The response of Chinook wheat to light intensity, air temperature and soil moisture stress was studied under controlled environmental conditions in a 3 × 3 × 2 factorial experiment.Increasing day temperature from 21 to 27 °C or night temperature from 13 to 21 °C did not affect tillering, but the plants had shorter, slimmer culms with smaller individual leaves, less total leaf area, and less vegetative and grain dry matter. Temperature changes had little effect on leaf area ratios and their influence on net assimilation rate and relative growth rate was inconsistent. Percent grain protein was increased by temperature.A reduction of light intensity from 17 to 6 cals cm−2hr−1 did not change individual leaf size, but did produce shorter plants with fewer tillers and weak culms. Vegetative, root and grain dry matter were reduced. Shading reduced the translocation of leaf assimilates and lowered the cellulose content of the straw, but increased percent grain protein.Plants developed more tillers at the lower moisture stress, but this difference disappeared by heading time. The lower stress resulted in taller, thicker-stemmed culms with a greater total leaf area, and greater yields of straw and root. The effect of moisture on leaf area ratio was small and its influence on net assimilation rate and relative growth rate was small and inconsistent. Its influence on grain yield varied with temperature; the latter interaction was traced specifically to the influence of moisture stress on seed set. The effect of moisture on percent protein and carbohydrates in grain and on percent cellulose in the straw was inconsistent.

scholarly journals Avaliação fenoprodutiva e teores clorofilianos de rabanete sob fertilização com urina de vaca e cobertura morta

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (42) ◽  
pp. 31
Author(s):  
Francisco De Assis Bezerra Junior ◽  
José Lucínio De Oliveira Freire ◽  
Jandeilson Alves De Arruda ◽  
Thiago Anderson Oliveira de Azevedo ◽  
Luana Apoena Dantas
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Specific Leaf Area ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Growth Yield ◽  
Plant Production ◽  
Fresh Matter ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Tuberous Roots ◽  
Cow Urine ◽  
Chlorophyll Index

The radish (Raphanus sativus L.) is a short-cycle vegetable that has a rapid demand for nutrients to grow and produce. Because of the small number of reports on organic fertilization with this crop, this work was conducted in the Plant Production Sector of the Course of Agroecology of the Picuí Campus ,IFPB and aimed to evaluate the attributes of growth, yield and chlorophyll index of radish in response to the application of cow urine, via soil, as an alternative fertilization. The experimental design was organized in randomized blocks, with four replications, in a 6 x 2 factorial arrangement, which corresponded to six concentrations of cow urine (0.00%, 0.25%, 0.50%, 0.75%, 1 , 00% and 1,25% - v / v), applied weekly with and without mulch. The variables analyzed were plant height, number of leaves, leaf area, specific leaf area, leaf area index, Falker a, b and total chlorophyll index, longitudinal and equatorial diameters of tuberous roots, fresh tuberous root mass, Axial root length, total dry mass, percentage of commercial tuberous roots, productivity and dry matter yield. The use of mulch reduced specific leaf area, fresh matter and radish productivity, regardless of the concentration of cow urine applied. The leaf chlorophyll index of radish was higher in the plants without mulching. Longer radishes were obtained on substrates without mulching or 0.51% cow urine. Possibly, due to the production of secondary metabolites (allelochemicals) from the mulch (rice straw), the application of 0.54% cow urine without mulching provided higher radish productivity. The concentration of cow urine of 0.38% provided higher yields of dry matter.

scholarly journals Development of mint (Mentha piperita L.) grown on biosolids: evaluation of productivity and essential oil content

2009 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 365-377 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseane Scavroni ◽  
Leonardo Cesar Ferreira ◽  
Janice Valmorbida ◽  
Carmen Sílvia Fernandes Boaro
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oil ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Residual Effects ◽  
Oil Yield ◽  
Mentha Piperita ◽  
Primary Metabolism ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Net Assimilation ◽  
Essential Oil Yield

Development of Mentha piperita L . on biosolids amended soil with levels equivalent to 0, 28, 56 and 112 t ha-1 was evaluated. In order to measure the productivity and its relation with mint essential oil yield, different indices were determined: leaf area, total and several organ dry matter, leaf area ratio, specific leaf area, net assimilation rate and relative growth rate at 30, 44, 58, 72 and 86 days after planting (DAP), and essential oil yield at 90, 110 and 120 DAP. Physiological indices revealed that biosolids prolonged the vegetative phase of the plants, which adapted themselves to the presence of biosolids with time. Plants showed inverse behaviors in relation to productivity, resulting from the primary metabolism, represented by the shoot dry matter yield, and oil yield, resulting from the secondary metabolism. Adaptation of the mint plants to the growth on biosolids could be due to a phytoremediation function of this species. The intrinsic mechanisms of these processes could be better understood in a further evaluation of residual effects in mint plant shoots.

scholarly journals Growth, nutrition and yield of eggplant as affected by doses of cattle manure and magnesium thermophosphate plus cow urine

2009 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 307-313 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marinice O Cardoso ◽  
Ademar P de Oliveira ◽  
Walter E Pereira ◽  
Adailson P de Souza
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Production ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Cattle Manure ◽  
Potassium Sulfate ◽  
Quadratic Model ◽  
Positive Interaction ◽  
Composite Matrix ◽  
Cow Urine ◽  
Central Composite ◽  
Different Doses

The stem growth, nutrition, and fruit yield of eggplant grown with different doses of cattle manure (CM) and magnesium thermophosphate (MT) were studied, according to the Central Composite Matrix of Box (8.3-518; 8.3-3,018; 48.3-518; 48.3-3,018; 0.0-1,768; 56.6-1,768; 28.3-0.0; 28.3-3,536; 28.3-1,768). Potassium sulfate (KS) was also used (24 g plant-1), as well as a cow urine (COU) solution (10 L 100 L-1 H2O, 500 mL plant-1), applied five times in topdressing. Two additional treatments were used: MT without COU and triple superphosphate + urea (TS plus Ur), both with nutrient levels (CM, P2O5, and KS) corresponding to the combination 28.3-1,768. The experimental design was blocks at random, with three replications. CM doses improved plant height (PH) (29.1 t ha-1 of CM; 69.84 cm) and stem diameter (37.8 t ha-1; 19.8 mm), fitting into a quadratic model. However, due to the positive interaction between CM and MT, PH increased up to 86.87 cm when the same CM dose was combined with 3,536 kg ha-1 of MT. CM doses had also a quadratic effect over number of fruits, fruit production per plant, average fruit weight (AFW), and yield, with respective maximum values corresponding to 53.4 t ha-1 (13 fruit), 55.8 t ha-1 (2,822 g plant-1), 47.8 t ha-1 (210 g fruit-1), and 48.8 t ha-1 (34.3 t ha-1), without significant effects of MT. N and P foliar contents did not change with treatments. CM doses increased K, Ca, and S, and decreased Mg foliar contents. But, concerning Ca, was observed negative interaction of MT. COU showed no effect over the characteristics analyzed. The effect of TS + Ur was larger than that of MT + COU on PH and production indexes, except for AFW, but did not differ from them as to macronutrient foliar contents.

Photosynthetic Performance of Potato (Solanum tuberosum) Subject to Water Deficit Regulated with Mulched Drip Irrigation

2013 ◽  
Vol 405-408 ◽  
pp. 2130-2133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heng Jia Zhang ◽  
Jing Li
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Water Deficit ◽  
Drip Irrigation ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Soil Water Deficit ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Leaf Area Duration ◽  
Mulched Drip Irrigation

An experiment was carried out to determine the effect of mulched drip irrigation under water deficit on leaf area index (LAI), leaf area duration (LAD), dry matter (DM) and relative growth rate (RGR) of potato in an arid environment. Five water deficit treatments and a full irrigation control were established to subject potato to various levels of soil water deficit at different crop growth stages. The result indicated that potato LAI and LAD at all the determined growth stages were not reduced under water deficit regulation. Additionally, the DM and RGR at starch accumulation were not significantly decreased under water deficit either. Therefore, medium soil water deficit regulated at 55%~65% of field capacity with mulched drip irrigation at potato tuber initiation could be used to effectively improve leaf area index, leaf area duration, dry matter and relative growth rate of plants.

Growth and nutrient uptake of Natal Common groundnuts in Tanganyika

1960 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. H. Bunting ◽  
B. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
N Accumulation ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Leaf Weight ◽  
Total Leaf ◽  
Plant P Uptake ◽  
Net Assimilation

A study, using the methods of growth analysis, is reported of the accumulation of dry matter in two Natal Common groundnut crops grown at Kongwa, Tanganyika under conditions of relatively low population (26,000 plants/acre) with phosphate fertilizer (F series), and at a higher population (56,000 plants/acre) without fertilizer (O series). The uptake and distribution of N, P, K, Mg and Ca was followed in the F series.In the F series, the dry weight per plant at maturity was 32·7 g., of which 14·9 g. (45%) was kernels, while in the O series the corresponding figures were 20·6 and 10·4 g. The relative growth rates, net assimilation rates and leaf-area ratios were similar in the two crops, with small but consistent advantages to the F series. Nevertheless, the yields per acre were markedly higher in the O series, where total dry-matter and kernel yield were 2540 and 1290 lb./acre, respectively, against 1910 and 870 lb. in the F series. It is shown that this was the result of consistently higher leaf weights per acre and a higher total leaf-weight duration (4180 lb. weeks/acre) in the O series than in the F series, where total leaf weight duration was 2810 lb. weeks/acre.The formation of the kernels continued to maturity in each case, largely at the expense of current assimilation rather than by net translocation from the vegetative parts.The uptake of N, in the F series, reached a total of 63 lb./acre, of which 45 lb. was in the mature kernels. It went largely into the vegetative parts during the first two-thirds of the crop's life, but in the final stages most of the uptake went into the kernels and there was some evidence of translocation of N from the vegetative parts and the shells. N accumulation did not seem to be affected by rainfall fluctuations within the season. The net assimilation rate did not appear to be directly associated with the activity of the plant in accumulating N, but the leaf-area ratio, and the relative growth rate, were associated with the rate of N uptake per unit of plant dry weight.The total P taken up was no more than 4 lb. (of the element) per acre of which nearly 80% was found in the kernels at maturity. There was considerable evidence of translocation of P into the kernels from the vegetative parts of the plant. P uptake (unlike that of N) was heavily reduced in a mid-season dry period, suggesting that P was largely derived from the upper layers of the soil.The total amount of K found in the crop at maturity was about 26 lb./acre, mostly in the vegetative parts. Rather under a fifth was in the kernels, although they constituted 45% of the total dry weight. The data for Ca and Mg are incomplete, but it may be suggested that the maximum accumulation of Ca was around 10 lb./acre, almost all in the vegetative parts, and that of Mg about 5 lb./acre, of which 2 were in the kernels.The grateful thanks of the authors are due to Dr M. T. Friend, of the East African Agriculture and Forestry Research Organisation, Muguga, Kenya, who determined N and P in the samples of the F series, and to Mr G. T. Chamberlain, of the same Organisation, who carried out the estimations of K, Ca and Mg. They would also wish to express their indebtedness to the members of the former Scientific Department of the Overseas Food Corporation who assisted with the work in laboratory and field, and in particular to Mr B. W. Culy, Manager of the Kongwa Experimental Station, who was responsible for the production of the crops.

Growth rates of three cassava varieties (Manihot esculenta Crantz) under varying population densities

1973 ◽  
Vol 81 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. A. C. Enyi
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Tuber Yield ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Root Tuber ◽  
Net Assimilation ◽  
Cassava Varieties

SummaryThe effect of variety and spacing on growth, development and yield of cassava and the relationship between growth, development and yield in three cassava varieties were investigated during the 1971 and 1972 growing seasons. Msitu Zanzibar outyielded Aipin Valenca and these two varieties in turn outyielded Amani 4026/16. The varietial effect was associated with differences in the rate of bulking. Increase in plant density led to an increase in the yield of tubers per hectare, the mean increase with increasing plant density being greater in Aipin Valenca than in either Amani 4026/16 or Msitu Zanzibar. Increase in plant density from 12000 to 18000 plants/ha led to a decrease in root tuber yield in Amani 4026/16. The calculated optimum density for maximum yield was 6·7, 6·4 and 5·6 plants/m2 respectively for Msitu Zanzibar, Aipin Valenca and Amani 4026/16. The spacing effect on tuber yield was associated with differences in the rate of bulking. Aipin Valenca was usually taller than the other varieties and, in general, increase in plant density increased the height of the plants.Final total dry matter/m2 was greater in Aipin Valenca and Msitu Zanzibar than in Amani 4026/16 and, with the exception of the last variety, total dry matter/m2 increased with increasing plant density. Total dry matter produced per plant was greater in Msitu Zanzibar than in Aipin Valenca and these two varieties had greater dry weight per plant than Amani 4026/16. In the three cassava varieties, the dry weight per plant increased with decreasing plant density.A greater proportion of the total dry matter was diverted into the root tubers of Aipin Valenca and Msitu Zanzibar than in Amani 4026/16. Generally, increase in plant density decreased the proportion of total dry matter diverted into the root tubers. Mean crop growth rate increased with increasing plant density while mean net assimilation rate and relative growth rate decreased with increasing plant density. Amani 4026/16 and Aipin Valenca had a greater mean crop growth rate and a greater net assimilation rate than Msitu Zanzibar. Mean relative growth rate was greater in the latter than in the former two varieties.Leaf area index and leaf area duration were greater in Msitu Zanzibar than in the other two varieties and these tended to increase with increasing plant density.There was a close and positive relationship between rate of bulking and root tuber yield and the lack of a positive relationship between leaf area duration and tuber yield is discussed.

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