Advances in Agrobacterium-mediated plant transformation with enphasys on soybean

Soybean is one of humanity's major sources of plant protein. It is also very important for animal feed and as industrial raw material. Great advances have recently been achieved in its genetic transformation. This review provides a comprehensive discussion of important factors affecting Agrobacterium-mediated soybean transformation including target tissues, plant tissue health, wounding methods, regeneration systems, selectable markers and reporter genes.

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DETERMINANTS OF THE SELECTION OF RAW MATERIALS USED IN ANIMAL FEED PRODUCTION

Annals of the Polish Association of Agricultural and Agribusiness Economists ◽

10.5604/01.3001.0014.1380 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol XXII (2) ◽

pp. 191-199

Author(s):

Magdalena Śmiglak-Krajewska

Keyword(s):

Animal Feed ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Soya Bean ◽

Raw Material ◽

Factors Affecting ◽

Feed Production ◽

Bean Meal ◽

Materials Used ◽

Soya Bean Meal ◽

Selection Of

The main purpose of this paper was to identify the factors affecting the selection of raw materials used by feed operators in feed production. An attempt was also made to indicate the barriers to increasing the use of native protein plants by feed operators in feed production. Today, many EU countries (including Poland) primarily rely on vegetable protein derived from genetically modified soya bean meal (mainly imported from South America and the U.S.) in addressing their needs for protein raw material used in animal feed. For many years now, Poland has taken steps to increase the production and use of native protein raw material to partially replace soya bean meal imports. The use of mixes of diverse domestic protein sources derived from grain legumes (peas, field beans, lupine) can provide an advantageous alternative to compound feeding stuff based on imported post-extraction soya bean meal. To meet the objective defined above, this paper relied on the results of a 2018 survey conducted with a sample of 29 feed operators located across the country. More than half (55%) of the enterprises surveyed did not use legumes in feed production; the use of legumes was above 10% in only 3% of respondents. When asked about the key factors affecting the selection of raw materials used in production processes, the respondents declared to be interested in buying large batches of homogeneous raw materials that meet specific quality parameters (33% replied “rather yes” and 67% replied “definitely yes”). The protein content of plant seeds used in feed production was identified as another aspect of extreme importance (55% replied “rather yes” and 24% replied “definitely yes”).

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Factors Affecting Profitability on Animal Feed Companies in Indonesia

Agro Ekonomi ◽

10.22146/jae.26034 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 28 (2) ◽

pp. 289

Author(s):

Mercky Haryo ◽

Amzul Rifin ◽

Bunasor Sanim

Keyword(s):

Exchange Rate ◽

External Factor ◽

Animal Feed ◽

Exchange Rate Volatility ◽

Raw Material ◽

Net Income ◽

Internal Factors ◽

Factors Affecting ◽

Corn Prices ◽

Internal And External Factors

The animal feed industry is essential as it supports livestock industry in meeting the need of protein of a country. Feed contribution reaching at 70 percent of livestock production cost makes feed becomes an pivotal factor which could boost its sales. Unfortunately net income of animal feed companies for the last five years tent to decrease and emerged problems. The aim of this study were to examine internal and external factors affecting profitability represented by ROA and formulate recommendations in improving them. The results showed that internal factors affecting ROA significantly are Sales, COGS, and TATO, while for the external factor is exchange rate. DAR, inflation and international corn prices do not influence ROA significantly. The implications for companies and animal feed industries in improving profitability generally is by increasing sales and TATO value. Also, the company must be able to press COGS especially raw material cost which is more sensitive to profitability when its price is higher. Companies have to conduct risk management in order to anticipate exchange rate volatility followed by government’s action as regulator in maintaining macroeconomic and trade stability.

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Determination of optimum animal feed raw material order allocation

IOP Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science ◽

10.1088/1755-1315/713/1/012001 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 713 (1) ◽

pp. 012001

Author(s):

D Wahyuni ◽

M T Sembiring ◽

I Budiman ◽

T Utari ◽

C D N Silaen

Keyword(s):

Animal Feed ◽

Raw Material ◽

Order Allocation

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Feasibility of cereal straw for industrial utilization in Minnesota

American Journal of Alternative Agriculture ◽

10.1017/s0889189300008407 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 15 (1) ◽

pp. 2-8 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

N.C. Wagner ◽

S. Ramaswamy ◽

U. Tschirner

Keyword(s):

Animal Feed ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Low Cost ◽

Economic Feasibility ◽

Raw Material ◽

Cereal Straw ◽

Industrial Utilization ◽

Industrial Use ◽

On Farm ◽

And Storage

AbstractA pre-economic feasibility study was undertaken to determine the potential of cereal straw for industrial utilization in Minnesota. Specifically, utilizing straw for pulp and paper manufacture was of interest. The availability of cereal straw fiber supplies at various locations across the state of Minnesota, along with pre-processing issues such as transportation, harvesting, handling, and storage, are discussed and priced. The greatest economic advantage of straw for industrial use appears to be the low cost of the raw material compared to traditional raw materials. This also provides an excellent opportunity for additional income for farmers. The methodology and information provided here should be helpful in evaluating the feasibility of utilizing straw for other industrial purposes in other parts of the world. However, in some Third World countries, long-standing on-farm, traditional uses of cereal straws for fuel, fiber, and animal feed may limit their availability for industrial utilization.

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High-Moisture Meat Analogues Produced from Yellow Pea and Faba Bean Protein Isolates/Concentrate: Effect of Raw Material Composition and Extrusion Parameters on Texture Properties

Foods ◽

10.3390/foods10040843 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (4) ◽

pp. 843

Author(s):

Ferawati Ferawati ◽

Izalin Zahari ◽

Malin Barman ◽

Mohammed Hefni ◽

Cecilia Ahlström ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Faba Bean ◽

Genetically Modified Organisms ◽

Extrusion Process ◽

Raw Material ◽

High Moisture ◽

Protein Isolates ◽

Factors Affecting ◽

Texture Properties ◽

Meat Analogue ◽

Bean Protein

Yellow pea and faba bean are potential candidates to replace soybean-based ingredients due to their suitability for cultivation in the northern hemisphere, non-genetically modified organisms cultivation practice and low risk of allergenicity. This study examined the functionality of local yellow pea and faba bean protein isolates/concentrate as meat analogue products. The most critical factors affecting the texture properties of meat analogue were also determined. Extrusion was used to produce high-moisture meat analogues (HMMAs) from yellow pea and faba bean protein isolates/concentrates and HMMAs with fibrous layered structures was successfully produced from both imported commercial and local sources. The texture properties of the HMMA produced were mainly affected by the ash, fiber and protein content and water-holding capacity of the source protein. Three extrusion process parameters (target moisture content, extrusion temperature, screw speed), also significantly affected HMMA texture. In conclusion, functional HMMA can be produced using protein isolates derived from locally grown pulses.

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Consumer behaviour towards willingness to pay for Halal products

British Food Journal ◽

10.1108/bfj-02-2018-0085 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 121 (2) ◽

pp. 492-504 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Waqar Ahmed ◽

Arsalan Najmi ◽

Hafiz Muhammad Faizan ◽

Shaharyar Ahmed

Keyword(s):

Willingness To Pay ◽

Structural Equation ◽

Quantitative Research ◽

Reasoned Action ◽

Raw Material ◽

Equation Modeling ◽

Muslim Country ◽

Policy Makers ◽

Content Type ◽

Factors Affecting

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to empirically analyze the factors affecting Muslim consumers’ willingness to pay (WTP) for Halal food, products and operations by employing theory of reasoned action.Design/methodology/approachThis study has used quantitative research methodology and collected data from 350 questionnaires from a densely populated city of Pakistan. Partial least squares-structural equation modeling was used to analyze the data.FindingsThe results show that the concerns about Halal, religiosity, perception of usefulness of Halal and product ingredients have a significant impact on WTP for Halal foods, while attitude has an insignificant impact on WTP. Moreover, the extent of demand for Halal certification is significantly affected by WTP.Originality/valueThe study highlighted the concerns of the Muslim consumers with respect to Halalness of the products and operations despite living in a Muslim country. It is recommended that the policy makers, food authorities and health institutions should conduct regular inspections of foods, products and producers’/manufacturers’ operations to ensure that all the procedures from manufacturing of the raw material till the finished goods follow Islamic principles to make them completely Halal.

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Anaerobic treatment of residual lemon pulp in digesters with semi-continuous feed

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.2012.587 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 67 (3) ◽

pp. 514-520

Author(s):

A. R. Navarro ◽

Z. Lopez ◽

J. Salguero ◽

M. C. Maldonado

Keyword(s):

Industrial Waste ◽

Animal Feed ◽

Oxygen Demand ◽

Anaerobic Treatment ◽

Raw Material ◽

Comparative Tests ◽

Economic Problems ◽

The North ◽

Potential Applications ◽

Continuous Feed

Lemon growing areas in the north of Argentina have industries that produce concentrated juice, peel and essential oil and generate a significant amount of liquid and solid waste as lemon pulp. In Argentina, despite the potential applications that the pulp has as animal feed and human and industrial raw material, only 10% is used for these purposes and the rest is discarded into the environment causing many ecological and economic problems. There is little information in the literature on biotechnologies for the treatment of this industrial waste. This paper shows that lemon pulp is a suitable substrate to be treated by anaerobic digestion. We obtained 86 and 92% reduction of chemical oxygen demand in a digester with a semi-continuous feed and retention time of 10 and 20 days respectively and a productivity of 0.406 g CH4/g VS h. Comparative tests showed that pre-digesting the pulp improved the process of digestion and increased biogas generation by 20%.

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Potential of Bagasse as Raw Material for Lignosulfonate Surfactant

10.5772/intechopen.96373 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Rini Setiati ◽

Aqlyna Fatahanissa ◽

Shabrina Sri Riswati ◽

Septoratno Siregar ◽

Deana Wahyuningrum

Keyword(s):

Oil Recovery ◽

Animal Feed ◽

Raw Material ◽

Sodium Lignosulfonate ◽

Component Test ◽

Hydrophilic Lipophilic Balance ◽

Study Results ◽

Steam Boilers ◽

Injection Mechanism ◽

Petroleum Sector

Anionic surfactants are generally used in surfactant injections because they are good, resistant in storage and stable. Furthermore, Commercially, anions are produced in the form of carboxylates, sulfates, sulfonates, phosphates, or phosphonates. The surfactants used in the process of implementing Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) are generally petroleum-based, such as Petroleum Sulfonate. Therefore, an increase in oil price, leads to an increase in the price of surfactant and the operational costs becomes relatively expensive. Lignosulfonate is a type of anionic surfactant which is made with lignin as raw material. This lignin is found in many plants, including wood stalks, plant leaves, peanut shells, corn cobs, bagasse, empty bunches of oil palm and wheat straw. Based on the results of previous studies, 25% of lignin component was discovered in bagasse. This may be a consideration that there is enough lignin in bagasse to be used as raw material in the production of lignosulfonate vegetable surfactants. Furthermore, lignin from bagasse is used because bagasse is easy to obtain, cheap and an environmental friendly vegetable waste. Currently, bagasse is only used as fuel in steam boilers and papermaking, cement and brick reinforcement, a source of animal feed, bioethanol, activated charcoal as adsorbent and compost fertilizer. This is a consideration to optimize the use of bagasse to become lignosulfonate as an alternative for surfactants in the petroleum sector. The purpose of this study is to show that lignin from bagasse has the potential of becoming a lignosulfonate surfactant. There are several studies that have processed bagasse into sodium lignosulfonate. The component test on the results showed that the surfactant component of sodium lignosulfonate from bagasse was almost the same as the commercial standard lignosulfonate component. Furthermore, the results of the HLB (Hydrophilic–Lipophilic Balance) value test show that the sodium lignosulfonate surfactant from bagasse can function as an emulsion form which is a required parameter for the surfactant injection mechanism. Based on the discussion of the study results, bagasse has the potential as a raw material to be processed into lignosulfonates.

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Genetic Transformation of Apomictic Grasses: Progress and Constraints

Frontiers in Plant Science ◽

10.3389/fpls.2021.768393 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Andrés M. Bellido ◽

Eduado D. Souza Canadá ◽

Hugo R. Permingeat ◽

Viviana Echenique

Keyword(s):

Genetic Transformation ◽

Plant Transformation ◽

Large Scale ◽

Crop Improvement ◽

Current Status ◽

Grass Species ◽

Brachiaria Brizantha ◽

Apomictic Species ◽

Transformation Methods

The available methods for plant transformation and expansion beyond its limits remain especially critical for crop improvement. For grass species, this is even more critical, mainly due to drawbacks in in vitro regeneration. Despite the existence of many protocols in grasses to achieve genetic transformation through Agrobacterium or biolistic gene delivery, their efficiencies are genotype-dependent and still very low due to the recalcitrance of these species to in vitro regeneration. Many plant transformation facilities for cereals and other important crops may be found around the world in universities and enterprises, but this is not the case for apomictic species, many of which are C4 grasses. Moreover, apomixis (asexual reproduction by seeds) represents an additional constraint for breeding. However, the transformation of an apomictic clone is an attractive strategy, as the transgene is immediately fixed in a highly adapted genetic background, capable of large-scale clonal propagation. With the exception of some species like Brachiaria brizantha which is planted in approximately 100 M ha in Brazil, apomixis is almost non-present in economically important crops. However, as it is sometimes present in their wild relatives, the main goal is to transfer this trait to crops to fix heterosis. Until now this has been a difficult task, mainly because many aspects of apomixis are unknown. Over the last few years, many candidate genes have been identified and attempts have been made to characterize them functionally in Arabidopsis and rice. However, functional analysis in true apomictic species lags far behind, mainly due to the complexity of its genomes, of the trait itself, and the lack of efficient genetic transformation protocols. In this study, we review the current status of the in vitro culture and genetic transformation methods focusing on apomictic grasses, and the prospects for the application of new tools assayed in other related species, with two aims: to pave the way for discovering the molecular pathways involved in apomixis and to develop new capacities for breeding purposes because many of these grasses are important forage or biofuel resources.

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Issues in the Classification and Typology of Antique Masonry in the Writings of Foreign and Russian Scholars

Исторический журнал научные исследования ◽

10.7256/2454-0609.2020.1.31366 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 1-14

Author(s):

Andrei Grigorev

Keyword(s):

Black Sea ◽

Scientific Community ◽

Raw Material ◽

Historical Period ◽

Military Architecture ◽

Time And Space ◽

Factors Affecting ◽

Comprehensive Examination ◽

Stone Carving ◽

Scholarly Attention

The article examines the problems in developing approaches for the description and stylistic interpretation of antique masonry, as well as the issues in their stylistic dating. The task of dating construction remains belonging to the 7th century B.C.E. to the turn of the era, has attracted the scholarly attention of the scientific community since the 1940s and has been considered by both foreign and Russian researchers. The article's research object is the construction remains of Greek civil and military architecture in the Mediterranean and the Northern Black Sea regions - territories considered to have been the center and periphery of the Greek Oikumena. The study applied the comparative-typological method, the synchronization of objects in time and space, and dating by analogy. Both in Russian and foreign studies a significant amount of data has been collected for the analysis and construction of appropriate conclusions regarding the distribution and popularity of certain masonry in particular periods of time. However, due to the presence of many factors affecting the ancient construction and stone-carving craft, a number of exceptions due to local natural, economic, raw material, and administrative factors can be distinguished in the observed patterns. Thus, the whole picture of the formation of the construction and stone-carving craft (with the allocation of the corresponding types of masonry in a certain historical period) can be reconstructed only with a comprehensive examination of all of them. As the most interesting objects in this regard, the article cites a number of architectural remains belonging to the monuments of the distant chora of Tauric Chersonesos dating to the second half of the 4th century B.C.E.

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