scholarly journals Vitamin A in diets for Nile tilapia

2009 ◽  
Vol 66 (6) ◽  
pp. 751-756 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniela Ferraz Bacconi Campeche ◽  
Rodrigo Ramos Catharino ◽  
Helena Teixeira Godoy ◽  
José Eurico Possebon Cyrino
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin A ◽  
Nile Tilapia ◽  
Stocking Density ◽  
Retinyl Palmitate ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Vitamin Supplementation ◽  
Dietary Vitamin ◽  
Farmed Fish ◽  
Performance Variables ◽  
Randomized Experimental Design

Dietary vitamin supplementation decrease stress caused by high stocking density, and boosts immunological system of farmed fish. A studied was carried out to determine vitamin A requirements of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) in an all male group (13.8 ± 1.2 g) and a mixed sex population (9.8 ± 2.3 g). Fish stocked in 100-L plastic aquaria (26.0 ± 1.0ºC) were fed to near satiety, twice a day, seven days a week, during 75 days with vitamin A-free, semi-purified diets supplemented with 0; 600; 1,200; 1,800; 2,400; 3,000; 3,600; 4,200; 4,800 and 5,400 International Units (IU) of retinyl palmitate (30% vitamin A) per kg of diet in a completely randomized experimental design, factorial arrangement 2c10 (n = 4). Deficiency signs of vitamin A were observed in fish fed 0 to 1.200 IU vitamin A kg-1 diet; moderate signs were observed in fish fed diets with 1.800 to 3.600 IU vitamin A kg-1 diet; no interactions group*level (p < 0.05) were detected. Dietary levels of vitamin A up to 5.400 IU kg-1 influenced final weight and weight gain of fish (p < 0.05), but did not influence feed consumption (p > 0.05). A group effect was observed regarding all performance variables (p < 0.0001). Quantification of hepatic retinol (HPLC) detected vitamin A only in fish fed 5.400 IU retinol kg-1 of diet, therefore characterizing that dietary retinol was used and stored. The quantity of 5.400 IU of retinol kg-1 of diet is recommended for adequate nutrition of Nile tilapia.

Effect of dietary vitamin A on the mixed function oxidases and the pneumotoxicity of 3-methylindole in goats

1983 ◽  
Vol 61 (8) ◽  
pp. 816-821 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. E. Burley ◽  
T. M. Bray
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin A ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Retinyl Palmitate ◽  
Lung Damage ◽  
Dietary Vitamin ◽  
Vitamin A Supplementation ◽  
High Vitamin ◽  
Alveolar Epithelial

To determine the effects of dietary vitamin A on the activity of the mixed function oxidase (MFO) system and on the susceptibility to 3-methylindole (3MI)-induced respiratory disease, goats were fed a high (supplemented with 12 000 IU retinyl palmitate/kg) or a low (no supplementation) vitamin A diet for 14 weeks. Four animals in each dietary group were then challenged with [14C]3MI. The remaining four animals served as controls. Enzyme assays were performed and severity of the 3MI-induced lung damage was scored. Consumption of the low vitamin A diet resulted in a significant reduction in the liver and lung contents of vitamin A; however, serum concentration of vitamin A was unaffected. High vitamin A supplementation did not alter the activity of the MFO system. Clinical signs, lung – body weight ratio and wet – dry weight ratio of the lungs of 3MI-infused goats were not significantly different; however, in the low vitamin A goats, the microscopic lesions such as the extent of alveolar epithelial hyperplasia were judged to be significantly more severe than those observed in the high vitamin A goats.

scholarly journals Environmental Stress in Chickens and the Potential Effectiveness of Dietary Vitamin Supplementation

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fisayo Akinyemi ◽  
Deborah Adewole
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Stress ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Stocking Density ◽  
Environmental Stressors ◽  
Vitamin Supplementation ◽  
Dietary Vitamin ◽  
Intestinal Damage ◽  
Potential Effectiveness ◽  
Heat And Cold Stress ◽  
Managing Stress

Environmental stressors can promote the vulnerability of animals to infections; it is therefore, essential to understand how stressors affect the immune system, the adaptive capacity of animals to respond, and effective techniques in managing stress. This review highlights scientific evidence regarding environmental stress challenge models and the potential effectiveness of vitamin supplementation. The major environmental stressors discussed are heat and cold stress, feed restriction, stocking density, and pollutants. Much work has been done to identify the effects of environmental stress in broilers and layers, while few involved other types of poultry. Studies indicated that chickens' performance, health, and welfare are compromised when challenged with environmental stress. These stressors result in physiological alterations, behavioral changes, decreased egg and meat quality, tissue and intestinal damage, and high mortalities. The application of vitamins with other nutritional approaches can help in combating these environmental stressors in chickens. Poultry birds do not synthesize sufficient vitamins during stressful periods. It is therefore suggested that chicken diets are supplemented with vitamins when subjected to environmental stress. Combination of vitamins are considered more efficient than the use of individual vitamins in alleviating environmental stress in chickens.

scholarly journals Interactions in indices of vitamin A, zinc and copper status when these nutrients are fed to rats at adequate and increased levels

1996 ◽  
Vol 75 (6) ◽  
pp. 915-928 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. R. Sundaresan ◽  
Susan M. Kaup ◽  
Paddy W. Wiesenfeld ◽  
Stuart J. Chirtel ◽  
Susan C. Hight ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin A ◽  
Retinyl Palmitate ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Cholesterol Concentration ◽  
Independent Effect ◽  
Dietary Vitamin ◽  
Retinyl Acetate ◽  
Serum Ceruloplasmin ◽  
Liver And Kidney ◽  
Cu And Zn

The purpose of the present study was to determine the effects of feeding nutritionally adequate and increased levels of vitamin A (retinyl acetate at 1·4, 34·4, and 206·4 mg/kg diet) in combination with adequate or increased Zn (12 and 240 mg/kg) and Cu (5 and 50mg/kg) on serum and tissue concentrations of retinol and retinyl palmitate and on indices of Cu and Zn status in female Sprague–Dawley rats, and to measure interactive effects of such nutrient imbalances. Rats fed on diets containing 34·4 and 206·4 mg vitamin A/kg had higher feed intakes and relative Liver weights than those fed on diets containing 1.4mg vitamin A/kg. An interaction between dietary Cu and Zn and an independent effect of vitamin A affected serum ceruloplasmin oxidase (EC 1.16.3.1) activity. Rats fed on high Zn, adequate-Cu diets (240 and 5 mg Zn and Cu/kg respectively) had lower serum ceruloplasmin oxidase levels than rats fed on adequate-Zn, adequate-Cu diets (12 and 5 mg Zn and Cu/kg respectively). This effect was not observed in rats fed on high-Zn, high-Cu diets (240 and 50mg Zn and Cu/kg respectively). Alterations in dietary levels of Cu and vitamin A independently affected haemoglobin levels. Serum cholesterol concentration was affected by interactions between Zn and vitamin A and Cu and vitamin A. Levels of retinol and retinyl palmitate in liver and kidney were significantly higher in rats fed on diets with increased dietary vitamin A than in those fed on diets with adequate vitamin A. Three-way interactions among Cu, Zn, and vitamin A affected levels of retinol in serum and liver. Two-way interactions between Cu and vitamin A affected liver retinyl palmitate and the sum of liver retinol + retinyl palmitate. An independent effect of dietary Zn on these variables was also observed. Interactions between Cu and vitamin A affected levels of Cu in liver and kidney, while Fe and Zn in kidney were affected by interactions between Cu and Zn. This study demonstrates that differing interactions among variables of vitamin A metabolism and mineral status occur with higher dietary levels of vitamin A, Zn and Cu in the rat

scholarly journals The effect of retinyl palmitate added to iron-fortified maize porridge on erythrocyte incorporation of iron in African children with vitamin A deficiency

2003 ◽  
Vol 90 (2) ◽  
pp. 337-343 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lena Davidsson ◽  
Pierre Adou ◽  
Christophe Zeder ◽  
Thomas Walczyk ◽  
Richard Hurrell
Keyword(s):  
Single Dose ◽  
Vitamin A ◽  
Test Meal ◽  
Vitamin A Deficiency ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Retinyl Palmitate ◽  
Dietary Vitamin ◽  
Vitamin A Supplementation ◽  
Vitamin A Status ◽  
Before And After

Retinyl palmitate added to Fe-fortified maize bread has been reported to enhance Fe absorption in adult Venezuelan subjects but not in Western Europeans. It is not known to what extent these results were influenced by differences in vitamin A status of the study subjects. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the influence of retinyl palmitate added to Fe-fortified maize porridge on erythrocyte incorporation of Fe in children with vitamin A deficiency, before and after vitamin A supplementation. Erythrocyte incorporation of Fe-stable isotopes was measured 14 d after intake of maize porridge (2·0 mg Fe added as ferrous sulfate) with and without added retinyl palmitate (3·5 μmol; 3300 IU). The study was repeated 3 weeks after vitamin A supplementation (intake of a single dose of 210 μmol retinyl palmitate; ‘vitamin A capsule’). Vitamin A status was evaluated by the modified relative dose–response (MRDR) technique. Retinyl palmitate added to the test meal reduced the geometric mean erythrocyte incorporation of Fe at baseline from 4·0 to 2·6 % (P=0·008, n 13; paired t test). At 3 weeks after vitamin A supplementation, geometric mean erythrocyte incorporation was 1·9 and 2·3 % respectively from the test meal with and without added retinyl palmitate (P=0·283). Mean dehydroretinol:retinol molar ratios were 0·156 and 0·125 before and after intake of the single dose of 210 μmol retinyl palmitate; ‘vitamin A capsule’ (P=0·15). In conclusion, retinyl palmitate added to the labelled test meals significantly decreased erythrocyte incorporation of Fe in children with vitamin A deficiency at baseline but had no statistically significant effect 3 weeks after vitamin A supplementation. The difference in response to retinyl palmitate added to Fe-fortified maize porridge on erythrocyte incorporation of Fe before and after intake of the vitamin A capsule indicates, indirectly, changes in vitamin A status not measurable by the MRDR technique. The lack of conclusive data on the effect of retinyl palmitate on Fe absorption indicates the complexity of the interactions between vitamin A status, dietary vitamin A and Fe metabolism.

scholarly journals Influence of dietary supplementation on serum vitamin A and D concentrations and their seasonal variation in horses

1992 ◽  
Vol 1 (5) ◽  
pp. 477-482 ◽  
Author(s):  
Markku Saastamoinen ◽  
Johanna Juusela
Keyword(s):  
Seasonal Variation ◽  
Vitamin A ◽  
Serum Vitamin ◽  
Vitamin Supplementation ◽  
Dietary Vitamin ◽  
Serum Retinol ◽  
Hydroxyvitamin D ◽  
25 Hydroxyvitamin D ◽  
Grazing Period ◽  
One Year

An experiment involving 40 adult trotters and saddle horses was conducted during a period of one year in order to investigate the influence of vitamin A (retinol) and D (25-(OH)D) supplementation on serum vitamin concentrations and the seasonal variation of the serum concentrations of these vitamins. Vitamin supplementation was started either at the beginning or in the middle of the indoor (winter) feeding period. Supplementation lasted from the beginning of September or January to the end of May. According to the results, neither the dietary vitamin supplementation nor the length of the grazing period had any consistent effect on the serum vitamin concentrations. Neither was there any systematic seasonal variation in the serum retinol and 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels.

Vitamin A in Blood Plasma and Urine of Dogs is Affected by the Dietary Level of Vitamin A

2000 ◽  
Vol 70 (3) ◽  
pp. 84-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
Florian Schweigert ◽  
Volker Bok
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin A ◽  
Blood Plasma ◽  
Plasma Levels ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Retinyl Palmitate ◽  
Dietary Vitamin ◽  
Urinary Levels ◽  
Retinyl Esters ◽  
Prolonged Feeding ◽  
In Blood Plasma

Dogs differ from other species with respect to the occurrence of a high percentage of retinyl esters in blood plasma and the excretion of substantial amounts of vitamin A in the urine. Our investigation focussed on the effects of different concentrations of vitamin A in the diet, ranging from concentrations below NRC requirements of 25 IU/kg body weight (BW) to 2400 IU/kg BW, on the levels of retinol and retinyl esters (palmitate/oleate and stearate) in canine blood plasma and urine. The plasma levels of retinyl esters paralleled the levels of vitamin A in the feed (r = 0.91; p < 0.001). The highest plasma level (12.1 ± 0.4 mg/l) was observed at the highest level in the diet. This observation may be explained by the fact that in dogs retinyl esters are associated with lipoproteins. Even under prolonged feeding on vitamin A levels below NRC requirements, retinyl esters were still present in the plasma (2.8 ± 0.1 mg/l). Levels of retinol were not affected (1.2 ± 0.03 vs. 1.0 ± 0.03 mg/l, respectively). In the urine, the concentration of retinol and retinyl palmitate/oleate increased with the first increase of vitamin A in the diet to 1.2 ± 0.4 mg/l of total vitamin A. Urinary levels were elevated and fluctuated with up to four peaks while dietary vitamin A levels were above NRC requirements. But the amount of retinol and retinyl esters excreted did not show any dependence on the amount of vitamin A in the diet. When the amount of vitamin A in the diet was at or below requirements, only traces of retinol and retinyl esters were detected in urine. Thus, contrary to current knowledge for most other mammals, retinyl ester levels in plasma and retinol and retinyl esters in the urine of dogs proved to be clearly but differently affected by the amount of vitamin A supplied with the diet. Contrary to retinol, plasma levels of retinyl esters closely reflect the actual supply of vitamin A with the feed. The occurrence of retinol and retinyl esters in urine may, however, be due to dietary supply of vitamin A in excess of standard requirements, thereby providing a useful indicator of a dietary supply of vitamin A above requirement. The mechanism involved in the possible regulation of urinary excretion of retinol and retinyl esters remains to be elucidated.

scholarly journals Serum and intracellular retinol transport in the equine

1982 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 273-280 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Sklan ◽  
Susan Donoghue
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin A ◽  
Gel Filtration ◽  
Protein Aggregates ◽  
Retinyl Palmitate ◽  
Hydrolase Activity ◽  
Retinol Binding Protein ◽  
Dietary Vitamin ◽  
Protein Aggregate ◽  
Retinyl Esters ◽  
Four Levels

1. Serum and intracellular distribution of retinol was determined in equines maintained on four levels of vitamin A intake.2. The form of retinol transported in serum was determined by gel filtration and chromatography to be a complex of retinol bound to a protein of molecular weight (MW) of approximately 20000, which was in turn complexed probably with prealbumin to yield a complex with a MW of 75000 to 80000.3. Increasing dietary vitamin A levels enhanced the concentration of lipoprotein-bound retinyl esters in the plasma.4. Vitamin A in the liver cytosol was found predominantly as retinyl esters in a lipid–protein aggregate of MW approximately 2 × 106 and hydrated density of 1·063–1·111. In the kidney and adrenal gland, two Iipid–protein entitites were found with MW of approximately 1·8 × 106 and 1·7 × 105 respectively. These fractions contained approximately 40 and 20% lipid respectively and had densities of 1·063–1·111 and approximately 1·21.5. All lipid–protein aggregates were associated with retinyl palmitate hydrolase activity and guanidine treatment released a 15000 MW material, presumably intracellular retinol-binding protein.6. Increasing dietary vitamin A enhanced the proportion of retinol in the 1·7 × 105 fraction.7. Findings in equine plasma and liver resemble previous observations in other species. The characterization of two new lipid–protein aggregates in equine kidney and adrenal glands, which have hydrolase activity, may be important in intracellular retinol transport and metabolism, especially in animals subjected to high intakes of vitamin A.

scholarly journals Evaluation of booster additive with different DOC body weight on Broiler production performance in closed house

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 254-260
Author(s):  
Muharlien Muharlien ◽  
Edhy Sudjarwo ◽  
Dyah Lestari Yulianti ◽  
Heni Setyo Prayogi
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Stocking Density ◽  
Maintenance Phase ◽  
Production Performance ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Initial Weight ◽  
Mixed Feed ◽  
Randomized Experimental Design

This experiment was carried out in a 7,500 m2 poultry closed house located between the geographical coordinates 7°21ʹ-7°31ʹ south latitude and 110°10ʹ-111°31ʹ west longitude and an average altitute of 654 m, from July to August 2020. The chickens were placed in 24 pens measuring 1 m2 each at stocking density of 4 chickens m-2. This study aimed at evaluating the effect of three initial weight (chick weight on first day of experiment) and two types of mixed feed on broiler performance. A total 96 day old chicks strain CP 707 derived from the same flock of breeders, was distributed in completely randomized experimental design with 3 (initial weight) by two type of mixed feed five repliated per treatment. The feed was complete feed produced by PT. Charoen Pokphand Indonesia Tbk. Complete feed was given based on the maintenance phase, include BR0 (1-7 days old), BR1 (8-21 days), and BR2 (>21 days). The booster additive was a commercial product. Initial weights were classified as light (37-41 g), medium (42-46 g) and heavy (>47 g), whereas mixed feed (with and without additive booster) were used as daily chicken feed. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and means were compared by Tukey’s test at 95% confidence level. Initial weight and types of mixed feed have no effect on feed consumption, body weight gain, feed conversion, dan production index.

LEVELS OF VITAMIN C IN CHAIN SMOKERS

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Simerpreet Kukreja
Keyword(s):  
Cigarette Smoking ◽  
Vitamin C ◽  
Dietary Intake ◽  
Serum Vitamin ◽  
Inverse Correlation ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Negative Association ◽  
Alcoholic Beverages ◽  
Vitamin Supplementation ◽  
Dietary Vitamin

Introduction: Cigarette smoking induces many chronic illnesses, but in developed countries it is a preventable risk factor. However, by increasing the protective protection mechanism, it may be possible to alleviate the smoke-induced damage. As smoking risk is minimised by vitamin C intake, it is recommended that smokers should take more vitamin C. This inverse correlation between both vitamin C intake and serum levels and smoking was independent of age, sex, body weight, ethnicity, and consumption of alcoholic beverages. The negative association between cigarette smoking and serum vitamin C levels continued, following further adjustment for dietary vitamin C intake. The risk of severe hypovitaminosis C, especially when not accompanied by vitamin supplementation, has been increased in smokers. These data indicate that the inverse relationship between smoking and serum vitamin C levels exists independently of dietary intake, while smoking adversely affects preferences for vitamin C rich foods. Methods: A survey method was performed, with 50 smokers (S) receiving either 500 mg of vitamin C or placebo (P) daily for 4 weeks, and 50 non-smokers receiving vitamin C without supplementation. All finished the hearing. Both groups were equal and C: 14.2 + /- 1.8 pack-years was the amount of cigarettes smoked. Concentrations of plasma vitamin C increased significantly (p < 0.005) only in the vitamin C supplement community.  Results: At SMHRC Hospital Nagpur, we examined the relationship between smoking and vitamin C status, dietary and serum vitamin C levels of 100 participants. Smokers of 20 cigarettes a day had the lowest dietary intake of vitamin C and serum levels, whereas smokers of 1-19 cigarettes a day had lower intake of vitamin C and serum levels (compared to respondents who had never smoked. This inverse correlation between vitamin C and smoking intake and serum levels was independent of age, sex, body weight, race, and consumption of alcoholic beverages. The negative association between cigarette smoking and serum vitamin C levels continued, following further adjustment for dietary vitamin C intake. In smokers, the risk of severe hypo-vitaminosis C, particularly when not accompanied by vitamin supplementation, has increased. Conclusion: These data indicate that the inverse relationship between smoking and serum vitamin C levels exists independently of dietary intake, while smoking adversely affects preferences for vitamin C rich foods. A balanced diet for smokers will obtain a hearty recommendation at this time, but guidelines should remain cautious about high-dose nutrition supplements. Keywords: Chain Smoker, Vitamin C, hypo-vitaminosis C and cigarette.

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