scholarly journals Environmental Stress in Chickens and the Potential Effectiveness of Dietary Vitamin Supplementation

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fisayo Akinyemi ◽  
Deborah Adewole
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Stress ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Stocking Density ◽  
Environmental Stressors ◽  
Vitamin Supplementation ◽  
Dietary Vitamin ◽  
Intestinal Damage ◽  
Potential Effectiveness ◽  
Heat And Cold Stress ◽  
Managing Stress

Environmental stressors can promote the vulnerability of animals to infections; it is therefore, essential to understand how stressors affect the immune system, the adaptive capacity of animals to respond, and effective techniques in managing stress. This review highlights scientific evidence regarding environmental stress challenge models and the potential effectiveness of vitamin supplementation. The major environmental stressors discussed are heat and cold stress, feed restriction, stocking density, and pollutants. Much work has been done to identify the effects of environmental stress in broilers and layers, while few involved other types of poultry. Studies indicated that chickens' performance, health, and welfare are compromised when challenged with environmental stress. These stressors result in physiological alterations, behavioral changes, decreased egg and meat quality, tissue and intestinal damage, and high mortalities. The application of vitamins with other nutritional approaches can help in combating these environmental stressors in chickens. Poultry birds do not synthesize sufficient vitamins during stressful periods. It is therefore suggested that chicken diets are supplemented with vitamins when subjected to environmental stress. Combination of vitamins are considered more efficient than the use of individual vitamins in alleviating environmental stress in chickens.

scholarly journals Vitamin A in diets for Nile tilapia

2009 ◽  
Vol 66 (6) ◽  
pp. 751-756 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniela Ferraz Bacconi Campeche ◽  
Rodrigo Ramos Catharino ◽  
Helena Teixeira Godoy ◽  
José Eurico Possebon Cyrino
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin A ◽  
Nile Tilapia ◽  
Stocking Density ◽  
Retinyl Palmitate ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Vitamin Supplementation ◽  
Dietary Vitamin ◽  
Farmed Fish ◽  
Performance Variables ◽  
Randomized Experimental Design

Dietary vitamin supplementation decrease stress caused by high stocking density, and boosts immunological system of farmed fish. A studied was carried out to determine vitamin A requirements of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) in an all male group (13.8 ± 1.2 g) and a mixed sex population (9.8 ± 2.3 g). Fish stocked in 100-L plastic aquaria (26.0 ± 1.0ºC) were fed to near satiety, twice a day, seven days a week, during 75 days with vitamin A-free, semi-purified diets supplemented with 0; 600; 1,200; 1,800; 2,400; 3,000; 3,600; 4,200; 4,800 and 5,400 International Units (IU) of retinyl palmitate (30% vitamin A) per kg of diet in a completely randomized experimental design, factorial arrangement 2c10 (n = 4). Deficiency signs of vitamin A were observed in fish fed 0 to 1.200 IU vitamin A kg-1 diet; moderate signs were observed in fish fed diets with 1.800 to 3.600 IU vitamin A kg-1 diet; no interactions group*level (p < 0.05) were detected. Dietary levels of vitamin A up to 5.400 IU kg-1 influenced final weight and weight gain of fish (p < 0.05), but did not influence feed consumption (p > 0.05). A group effect was observed regarding all performance variables (p < 0.0001). Quantification of hepatic retinol (HPLC) detected vitamin A only in fish fed 5.400 IU retinol kg-1 of diet, therefore characterizing that dietary retinol was used and stored. The quantity of 5.400 IU of retinol kg-1 of diet is recommended for adequate nutrition of Nile tilapia.

LEVELS OF VITAMIN C IN CHAIN SMOKERS

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Simerpreet Kukreja
Keyword(s):  
Cigarette Smoking ◽  
Vitamin C ◽  
Dietary Intake ◽  
Serum Vitamin ◽  
Inverse Correlation ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Negative Association ◽  
Alcoholic Beverages ◽  
Vitamin Supplementation ◽  
Dietary Vitamin

Introduction: Cigarette smoking induces many chronic illnesses, but in developed countries it is a preventable risk factor. However, by increasing the protective protection mechanism, it may be possible to alleviate the smoke-induced damage. As smoking risk is minimised by vitamin C intake, it is recommended that smokers should take more vitamin C. This inverse correlation between both vitamin C intake and serum levels and smoking was independent of age, sex, body weight, ethnicity, and consumption of alcoholic beverages. The negative association between cigarette smoking and serum vitamin C levels continued, following further adjustment for dietary vitamin C intake. The risk of severe hypovitaminosis C, especially when not accompanied by vitamin supplementation, has been increased in smokers. These data indicate that the inverse relationship between smoking and serum vitamin C levels exists independently of dietary intake, while smoking adversely affects preferences for vitamin C rich foods. Methods: A survey method was performed, with 50 smokers (S) receiving either 500 mg of vitamin C or placebo (P) daily for 4 weeks, and 50 non-smokers receiving vitamin C without supplementation. All finished the hearing. Both groups were equal and C: 14.2 + /- 1.8 pack-years was the amount of cigarettes smoked. Concentrations of plasma vitamin C increased significantly (p < 0.005) only in the vitamin C supplement community.  Results: At SMHRC Hospital Nagpur, we examined the relationship between smoking and vitamin C status, dietary and serum vitamin C levels of 100 participants. Smokers of 20 cigarettes a day had the lowest dietary intake of vitamin C and serum levels, whereas smokers of 1-19 cigarettes a day had lower intake of vitamin C and serum levels (compared to respondents who had never smoked. This inverse correlation between vitamin C and smoking intake and serum levels was independent of age, sex, body weight, race, and consumption of alcoholic beverages. The negative association between cigarette smoking and serum vitamin C levels continued, following further adjustment for dietary vitamin C intake. In smokers, the risk of severe hypo-vitaminosis C, particularly when not accompanied by vitamin supplementation, has increased. Conclusion: These data indicate that the inverse relationship between smoking and serum vitamin C levels exists independently of dietary intake, while smoking adversely affects preferences for vitamin C rich foods. A balanced diet for smokers will obtain a hearty recommendation at this time, but guidelines should remain cautious about high-dose nutrition supplements. Keywords: Chain Smoker, Vitamin C, hypo-vitaminosis C and cigarette.

Neural effects of social environmental stress – an activation likelihood estimation meta-analysis

2016 ◽  
Vol 46 (10) ◽  
pp. 2015-2023 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. Mothersill ◽  
G. Donohoe
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Stress ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Likelihood Estimation ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Environmental Stressors ◽  
Bold Response ◽  
Activation Likelihood Estimation ◽  
Mri Studies ◽  
Social Environmental ◽  
The Right

BackgroundSocial environmental stress, including childhood abuse and deprivation, is associated with increased rates of psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia and depression. However, the neural mechanisms mediating risk are not completely understood. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies have reported effects of social environmental stress on a variety of brain regions, but interpretation of results is complicated by the variety of environmental risk factors examined and different methods employed.MethodWe examined brain regions consistently showing differences in blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) response in individuals exposed to higher levels of environmental stress by performing a coordinate-based meta-analysis on 54 functional MRI studies using activation likelihood estimation (ALE), including an overall sample of 3044 participants. We performed separate ALE analyses on studies examining adults (mean age ⩾18 years) and children/adolescents (mean age <18 years) and a contrast analysis comparing the two types of study.ResultsAcross both adult and children/adolescent studies, ALE meta-analysis revealed several clusters in which differences in BOLD response were associated with social environmental stress across multiple studies. These clusters incorporated several brain regions, among which the right amygdala was most frequently implicated.ConclusionsThese findings suggest that a variety of social environmental stressors is associated with differences in the BOLD response of specific brain regions such as the right amygdala in both children/adolescents and adults. What remains unknown is whether these environmental stressors have differential effects on treatment response in these brain regions.

scholarly journals Measuring the effect of environmental stress on cell survival during replication stress

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Poojaben Patel
Keyword(s):  
Cell Cycle ◽  
Heat Shock ◽  
Environmental Stress ◽  
Cellular Response ◽  
Replication Stress ◽  
Environmental Stressors ◽  
Replication Checkpoint ◽  
Checkpoint Proteins ◽  
Cellular Environment ◽  
Dna Replication Checkpoint

DNA replication checkpoint ensures cell fitness under replication stress by restraining fork progression and arresting cell cycle. Without checkpoint proteins, cells die in a replication inhibitor hydroxyurea (HU). However, cellular environment may affect their survival in HU. Therefore, the main goal of this study was to examine the effect of environmental stress and to study how it promotes survival in replication checkpoint mutants of fission yeast (rad3∆, mrc1∆, cds1∆). Our viability assays showed a significant increase in these mutants survival in heat-shock + HU compared to HU alone. Cell-cycle staging suggests that cells are altered after heat shock, affecting their response to HU. We measured the consequences to this enhanced survival and found that surviving population exhibits altered DNA mis-segregation and mutation rate. Collectively, our work points to a general cellular response to various environmental stressors that affects survival under replication stress, and may be applicable to human disease.

scholarly journals Achillea Species as Sources of Active Phytochemicals for Dermatological and Cosmetic Applications

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Marcelina Strzępek-Gomółka ◽  
Katarzyna Gaweł-Bęben ◽  
Wirginia Kukula-Koch
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Antimicrobial Properties ◽  
Environmental Stressors ◽  
World Health ◽  
Cosmetic Products ◽  
Cosmetic Ingredients ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
History Of Use ◽  
Wound Healing Activity

Achillea spp. is well known for its broad range of applications and long history of use in traditional medicine around the world. Health benefits of Achillea extracts result from the multitude of secondary metabolites identified in the plants from this genus that include flavonoids, phenolic acids, terpenes, guaianolides, phytosterols, fatty acids, and organic acids. The properties of several Achillea extracts meet also the expectations of a vividly developing cosmetic market. An increasing number of studies on the dermatological properties of Achillea spp. are observed in the recent years, with Achillea millefolium L. being the most studied and used representative of the genus. There is strong scientific evidence showing that also other yarrow species might be rich sources of effective cosmetic ingredients, with skin calming and rejuvenating properties, wound healing activity, and anti-inflammatory potential. Several Achillea extracts and isolated compounds were also shown to display significant tyrosinase inhibitory, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties and thus are interesting candidates for active ingredients of medications and cosmetic products protecting the skin from the harmful impact of environmental stressors. The aim of this review is to collect the current information on the composition and cosmeceutical significance of different Achillea species.

Ecological Effects of Environmental Stressors

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bill Freedman
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Environmental Stress ◽  
Ecological Integrity ◽  
Extreme Environments ◽  
Environmental Stressors ◽  
Toxic Substances ◽  
Physical Damage ◽  
Ecosystem Recovery ◽  
Anthropogenic Stressors ◽  
And Function

Regimes of environmental stress are exceedingly complex. Particular stressors exist within continua of intensity of environmental factors. Those factors interact with each other, and their detrimental effects on organisms are manifest only at relatively high or low strengths of exposure—in fact, many of them are beneficial at intermediate levels of intensity. Although a diversity of environmental factors is manifest at any time and place, only one or a few of them tend to be dominant as stressors. It is useful to distinguish between stressors that occur as severe events (disturbances) and those that are chronic in their exposure, and to aggregate the kinds of stressors into categories (while noting some degree of overlap among them). Climatic stressors are associated with extremes of temperature, solar radiation, wind, moisture, and combinations of these factors. They act as stressors if their condition is either insufficient or excessive, in comparison with the needs and comfort zones of organisms or ecosystem processes. Chemical stressors involve environments in which the availability of certain substances is too low to satisfy biological needs, or high enough to cause toxicity or another physiological detriment to organisms or to higher-level attributes of ecosystems. Wildfire is a disturbance that involves the combustion of much of the biomass of an ecosystem, affecting organisms by heat, physical damage, and toxic substances. Physical stress is a disturbance in which an exposure to kinetic energy is intense enough to damage organisms and ecosystems (such as a volcanic blast, seismic sea wave, ice scouring, or anthropogenic explosion or trampling). Biological stressors are associated with interactions occurring among organisms. They may be directly caused by such trophic interactions as herbivory, predation, and parasitism. They may also indirectly affect the intensity of physical or chemical stressors, as when competition affects the availability of nutrients, moisture, or space. Extreme environments are characterized by severe regimes of stressors, which result in relatively impoverished ecosystem development. This may be a consequence of either natural or anthropogenic stressors. If a regime of environmental stress intensifies, the resulting responses include a degradation of the structure and function of affected ecosystems and of ecological integrity more generally. In contrast, a relaxation of environmental stress allows some degree of ecosystem recovery.

scholarly journals The Effects of Psychological and Environmental Stress on Micronutrient Concentrations in the Body: A Review of the Evidence

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrian L Lopresti
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Stress ◽  
The Body ◽  
Environmental Stressors ◽  
Mental Function ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Physical Diseases ◽  
Different Populations ◽  
Nutrient Changes ◽  
Calcium Iron ◽  
The Impact

ABSTRACT Stress is the nonspecific response of the body to any demand for change. Excess or chronic psychological or environmental stress is associated with an increased risk of mental and physical diseases, with several mechanisms theorized to be associated with its detrimental effects. One underappreciated potential mechanism relates to the effects of psychological and environmental stress on micronutrient concentrations. Micronutrients (vitamins and minerals) are essential for optimal physical and mental function, with deficiencies associated with an array of diseases. In this article, animal and human studies investigating the effects of various psychological and environmental stressors on micronutrient concentrations are reviewed. In particular, the effects of psychological stress, sleep deprivation, and physical exercise on micronutrient concentrations and micronutrient excretion are summarized. Micronutrients identified in this review include magnesium, zinc, calcium, iron, and niacin. Overall, the bulk of evidence suggests stress can affect micronutrient concentrations, often leading to micronutrient depletion. However, before definitive conclusions about the effects of stress can be made, the impact of different stressors, stress severity, and acute versus chronic stress on micronutrient concentrations requires investigation. Moreover, the impact of stress on micronutrients in different populations varying in age, gender, and premorbid health status and the durability of changes after a stressor is resolved require examination. The medical, physical, and psychological implications of nutrient changes caused by a stressor also remain to be determined.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document