scholarly journals Antiretroviral drugs and acute pancreatitis in HIV/AIDS patients: is there any association? A literature review

2014 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 112-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalia Mejias Oliveira ◽  
Felipe Augusto Yamauti Ferreira ◽  
Raquel Yumi Yonamine ◽  
Ethel Zimberg Chehter
Keyword(s):  
Acute Pancreatitis ◽  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Opportunistic Infections ◽  
Case Reports ◽  
Case Series ◽  
Antiretroviral Drugs ◽  
Pancreatic Involvement ◽  
Frequent Event ◽  
Hiv Seropositive ◽  
Hiv Aids

In HIV-seropositive individuals, the incidence of acute pancreatitis may achieve 40% per year, higher than the 2% found in the general population. Since 1996, when combined antiretroviral therapy, known as HAART (highly active antiretroviral therapy), was introduced, a broad spectrum of harmful factors to the pancreas, such as opportunistic infections and drugs used for chemoprophylaxis, dropped considerably. Nucleotide analogues and metabolic abnormalities, hepatic steatosis and lactic acidosis have emerged as new conditions that can affect the pancreas. To evaluate the role of antiretroviral drugs to treat HIV/AIDS in a scenario of high incidence of acute pancreatitis in this population, a systematic review was performed, including original articles, case reports and case series studies, whose targets were HIV-seropositive patients that developed acute pancreatitis after exposure to any antiretroviral drugs. This association was confirmed after exclusion of other possible etiologies and/or a recurrent episode of acute pancreatitis after re-exposure to the suspected drug. Zidovudine, efavirenz, and protease inhibitors are thought to lead to acute pancreatitis secondary to hyperlipidemia. Nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors, despite being powerful inhibitors of viral replication, induce a wide spectrum of side effects, including myelotoxicity and acute pancreatitis. Didanosine, zalcitabine and stavudine have been reported as causes of acute and chronic pancreatitis. They pose a high risk with cumulative doses. Didanosine with hydroxyurea, alcohol or pentamidine are additional risk factors, leading to lethal pancreatitis, which is not a frequent event. In addition, other drugs used for prophylaxis of AIDS-related opportunistic diseases, such as sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim and pentamidine, can produce necrotizing pancreatitis. Despite comorbidities that can lead to pancreatic involvement in the HIV/AIDS population, antiretroviral drug-induced pancreatitis should always be considered in the diagnosis of patients with abdominal pain and elevated pancreatic enzymes.

scholarly journals Clinical features of HIV/AIDS and various opportunistic infections in relation to antiretroviral status among HIV seropositive individuals from Central Nepal

1970 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 355-359
Author(s):  
S Sharma ◽  
GP Dhungana ◽  
BM Pokharel ◽  
BP Rijal
Keyword(s):  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Clinical Features ◽  
Significant Relationship ◽  
Opportunistic Infections ◽  
Support Service ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Central Nepal ◽  
Hiv Seropositive ◽  
Hiv Aids

Background: So far, antiretroviral therapy is the only effective treatment available to HIV/AIDS patients. Provision of combined package of treatment, care and support service as well as regular assessment of the therapy increases its effectiveness. Objective: The aim of this study was to establish the relationship between antiretroviral therapy status and clinical features/opportunistic infections among HIV seropositive individuals. Materials and methods: This is a cross-sectional study. Study was carried out between October 2007 and May 2008 in 150 HIV patients of Kathmandu, Central Nepal. After taking informed consent pre-structured questionnaire was filled to assess clinical features and specimen were collected to investigate major OIs as per standard microbiological procedure. All the information were entered into SPSS 11.5 system and analysed. Result: Of the 150 patients, 100 (66.7%) were males and 50 (33.3%) were females. The age group 21-30 years was predominant followed by 31-40 years (42%). Significant relationship could be established between intake of ART and cardinal symptoms of HIV/AIDS (χ2 value ranging from 4.11 to 9.34). However, no significant relationship could be established between the intake of ART and distribution of different OIs (χ2 values ranging from 0.15 to 1.6). Conclusion: Antiretroviral therapy was found to effective enough to reduce the clinical features of AIDS. Diagnosis and treatment of opportunistic infections should be routinely done for both groups of patients. Key words: Antiretroviral therapy; CD4 count; HIV/AIDS; Nepal DOI: 10.3126/kumj.v7i4.2754 Kathmandu University Medical Journal (2009) Vol.7, No.4 Issue 28, 355-359

Dukungan sosial dan kualitas hidup orang dengan HIV/AIDS

2017 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 147
Author(s):  
Mardia Mardia ◽  
Riris Andono Ahmad ◽  
Bambang Sigit Riyanto
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Social Support ◽  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Opportunistic Infections ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
Hiv Diagnosis ◽  
Criteria For Diagnosis ◽  
Hiv Aids

Purpose: This study aimed to determine the quality of life among people living with HIV/AIDS based on the criteria for diagnosis and other factors.Methods: This study was conducted in the VCT clinic hospital of Dr. Moewardi. The population was HIV-positive patients with antiretroviral therapy. Data collection conducted through medical records and interview to patients. Results: Out of a total of 89 respondents, 66.29% were males and 71.91% were aged between 26-45 years. We found significant correlations for diagnosis of HIV/AIDS, opportunistic infections, time since HIV diagnosis, duration of ARV therapy, social support, modes of transport, sex, age, and marital status with the quality of life. Multivariate analysis obtained by each variable showed the strongest association with the quality of life was time since diagnosis, social support and duration of ARV therapy. Conclusion: The quality of life was better for those who have been diagnosed with HIV/AIDS ≥ 32 months, with social support, and who have been undergoing antiretroviral therapy ≥ 29 months. Improved counseling in the early days of ARV therapy is necessary to always maintain the treatment and provide support for their social life.

scholarly journals Acute Pancreatitis: An Atypical Presentation

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 359-363 ◽  
Author(s):  
Omar Nadhem ◽  
Omar Salh
Keyword(s):  
Acute Pancreatitis ◽  
Abdominal Pain ◽  
Case Reports ◽  
Case Series ◽  
Normal Serum ◽  
Intravenous Fluids ◽  
Serum Enzyme ◽  
Serum Lipase ◽  
Upper Abdominal ◽  
Symptoms And Signs

Acute pancreatitis is an important cause of acute upper abdominal pain. Because its clinical features are similar to a number of other acute illnesses, it is difficult to make a diagnosis only on the basis of symptoms and signs. The diagnosis of acute pancreatitis is based on 2 of the following 3 criteria: (1) abdominal pain consistent with pancreatitis, (2) serum lipase and/or amylase ≥3 times the upper limit of normal, and (3) characteristic findings from abdominal imaging. The sensitivity and specificity of lipase in diagnosing acute pancreatitis are undisputed. However, normal lipase level should not exclude a pancreatitis diagnosis. In patients with atypical pancreatitis presentation, imaging is needed. We experienced two cases of acute pancreatitis associated with normal serum enzyme levels. Both patients were diagnosed based on clinical and radiological evidence. They were successfully treated with intravenous fluids and analgesics with clinical and laboratory improvement. The importance of this case series is the unlikely presentation of acute pancreatitis. We believe that more research is needed to determine the exact proportion of acute pancreatitis patients who first present with normal serum lipase, since similar cases have been seen in case reports.

scholarly journals Liberation from Dialysis Dependence in a Patient with HIV-Associated Nephropathy (HIVAN) after Combined Antiretroviral Therapy (cART)

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Virin Ramoutar ◽  
Raafat Makary ◽  
Malleswari Ravi ◽  
Leighton James ◽  
Charles Heilig
Keyword(s):  
Renal Failure ◽  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Opportunistic Infections ◽  
Case Reports ◽  
Improved Outcomes ◽  
Combined Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Latino Male ◽  
Rapidly Progressive Renal Failure ◽  
Stage Renal Disease ◽  
End Stage

Prior to the advent of combined antiretroviral therapy (cART), human immunodeficiency virus-associated nephropathy (HIVAN) was inevitably associated with rapidly progressive renal failure and dialysis dependence. HIV-1 seropositive patients often met with untimely deaths due to complications of end-stage renal disease (ESRD), opportunistic infections, or other HIV-related end-organ failure. Although the association between cART and improved outcomes in HIVAN has been recognized for over 20 years, no randomized trials have specifically examined this effect to date. In terms of reversal of dialysis-dependent renal failure after cART initiation, only a handful of case reports exist. The authors report a case of a 44-year-old Latino male requiring thrice-weekly haemodialysis in the setting of biopsy-proven HIVAN who was able to stop dialysis in 7 months after being initiated on cART.

scholarly journals Impact of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) on the incidence of opportunistic infections, hospitalizations and mortality among children and adolescents living with HIV/AIDS in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais State, Brazil

2007 ◽  
Vol 23 (suppl 3) ◽  
pp. S414-S423 ◽  
Author(s):  
Talitah M. S. Candiani ◽  
Jorge Pinto ◽  
Claudete A. Araújo Cardoso ◽  
Inácio R. Carvalho ◽  
Arlete C. M. Dias ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Opportunistic Infections ◽  
Average Hospital ◽  
Highly Active ◽  
Belo Horizonte ◽  
Living With Hiv ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Hiv Aids

The impact of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) can be evaluated using indicators, such as rates of opportunistic infections, hospitalizations by cause of infection, and associated death. This study aimed to estimate the impact of HAART on the incidence of these indicators, in children and adolescents with HIV/AIDS. It was a hybrid cohort study; 371 patients were followed from 1989 to 2003. In December 2003, 76% of the patients were still being followed, while 12.1% had died, 9.5% had dropped out, and 2.4% had been transferred. The overall rate of opportunistic infections was 18.32 infections/100 persons-year and 2.63 in the pre- and post-HAART periods, respectively. In the multivariate analysis, the risk of developing an opportunistic infection was 5.4 times greater and 3.3 times greater for hospitalization risk before HAART. Respiratory causes represented 65% of the hospitalizations and they were reduced by 44.6% with therapeutic intervention. The average hospital stay of 15 days was reduced to 9.There was a post-HAART decline in deaths of 38%. This study demonstrates the effectiveness of HAART in significantly reducing opportunistic infections, hospitalizations, and deaths in this Brazilian cohort.

scholarly journals Utility of Whole-Genome Next-Generation Sequencing of Plasma in Identifying Opportunistic Infections in HIV/AIDS

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yang Zhou ◽  
Vagish Hemmige ◽  
Sudeb C. Dalai ◽  
David K. Hong ◽  
Kenneth Muldrew ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Next Generation Sequencing ◽  
Opportunistic Infections ◽  
Case Series ◽  
Whole Genome ◽  
Next Generation ◽  
Invasive Procedures ◽  
First Case ◽  
Next Generation Sequencing Ngs ◽  
Generation Sequencing ◽  
Hiv Aids

Background:AIDS-associated Opportunistic Infections (OIs) have significant morbidity and mortality and can be diagnostically challenging, requiring invasive procedures as well as a combination of culture and targeted molecular approaches.Objective:We aimed to demonstrate the clinical utility of Next-generation Sequencing (NGS) in pathogen identification; NGS is a maturing technology enabling the detection of miniscule amounts of cell-free microbial DNA from the bloodstream.Methods:We utilized a novel Next-generation Sequencing (NGS) test on plasma samples to diagnose a series of HIV-associated OIs that were diagnostically confirmed through conventional microbial testing.Results:In all cases, NGS test results were available sooner than conventional testing. This is the first case series demonstrating the utility of whole-genome NGS testing to identify OIs from plasma in HIV/AIDS patients.Conclusion:NGS approaches present a clinically-actionable, comprehensive means of diagnosing OIs and other systemic infections while avoiding the labor, expense, and delays of multiple tests and invasive procedures.

scholarly journals Coexistence of Kaposi sarcoma and Molluscum contagiosum on the same site in a HIV-AIDS patient: A very rare occurrence

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kabir Abdullahi ◽  
Yahaya Mohammed ◽  
Saddiku A. Sahabi ◽  
Mahmood M. Dalhat
Keyword(s):  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Opportunistic Infections ◽  
Kaposi Sarcoma ◽  
Skin Lesions ◽  
Molluscum Contagiosum ◽  
University Teaching ◽  
Therapy Regimen ◽  
Highly Active ◽  
Hiv Aids

Introduction: There have been numerous reported opportunistic infections among HIV/AIDS patients. However, coexistence of Kaposi sarcoma and Molluscum contagiosum on the same site is a rare finding.Case presentation: A 37-year-old man poorly adherent to antiretroviral therapy presented with Molluscum contagiosum and Kaposi sarcoma occurring simultaneously on numerous skin lesions around mid-2017 at Usmanu Danfodiyo University Teaching Hospital, Sokoto State, Nigeria.Management and outcome: The patient was counselled and re-initiated on a second-line highly active antiretroviral therapy regimen. The patient’s lesions resolved three months later.Discussion: The case is presented to improve the index of suspicion among clinicians and pathologists on such rare occurrences.

The Political Economy of Antiretroviral Drugs in Zambia

2006 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 385-409 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edgar Bwalya
Keyword(s):  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Scaling Up ◽  
Antiretroviral Drugs ◽  
World Health ◽  
The Political ◽  
Infection Rates ◽  
The World ◽  
The Government ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Hiv Aids

AbstractAccording to the 2005 United Nations Programe on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) and the World Health Organization (WHO) Report, Zambia has one of the highest rates of HIV/AIDS cases in Southern Africa as well as in the world. However, it is also one of the few countries that have recorded a drop in the infection rates from an estimated 26% of the population in 2000 to just fewer than 16% in 2005. There appears to be a general consensus that the availability and free provision of antiretroviral drugs (ARVs) and treatment have raised hope that the recipients will live a longer, improved, and productive life. This paper will attempt to assess the major challenges to scaling-up antiretroviral therapy in Zambia. It argues that, while the government has made some progress in scaling-up access to ARVs, there is still much to be done.

Neuropsychiatric adverse effects of HIV antiviral medication

2017 ◽  
Vol 41 (S1) ◽  
pp. S697-S698
Author(s):  
S. Nascimento ◽  
M. Mendes ◽  
C. Solana ◽  
M. Croca ◽  
J. Reis
Keyword(s):  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Reverse Transcriptase ◽  
Opportunistic Infections ◽  
Antiretroviral Drugs ◽  
Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors ◽  
Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors ◽  
Neuropsychiatric Complications ◽  
Competing Interest ◽  
Neuropsychiatric Adverse Effects

IntroductionHIV (human immunodeficiency virus) infection is related to several neuropsychiatric complications, such as dementia, encephalopathy, psychosis, as well as, opportunistic infections of the central nervous system (CNS). The discovery of antiretroviral therapy (ART) has limited these conditions and extended the life span of infected patients into a chronic illness, but it is also associated with neuropsychiatric adverse effects.ObjectivesTo review the literature on the most common neuropsychiatric complications of the ART, since it can be difficult to distinguish drugs toxicity, the effects of the virus, immune system and psycho-social events.MethodsThe authors have conducted an online search in PubMed with the terms: “Psychiatry”, “HIV”, “adverse effects” and “antiretroviral drugs” from 2011 until 2016. From the outcome were collected, analyzed and summarized the articles considered to be relevant.ResultsThe antiretroviral therapy (ART) are associated with a numerous adverse effects on the central and peripheral nervous systems, as well as, metabolic, gastrointestinal, cardiac, and other toxicities. The neuropsychiatric effects are common and highly variable, including depression, cognitive impairment and sleep disturbance. The nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors and the non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors are one of the two classes of antiviral drugs most frequently associated with neuropsychiatric complications.ConclusionsThe occurrence of new-onset conditions related to ART makes it difficult to determine the association between psychiatric disorders and ART adverse effects, and given the fact that patients commit to lifelong therapy, as well as, they can diminish quality of life; it makes these assessment important in treating these conditions.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

scholarly journals MENSTRUAL PERIOD ANALISIS OF WOMEN PLWHA WITH ANTI RETROVIRAL THERAPY (ART) IN NGO LANCANG KUNING PEKANBARU CITY

1930 ◽  
Vol 8 (01) ◽  
pp. 147-154
Author(s):  
Dona Martilova ◽  
Husna Farianti Amran
Keyword(s):  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Good Condition ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Antiretroviral Drugs ◽  
P Value ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Women Living With Hiv ◽  
Living With Hiv ◽  
Hiv Aids

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is caused by Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), including infectious diseases that cause weakness of the immune system. Riau province on the 11st grade of most cases of AIDS that is 1104 cases and 53% occur in women. Treatment that can be done is to use antiretroviral therapy (ART). ARV drugs do not kill the virus but can slow the growth of the virus. The use of antiretroviral drugs can cause side effects in some women the use of antiretroviral drugs causes menstrual disorders such as prolonged bleeding, menstrual bleeding time, faster menstrual periods, longer menstrual intervals, and, periods sometimes do not occur.The research type is quantitative with cross sectional approach. The study was conducted from May to December 2017. The study population was all women living with HIV / AIDS under the guidance of NGO Lancang Kuning Pekanbaru which amounted to 96 people with a sample of 53 people taken with Simple Random Sampling technique (simple random), Instrument data collection is a questionnaire in the form of a list question and checklist list. Data were analyzed by Univariate to know the frequency distribution of respondent, and Bivariate (chi-square) to know the relation between variables. The results showed that menstrual cycle disorders in HIV-positive women were associated with age (P value 0.001), duration of use of antiretroviral therapy (P value 0.004), nutritional status of women living with HIV (P value 0,003) and environmental factor (P value 0,000). It is recommended that women living with HIV / AIDS can take Anti retroviral medication regularly and maintain their nutritional status in good condition and it is expected that the environment can provide support to PLHIV women.

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