scholarly journals Breeding tropical forages

2011 ◽  
Vol 11 (spe) ◽  
pp. 27-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
L Jank ◽  
CB Valle ◽  
RMS Resende
Keyword(s):  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Cattle Herd ◽  
Beef Production ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Tropical Forage ◽  
The World ◽  
Tropical Forages ◽  
New Cultivars ◽  
Apomictic Reproduction

Brazil has the largest commercial beef cattle herd and is the main beef exporter in the world. Cultivated pastures are the basis for the Brazilian beef production, and occupy an area of 101.4 million hectares. However, very few forage cultivars are commercially available, and the majority of these are of apomictic reproduction, thus genetically homogeneous. Tropical forage breeding is at its infancy, but much investment and efforts have been applied in the last three decades and some new cultivars have been released. In this paper, origin of different species, modes of reproduction, breeding programs and targets are discussed and the resulting new cultivars released are presented.

scholarly journals EVALUATION OF NEW APPLE CULTIVARS IN MASSACHUSETTS

HortScience ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 254D-254
Author(s):  
Duane W. Greene ◽  
Wesley R. Autio
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
New England ◽  
General Increase ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
The World ◽  
Apple Cultivars ◽  
University Of Massachusetts ◽  
The University ◽  
Horticultural Research ◽  
New Cultivars

There is a general increase in interest in planting new apple cultivars. The loss of daminozide has provided an additional stimulus for growers in New England to find an alternative to McIntosh. Promising new apple cultivars have been identified from around the world and from breeding programs in Arkansas, British Columbia, New York, New Jersey and the PRI Program. Trees were propagated and planted in a cultivar evaluation block at the University of Massachusetts Horticultural Research Center. In 1992 we evaluated over 80 new cultivars. Fruit assessment consisted of laboratory analysis and visual and sensory evaluation. All cultivar were given an overall rating, and several were identified as being worthy of further evaluation. These apple cultivars include: Arlet, BC 9P 14-32, BC 8M 15-10, BC 17-30, Ginger Gold, Honeycrisp, Kinsei, NJ 55, NY 75414-1, and Sansa.

The value of improved pastures to Brazilian beef production

2014 ◽  
Vol 65 (11) ◽  
pp. 1132 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liana Jank ◽  
Sanzio C. Barrios ◽  
Cacilda B. do Valle ◽  
Rosangela M. Simeão ◽  
Geovani F. Alves
Keyword(s):  
Latin American ◽  
Spongiform Encephalopathy ◽  
Panicum Maximum ◽  
Beef Production ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Production Chain ◽  
Seed Industry ◽  
Livestock Sector ◽  
Tropical Forage ◽  
Pasture Degradation

Brazil is an agricultural country, with 190 Mha of pastures sustaining 209 million cattle. Fewer than 10% of the cattle are fattened in feedlots, whereas cattle reared on pastures have a competitive advantage for export, eliminating the risks presented by the mad cow disease (bovine spongiform encephalopathy) and considerations related to animal welfare. Brazil has been the world’s largest exporter of beef since 2004 and has the largest commercial herd in the world. In 2011, 16.5% of its production was exported, and the livestock sector contributed 30.4% of the gross national product from agribusiness and 6.73% of the total GNP. Many forage breeding programs, mainly at Embrapa, have contributed to the development of improved pastures, and cultivars of Brachiaria brizantha, B. decumbens, B. humidicola and Panicum maximum are the main pastures used in the country. All have apomictic reproduction, which means there are few cultivars occupying very large, continuous areas, thus suggesting a risk to the productive system. Such is the case of B. brizantha cv. Marandu, which occupies around 50 Mha. The Brazilian tropical forage seed industry is also important, and Brazil is the main seed exporter, supplying all Latin American countries. Due to pasture degradation, around 8 Mha is renovated or recovered each year. Forages are also used and planted each year in integrated crop–livestock and integrated crop–livestock–forest systems. Nowadays, these systems occupy 4 Mha. Improved pastures are thus a major asset in Brazil not only for the beef production chain but also for the dairy industry.

scholarly journals EVALUATION OF GRAPEVINE RESISTANCE TO DOWNY AND POWDERY MILDEW IN ‘REGENT’ × ‘BOĞAZKERE’ HYBRID POPULATION SEGREGATING FOR RESISTANCE GENES

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 181-188
Author(s):  
Mina Shidfar ◽  
Murat Akkurt ◽  
Arif Atak ◽  
Ali Ergül ◽  
Gökhan Söylemezoğlu
Keyword(s):  
Powdery Mildew ◽  
Downy Mildew ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Marker Assisted Selection ◽  
Plasmopara Viticola ◽  
Hybrid Population ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
The World ◽  
Genomic Regions ◽  
New Cultivars

Downy (Plasmopara viticola) and powdery mildew (Erysipha necator) is known as one of the most mischievous diseases for viticulture in Turkey as well as in the world. Therefore breeding studies play an important role for development of new cultivars resistant against fungal diseases. The aim of this research was to develop new F1 population and evaluate the resistance of hybrids to powdery and downy mildew via marker assisted selection (MAS). Resistant ‘Regent’ and susceptible ‘Boğazkere’ varieties were used to obtain hybrid population. A total of 6 markers belonging to 3 genomic regions were used for DNA based selection. Four SSR (UDV15, VMCNG2f12, VMC7F2 and UDV305) and two SCAR (ScORNA7-760 and ScORN3-R) markers which were developed to the resistance loci of Rpv3 and Ren3 were used for DNA based selection. The results were evaluated together with powdery mildew inoculation observations. When inoculation observations and MAS were evaluated, genotypes resistant, tolerant and susceptible to powdery and downy mildew were identified. Especially 16 genotypes identified as resistant to powdery mildew, can be used in future breeding programs.

scholarly journals Trends in U.S. Sweet Orange, Grapefruit, and Mandarin-type Cultivars

2005 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 501-506 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ed Stover ◽  
William Castle ◽  
Chih-Cheng T. Chao
Keyword(s):  
Plant Breeding ◽  
Sweet Orange ◽  
World Market ◽  
Foreseeable Future ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Fruit Type ◽  
Citrus Breeding ◽  
The World ◽  
New Cultivars ◽  
Selection Of

The world market for citrus (Citrus spp.) products has undergone dramatic shifts over the last decade. These shifts are influencing development and planting of new citrus cultivars. Seedlessness and very easy peeling have become paramount in mandarin types (C. reticulata and hybrids), and new cultivars are being developed through plant breeding and selection of new sports. In both sweet orange (C. sinensis) and grapefruit (C. paradisi), essentially all important cultivars are derived from a single original hybrid of each fruit type, and plant improvement has focused on selection of sports with redder color and extended maturity. The existence of many active citrus breeding programs makes it likely that we will continue to see evolution of new citrus cultivars over the foreseeable future.

Population Analysis of a Commercial Beef Cattle Herd

1985 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Schons ◽  
W. D. Hohenboken ◽  
J. D. Hall
Keyword(s):  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Population Analysis ◽  
Cattle Herd

scholarly journals Recent advances in CRISPR/Cas9 and applications for wheat functional genomics and breeding

aBIOTECH ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun Li ◽  
Yan Li ◽  
Ligeng Ma
Keyword(s):  
Functional Genomics ◽  
Genome Editing ◽  
Functional Annotation ◽  
Genome Engineering ◽  
Agronomic Traits ◽  
Wheat Breeding ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Base Editing ◽  
The World ◽  
World Food Security

AbstractCommon wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is one of the three major food crops in the world; thus, wheat breeding programs are important for world food security. Characterizing the genes that control important agronomic traits and finding new ways to alter them are necessary to improve wheat breeding. Functional genomics and breeding in polyploid wheat has been greatly accelerated by the advent of several powerful tools, especially CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing technology, which allows multiplex genome engineering. Here, we describe the development of CRISPR/Cas9, which has revolutionized the field of genome editing. In addition, we emphasize technological breakthroughs (e.g., base editing and prime editing) based on CRISPR/Cas9. We also summarize recent applications and advances in the functional annotation and breeding of wheat, and we introduce the production of CRISPR-edited DNA-free wheat. Combined with other achievements, CRISPR and CRISPR-based genome editing will speed progress in wheat biology and promote sustainable agriculture.

scholarly journals Flow Cytometry-Based Determination of Ploidy from Dried Leaf Specimens in Genomically Complex Collections of the Tropical Forage Grass Urochloa s. l.

Genes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 957
Author(s):  
Paulina Tomaszewska ◽  
Till K. Pellny ◽  
Luis M. Hernández ◽  
Rowan A. C. Mitchell ◽  
Valheria Castiblanco ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flow Cytometry ◽  
Germplasm Collection ◽  
Forage Grass ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Robust Identification ◽  
Ploidy Levels ◽  
Sustainable Improvement ◽  
Tropical Forage ◽  
Relative Differences

Urochloa (including Brachiaria, Megathyrus and some Panicum) tropical grasses are native to Africa and are now, after selection and breeding, planted worldwide, particularly in South America, as important forages with huge potential for further sustainable improvement and conservation of grasslands. We aimed to develop an optimized approach to determine ploidy of germplasm collection of this tropical forage grass group using dried leaf material, including approaches to collect, dry and preserve plant samples for flow cytometry analysis. Our methods enable robust identification of ploidy levels (coefficient of variation of G0/G1 peaks, CV, typically <5%). Ploidy of some 348 forage grass accessions (ploidy range from 2x to 9x), from international genetic resource collections, showing variation in basic chromosome numbers and reproduction modes (apomixis and sexual), were determined using our defined standard protocol. Two major Urochloa agamic complexes are used in the current breeding programs at CIAT and EMBRAPA: the ’brizantha’ and ’humidicola’ agamic complexes are variable, with multiple ploidy levels. Some U. brizantha accessions have odd level of ploidy (5x), and the relative differences in fluorescence values of the peak positions between adjacent cytotypes is reduced, thus more precise examination of this species is required. Ploidy measurement of U. humidicola revealed aneuploidy.

scholarly journals Advances in apple culture worldwide

2011 ◽  
Vol 33 (spe1) ◽  
pp. 37-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
Terence Robinson
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Plant Growth Regulators ◽  
Growth Regulators ◽  
Fire Blight ◽  
Bacterial Disease ◽  
Replant Disease ◽  
The World ◽  
Early Production ◽  
New Cultivars ◽  
Dwarfing Rootstocks

Over the last 60 years, planting densities for apple have increased as improved management systems have been developed. Dwarfing rootstocks have been the key to the dramatic changes in tree size, spacing and early production. The Malling series of dwarfing rootstocks (M.9 and M.26) have been the most important dwarfing rootstocks in the world but are poorly adapted in some areas of the world and they are susceptible to the bacterial disease fire blight and the soil disease complex, apple replant disease which limits their uses in some areas. Rootstock breeding programs in several parts of the world are developing improved rootstocks with resistance to fire blight, and replant disease, and improved cold hardiness and yield efficiency. A second important trend has been the increasing importance of new cultivars. New cultivars have provided opportunities for higher prices until they are over-produced. A new trend is the "variety club" in which variety owners manage the production and marketing of a new unique cultivar to bring higher prices to the growers and variety owners. This has led to many fruit growers being unable to plant or grow some new cultivars. Important rootstock and cultivar genes have been mapped and can be used in marker assisted selection of future rootstock and cultivar selections. Other important improvements in apple culture include the development of pre-formed trees, the development of minimal pruning strategies and limb angle bending which have also contributed to the dramatic changes in early production in the 2nd-5th years after planting. Studies on light interception and distribution have led to improved tree forms with better fruit quality. Simple pruning strategies and labor positioning platform machines have resulted in partial mechanization of pruning which has reduced management costs. Improved plant growth regulators for thinning and the development of a thinning prediction model based on tree carbohydrate balance have improved the ability to produce the optimum fruit size and crop load. Other new plant growth regulators have also allowed control of shoot growth, control of preharvest fruit drop and control of fruit softening in storage after harvest. As we look to the future, there will be continued incremental improvement in our understanding of plant physiology that will lead to continued incremental improvements in orchard management but there is likely to be dramatic changes in orchard production systems through genomics research and genetic engineering. A greater understanding of the genetic control of dwarfing, precocity, rooting, vegetative growth, flowering, fruit growth and disease resistance which will lead to new varieties and rootstocks which are less expensive to grow and manage.

PSXI-8 Heritability estimates of antibody- and cell-mediated immune response in north American angus beef cattle

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 244-245
Author(s):  
Shannon Beard ◽  
Doug C Hodgins ◽  
Julie Schmied ◽  
Jeff Caswell ◽  
Michael M Lohuis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Beef Cattle ◽  
North American ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Serum Antibody ◽  
Intradermal Injection ◽  
Breeding Value ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Heritability Estimates

Abstract Including immune response traits in breeding programs has been suggested as a solution to improve overall animal health and enhance disease resistance but is not yet available for Angus cattle in North America. One way to measure immune response is to use the High Immune Response (HIR™) technology, which identifies animals with superior heritable immunity by evaluating antibody-mediated (AMIR) and cell-mediated (CMIR) immune response, allowing for the calculation of an estimated breeding value for total adaptive immune response for each animal. Before HIR™ can be included in beef cattle breeding programs, genetic parameters, including heritability, must be estimated for the traits involved. The objective of this study was to estimate a preliminary heritability for AMIR and CMIR in North American Angus beef cattle. On day 0 of the phenotyping protocol, cattle were immunized intramuscularly with a preparation of type 1 (CMIR) and type 2 (AMIR) antigens with adjuvant. On day 14, cattle received an intradermal injection of 0.1 mL of the CMIR test antigen in the right tail fold, and 0.1 mL PBS in the left tail fold. Change in cutaneous double skinfold thickness after 24 hours was used to assess CMIR. Blood was collected on days 0 and 14 to evaluate serum antibody to the type 2 antigen by ELISA to quantify AMIR. Heritability estimates were calculated for Canada and the USA separately, and then for both countries combined using single-trait animal models in ASReml and are presented in Table 1. The results of this study indicate that the heritabilities of AMIR and CMIR are moderate and emphasize the potential for its inclusion into Angus breeding schemes.

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