scholarly journals METHODS OF STUDYING THE STRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES OF MOUNTAIN BREEDS ON SAMPLES (QUICK REVIEW)

2018 ◽  
pp. 10-20
Author(s):  
A. A. Karabutov ◽  
E. B. Cherepetskaya ◽  
A. N. Kravcov ◽  
M. Arrigoni
Keyword(s):  
Internal Structure ◽  
Acoustic Microscopy ◽  
Laser Ultrasound ◽  
Structure And Properties ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Local Porosity ◽  
Non Destructive ◽  
Tomography Scanning ◽  
Destructive Methods ◽  
Scanning Electron

Some non-destructive methods for controlling the internal structure of rocks are described and examples of their use are given. Examples of the use of X-ray and neural tomography, scanning electron and acoustic microscopy are also given. It is shown that the method of laser-ultrasound struktroskopii is promising. Two examples of the use of the latter are given: measuring the local porosity of samples of geomaterials and monitoring changes in the internal structure as a result of electromagnetic exposure.

scholarly journals Qualitative comparison of non-destructive methods for inspection of carbon fiber-reinforced polymer laminates

2020 ◽  
Vol 54 (27) ◽  
pp. 4325-4337 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janez Rus ◽  
Alex Gustschin ◽  
Hubert Mooshofer ◽  
Jan-Carl Grager ◽  
Klaas Bente ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Fiber ◽  
Dark Field ◽  
Piezoelectric Transducers ◽  
Fiber Reinforced Polymer ◽  
Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Reinforced Polymer ◽  
Non Destructive ◽  
Ultrasound Testing ◽  
Destructive Methods

In the rapidly expanding composite industry, novel inspection methods have been developed in recent years. Particularly promising for air-coupled testing are cellular polypropylene transducers which offer better impedance matching to air than piezoelectric transducers. Furthermore, broadband transmitters (laser-induced ultrasound and thermoacoustic emitters) and receivers (optical microphones) have opened a completely new chapter for advanced contact-free ultrasound inspection. X-ray dark-field radiography offers a different approach to detect porosity and microcracks, employing small angle X-ray scattering. These innovative ultrasonic and radiographic alternatives were evaluated in comparison with well-established inspection techniques. We applied thirteen different non-destructive methods to inspect the same specimen (a carbon fiber-reinforced polymer laminate with induced impact damage): air-coupled ultrasound testing (using piezoelectric transducers, broadband optical microphones, cellular polypropylene transducers, and a thermoacoustic emitter), laser-induced ultrasound testing, ultrasonic immersion testing, phased array ultrasonic testing, optically excited lock-in thermography, and X-ray radiography (projectional absorption and dark-field, tomosynthesis, and micro-computed tomography). The inspection methods were qualitatively characterized by comparing the scan results. The conclusions are advantageous for a decision on the optimal method for certain testing constraints.

scholarly journals Methods of the Detection and Identification of Structural Defects in Saturated Metallic Composite Castings

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 37-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Gawdzińska
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Complex Structure ◽  
Gravimetric Method ◽  
Structural Defects ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Metallic Composite ◽  
Detection And Identification ◽  
Metallic Composites ◽  
Non Destructive ◽  
Scanning Electron

Abstract Diagnostics of composite castings, due to their complex structure, requires that their characteristics are tested by an appropriate description method. Any deviation from the specific characteristic will be regarded as a material defect. The detection of defects in composite castings sometimes is not sufficient and the defects have to be identified. This study classifies defects found in the structures of saturated metallic composite castings and indicates those stages of the process where such defects are likely to be formed. Not only does the author determine the causes of structural defects, describe methods of their detection and identification, but also proposes a schematic procedure to be followed during detection and identification of structural defects of castings made from saturated reinforcement metallic composites. Alloys examination was conducted after technological process, while using destructive (macroscopic tests, light and scanning electron microscopy) and non-destructive (ultrasonic and X-ray defectoscopy, tomography, gravimetric method) methods. Research presented in this article are part of author’s work on castings quality.

scholarly journals Capabilities to Assess Health/Maintenance Status of Gas Turbine Blades with Non-Destructive Methods

2015 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 41-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
Józef Błachnio
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Turbine Blades ◽  
Health Maintenance ◽  
Visual Method ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Active Thermography ◽  
X Ray Computed ◽  
Non Destructive ◽  
Destructive Methods

Abstract The paper has been intended to discuss non-destructive testing methods and to present capabilities of applying them to diagnose objectively changes in the microstructure of a turbine blade with computer software engaged to assist with the analyses. The following techniques are discussed: a visual method, based on the processing of images of the material surface in visible light, active thermography, based on the detection of infrared radiation, and the X-ray computed tomography. All these are new non-destructive methods of assessing technical condition of structural components of machines. They have been intensively developed at research centers worldwide, and in Poland. The computer-aided visual method of analyzing images enables diagnosis of the condition of turbine blades, without the necessity of dismantling of the turbine. On the other hand, the active thermography and the X-ray computed tomography, although more sensitive and more reliable, can both be used with the blades dismounted from the turbine. If applied in a complex way, the non-destructive methods presented in this paper, are expected to increase significantly probability of detecting changes in the blade's condition, which in turn would be advantageous to reliability and safety of gas turbine service.

scholarly journals The The effect of iron on precipitation hardening in the Cu-Ni-Mn alloys

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 487-493
Author(s):  
O.V. Sukhova
Keyword(s):  
Precipitation Hardening ◽  
Annealing Temperature ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Iron Oxidation ◽  
Quantitative Metallography ◽  
Structure And Properties ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Temperature Ranges ◽  
Fe Alloys ◽  
Scanning Electron

The peculiarities in the structure and properties formation of precipitation-hardened Сu–Ni–Mn–Fe alloys within the concentration range of Ni (19.3–21.0 %), Mn (19.5–20.5 %), Fe (0.6–2.7 %), Cu – balance (in wt. %) were investigated in this work. The methods of quantitative metallography, X-ray analysis, scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive spectroscopy and differential thermal analysis were applied. Two solid solutions based on a-Cu differing in composition and hardness were found in the structure of the cast Сu–Ni–Mn–Fe alloys. The temperature ranges of solutions’ formation were determined as (1010±10) °С and (890±10) °С, correspondingly. NiMn phase was also formed at (405±15) °С due to precipitation hardening. In the Сu–Ni–Mn–Fe alloys annealed at 500 and 900 °С for 60–750 hours, the volume fraction and size of NiMn precipitates increased with prolonging annealing time and lowering annealing temperature. As iron content was raised up to 2.7 wt. %, the density of NiMn precipitates increased, especially during first 60 hours of annealing at 900 °С. By adding iron, oxidation resistance was improved, but melting temperature and fluidity did not yield any significant change. Hardness of the Сu–Ni–Mn–Fe alloys with higher iron contents increased by 10 НRB on average. However, when test temperature was raised up to 400 °С, tensile strength decreased (by ~1.3 times) and elongation dropped markedly (by ~10 times).

scholarly journals Surface Characterization and Conductivity of Two Types of Lithium-Based Glass Ceramics after Accelerating Ageing

Materials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (24) ◽  
pp. 5632
Author(s):  
Marko Jakovac ◽  
Teodoro Klaser ◽  
Borna Radatović ◽  
Željko Skoko ◽  
Luka Pavić ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Characterization ◽  
Glass Ceramics ◽  
Structural Defects ◽  
Lithium Silicate ◽  
Dental Ceramics ◽  
Ion Diffusion ◽  
X Ray ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Non Destructive ◽  
Scanning Electron

In this study, two different dental ceramics, based on zirconia-reinforced lithium-silicate (LS1) glass-ceramics (Celtra Duo, Dentsply Sirona, Bensheim, Germany) and lithium disilicate (LS2) ceramics (IPS e.max CAD, Ivoclar, Vivadent, Schaan, Liechtenstein) were examined. They were tested prior to and after the crystallization by sintering in the dental furnace. Additionally, the impact of ageing on ceramic degradability was investigated by immersing it in 4% acetic acid at 80 °C for 16 h. The degradability of the materials was monitored by Impedance Spectroscopy (IS), X-Ray Powder Diffraction (XRPD), and Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FE-SEM) techniques. It was detected that LS2 (vs. LS1) samples had a lower conductivity, which can be explained by reduced portions of structural defects. XRPD analyses also showed that the ageing increased the portion of defects in ceramics, which facilitated the ion diffusion and degradation of samples. To summarize, this study suggests that the non-destructive IS technique can be employed to probe the ageing properties of the investigated LS1 and LS2 ceramics materials.

Development of Advanced Non Destructive Techniques for Failure Analysis of PCBs and PCBAs

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julien Perraud ◽  
Shaïma Enouz-Vedrenne ◽  
Jean-Claude Clement ◽  
Arnaud Grivon
Keyword(s):  
Failure Analysis ◽  
Printed Circuit Board ◽  
Acoustic Microscopy ◽  
Circuit Board ◽  
Printed Circuit Board Assembly ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Printed Circuit ◽  
Advanced Analysis ◽  
Non Destructive ◽  
Non Destructive Techniques

Abstract The continuous miniaturization trends followed by a vast majority of electronic applications results in always denser PCBs (Printed Circuit Board) designs and PCBAs (Printed Circuit Board Assembly) with increasing solder joint densities. Current high-end designs feature high layer count sequential build-up PCBs with fine lines/spaces and numerous stacked filled microvias, as well as closely spaced BGA/QFN components with pitches down to 0.4mm. In recent years, several 3D packaging approaches have emerged to further increase system integration by enabling the stacking of several dies or packages. This has translated for example into the advent of highly integrated complex System in Package (SiP) modules, Package-on-Package (PoP) assemblies or chips embedded in PCBs [1]. From a failure analysis (FA) perspective, this deep technology evolution is setting extreme challenges for accurately locating a failure site, especially when destructive techniques are not desired. The few conventional non-destructive techniques like optical or x-ray inspection are now practically becoming useless for high density PCB designs. This paper reviews several advanced analysis techniques that could be used to overcome these limitations. It will be shown through several examples how three non-destructive methods usually dedicated to package analyses can be efficiently adapted to PCBs and PCBAs: • Scanning Acoustic Microscopy (SAM) • 3D X-ray Computed Tomography (CT) • Infrared Thermography A case study of a flex-rigid board FA is presented to show the efficiency of these three techniques over classical techniques. In this example, not only the defect localization has been possible, but also the defect characterization without using destructive analysis.

Synthesis, Structure and Properties of Super Fine LiMn2O4

2010 ◽  
Vol 177 ◽  
pp. 9-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jie Song ◽  
Bing Xu ◽  
De Xin Huang ◽  
Cai Xia Li ◽  
Qiang Li
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Particle Size ◽  
Electrode Material ◽  
Structure And Properties ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Mechanochemical Method ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Size And Morphology ◽  
Scanning Electron

In this paper, super fine LiMn2O4 powder was synthesized by mechanochemical method starting from Li2CO3 and Mn2O3. The structure, size and morphology of LiMn2O4 were explored with X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The electrochemical properties of LiMn2O4 were studied in 2 mol/L (NH4)2SO4 solution. The result showed that pure spinel LiMn204 powder was prepared after 8h grinding with 3.0KW of power and the particle size was about 1µm. Cyclic vohammetry curve indicate LiMn2O4 electrode material has better capacitive performances.

Selected Non-Destructive Methods Suitable for Evaluation of Roofing Slate

2014 ◽  
Vol 923 ◽  
pp. 63-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Vavro ◽  
Kamil Souček ◽  
Tomáš Daněk ◽  
Lubomír Staš
Keyword(s):  
Natural Material ◽  
Petrographic Analysis ◽  
Historical Buildings ◽  
Reliable Determination ◽  
X Ray ◽  
New Methods ◽  
Traditional Natural ◽  
Non Destructive ◽  
Destructive Methods

Roofing slate is a traditional natural material for roofing and other construction applications in various types of buildings. The paper deals with both traditional methods of mineralogical-petrographic analysis as well as completely new methods (X-ray CT) rendering fast and reliable determination of qualitative parameters and potential slate durability in building constructions. A mutual combination of the methods represents a rapid, effective and modern alternative to lengthy laboratory tests to determine physical-mechanical properties of newly used roofing, especially in historical buildings.

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