scholarly journals COVID-19 amplifies urban inequalities

2021 ◽  
Vol 117 (3/4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivan Turok ◽  
Justin Visagie
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
National Income ◽  
Informal Settlements ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Risk And Resilience ◽  
Income Dynamics ◽  
The World ◽  
New Evidence ◽  
Spatial Impacts ◽  
Different Levels

COVID-19 has had asymmetrical spatial impacts across South Africa. New evidence from the National Income Dynamics Study: Coronavirus Rapid Mobile (NIDS-CRAM) survey shows that the pandemic and lockdown reflex have magnified pre-existing divisions within cities. Although COVID-19 has severely impacted the whole country, townships and informal settlements have proved more vulnerable than suburbs. As South Africa was already one of the most unevenly developed countries in the world, COVID-19 has widened the gap between places, which face very different levels of risk and resilience.

scholarly journals A comparison of rural crimes in Australia (NSW) and South Africa

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Willie Johannes Clack
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
United Nations ◽  
Human Development ◽  
Human Development Index ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The Past ◽  
The World ◽  
Different Levels

Rural criminology as a topic of scholarly study, neglected over the past two to three decades, has bounced into the spotlight, with claims now being made that rural criminology is receiving justified attention among the academic fraternity. This paper presents a comparative analysis of the major challenge facing two countries with different levels of development as identified by the United Nations Human Development Index. A predicament for rural criminology is that the world is not equal: rural crimes is researched in developed countries but not in developing countries. This paper compares the types and prevalence of agricultural crimes in Australia (NSW) and South Africa to determine whether significant differences or similarities exist.

scholarly journals Extreme Inequality: Evidence from Brazil, India, the Middle East, and South Africa

2018 ◽  
Vol 108 ◽  
pp. 119-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lydia Assouad ◽  
Lucas Chancel ◽  
Marc Morgan
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Middle East ◽  
National Income ◽  
Household Surveys ◽  
National Accounts ◽  
Social Segregation ◽  
New Findings ◽  
The World ◽  
Modern Economic ◽  
Distribution Of Income

This paper presents new findings about inequality dynamics in Brazil, India, the Middle East, and South Africa from the World Inequality Database (WID.world). We combine tax data, household surveys, and national accounts in a systematic manner to produce estimates of the distribution of income, using concepts coherent with macroeconomic national accounts. We document an extreme level of inequality in these regions, with top 10 percent income shares above 50 percent of national income. These societies are characterized by a dual social structure, with an extremely rich group at the top, whose income levels are broadly comparable to their counterparts in high-income countries, and a much poorer mass of the population below top groups. We discuss the diversity of regional contexts and highlight two explanations for the levels observed: the historical legacy of social segregation and modern economic institutions and policies.

The International System, Labor-Force Structure, and the Growth and Distribution of National Income, 1950–1980

1992 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 249-282 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Fiala
Keyword(s):  
Labor Force ◽  
World Economy ◽  
International System ◽  
National Income ◽  
National Development ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Force Structure ◽  
The World ◽  
Residual Plots ◽  
Cross National

The primary goal of the present study is to use cross-national data on labor-force structure to examine the manner in which the international system shapes the character of national development, and the consequences of variation in development strategy for the growth and distribution of national income. A complementary goal is to illustrate the use of residual plots to overcome the “black box” character of cross-national studies, and thereby provide a bridge to case-study research. Multivariate analyses and residual plots provide results congruent with both world-political-economy and developmental perspectives, and indicate that the world economy may be used by lesser developed countries to obtain more rapid and equitable economic growth, although this was not a natural outcome of the world economy in the 1960s and 1970s.

A Comparative Analysis of South Africa as a Semi-Industrialised Developing Country

1988 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 473-493 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. B. Knight
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Developing Economies ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
The World Bank ◽  
The World ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Industrialised Countries

South Africa has neither a developed nor a typical underdeveloped economy. Too often it has been wrongly classified, along with, say, Australia and New Zealand, as one of the peripheral developed countries, because only a part of the economy and population have the characteristics we associate with that group. Yet its economy is distinctly different from others in sub-Saharan Africa. South Africa falls squarely into the category which the World Bank classifies as ‘upper middle-income’ developing economies, with G.N.P. per capita in 1982 ranging from $2,000 to $7,000 and averaging $2,500, thereby including South Africa, with $2,700.1 (By contrast, Kenya's G.N.P. per capita was $400 and Britain's $10,000). The World Bank's group includes Algeria, Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Mexico, South Korea, Venezuela, and Yugoslavia. South Africa shares many structural economic characteristics with these semi-industrialised countries.

International Business Initiatives of the Turkish Enterprises in Global Trade

2016 ◽  
pp. 166-186
Author(s):  
Aytaç Gökmen
Keyword(s):  
International Business ◽  
National Income ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Internationalization Process ◽  
Trade Routes ◽  
Business Operations ◽  
Firm Internationalization ◽  
The World ◽  
Multinational Businesses ◽  
North And South

The amount of trade and international business volume in the world has amounted considerably as a result of the fast moving globalization and declining borders especially after the 1990s. International business and trade are important tools for countries and enterprises to increase their volumes of production and commerce as well as enhance employment, increase the national income and raise revenue for enterprises to make further investments. Turkey is located at the threshold of Europe and Asia, consolidating East and West, and North and South at the convergence of various trade routes. However, despite of being close to various countries, a great deal of Turkey's export potential is focused on the EU and developed countries. However, the production means in Turkey are not adequate, so it imports factors of production from abroad by way of international business operations. Thus, the aim of this study is to review the theory of globalization, international business, firm internationalization process of businesses, impact direction of multinational businesses as well as the commercial operations of the Turkish enterprises, real and commercial abilities of the Turkish firms and international business activities on the global basis; compare this to its entire trade volume and propose comments on these issues resting on credible national and international publications and figures.

scholarly journals Returns to Education in South Africa: Evidence from the National Income Dynamics Study

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Craig Depken ◽  
Chanda Chiseni ◽  
Ernest Ita
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Returns To Education ◽  
National Income ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Income Dynamics ◽  
Educational Infrastructure ◽  
Time Period

Abstract We utilize two waves of the National Income Dynamics Study in South Africa to estimate the returns to education in 2010 and 2012. We find that during this time period the returns to education were approximately 18% per year of education and that the returns were higher for females relative to males and higher for those living in urban relative to rural areas. The policy implications include a suggestion to continue investment in educational infrastructure, especially in rural areas, so as to increase the returns to education in those areas.

An overview of trends in depressive symptoms in South Africa

2019 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 518-535
Author(s):  
Kinyanjui Mungai ◽  
Amiena Bayat
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
South Africa ◽  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
South African ◽  
Emotional Health ◽  
National Income ◽  
South African Context ◽  
Income Dynamics ◽  
African Context

The relationship between mental health and socioeconomic status is well established in the literature. The socioeconomic standing of a number of South Africans remains poor and slow changing, while the mental health of the most vulnerable remains both an economic and health problem for government. There is, however, a lack of studies that assess depressive symptoms using panel data. There is also a lack of studies that consider factors that influence transitions of adults into and out of Significant Depressive Symptoms, particularly in the South African context. Panel data from the National Income Dynamics Study were used for this study to assess these transitions. The data included information on various socioeconomic and health variables, as well as a section that assesses the emotional health of adults in South Africa. This emotional health section in National Income Dynamics Study was essentially a 10-item version of the Centre for Epidemiological Studies Depression scale. The study aimed to investigate how socioeconomic status is associated with the risk of adults transitioning into and out of Significant Depressive Symptoms in the South African context. The study found that the prevalence of adults who exhibited Significant Depressive Symptoms declined significantly in South Africa, despite the recent increase. Moreover, adults with a lower socioeconomic standing were identified as being particularly vulnerable to depression and struggled to transition out of Significant Depressive Symptoms.

Determinants of energy poverty in South Africa

2015 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 66-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zaakirah Ismail ◽  
Patrick Khembo
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
South African ◽  
National Income ◽  
Department Of Energy ◽  
Income Dynamics ◽  
Energy Poverty ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Expenditure Patterns ◽  
Regression Framework ◽  
Individual Household

This paper provides empirical evidence on the determinants of energy poverty in South African households using the National Income Dynamics Survey (NIDS, 2012), while controlling for individual, household and demographic characteristics. This is formulated within a logistic regression framework, while defining energy poverty using the expenditure approach consistent with the definition by the Department of Energy (DoE) of South Africa. The model reveals that household expenditure patterns, race, education level, household and dwelling size, location of the household and access to electricity are important factors in explaining the state of energy in South African households. This paper also discusses limitations in defining energy poverty using the expenditure approach. Finally, some recommendations are made for regulators and policy makers.

scholarly journals Analytical Study of General Insurance in India

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 115-129
Author(s):  
Sumeet Gupta
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Analytical Study ◽  
Insurance Industry ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Developing Nations ◽  
Striking Difference ◽  
General Insurance ◽  
The World ◽  
Insurance Density ◽  
Insurance Penetration

There is a striking difference between developed and developing nations in terms of general insurance penetration and density. It was highest for United States in 2008. It was very closely followed by Switzerland. In fact, General insurance density and penetration both has always been high for these two countries. In this way, these two countries can be regarded as the world leader in general insurance industry. General insurance penetration has not shown much change over the years. For developed countries the average General insurance penetration for 2008 was 3.40 while that of developing nations was just 2.90. Also, there have been no major changes in these values since 2001.  Among developing countries, South Africa and Taiwan are fast gaining momentum. Russia is also a close competitor in terms of general insurance penetration. In the Indian sub-continent, it is Sri Lanka that has shown the maximum general insurance penetration and density. India is the next in the rank.

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