Quantitative analysis of hydrocephalic ventricular alterations in Yorkshire terriers using magnetic resonance imaging

The purpose of this work was to evaluate hydrocephalic ventricular changes using three quantitative analysis methods. The height, area and volume of the ventricles and brain were measured in 20 Yorkshire terriers (10 normal and 10 hydrocephalic dogs) using low-field MR imaging (at 0.2 Tesla). All measurements were averaged and the relative ventricle size was defined as a percentage (percent size of the ventricle/size of the brain). The difference between normal and hydrocephalic dogs was statistically significant for the average of each ventricle as well as for the percentage value. Five hydrocephalic symptoms were identified: circling, head tilting, seizures, ataxia, and strabismus. With respect to height, area and volume of the brain/ventricle, the difference between normal and hydrocephalic dogs was not significant. The ventricle/brain with height (1D) was related to the area (2D) and volume (3D). The correlations with area and volume were as good as the ventricle/brain height ratio in the case of hydrocephalic dogs. Therefore, one-, two- and three-dimensional quantitative methods may be complementary. We expect that the stage of hydrocephalic symptoms can be classified if statistical significance for ventricular size among symptoms is determined with the analysis of a large number of hydrocephalic cases.

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Reproducibility and reliability of three-dimensional soft tissue landmark identification using three-dimensional stereophotogrammetry

The Angle Orthodontist ◽

10.2319/120715-833.1 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 86 (6) ◽

pp. 1004-1009 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Asli Baysal ◽

Ahmet Oguz Sahan ◽

Mehmet Ali Ozturk ◽

Tancan Uysal

Keyword(s):

Soft Tissue ◽

Statistical Significance ◽

Intraclass Correlation ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Correlation Coefficients ◽

Intraclass Correlation Coefficients ◽

Paired Samples ◽

Landmark Identification ◽

The Difference ◽

Intraexaminer Reliability

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the intraexaminer repeatability and interexaminer reproducibility of soft tissue landmarks on three-dimensional (3-D) stereophogrammetric images. Materials and Methods: Thirty-four stereophotogrammetric images were taken and 19 soft tissue points were identified. The images were obtained using the 3-DMD Face (3-DMD TM Ltd, Atlanta, Ga) system. Two examiners marked 34 images manually with a mouse-driven cursor 4 weeks apart. Intraexaminer marking differences were calculated and classified as <0.5 mm, 0.5–1 mm, and >1 mm. Intraclass correlation coefficients were calculated for intraexaminer reliability. A paired-samples t-test was used to evaluate the difference between the examiners. Interexaminer reproducibility was evaluated by kappa analysis. Statistical significance was set at P < .05. Results: Only one landmark (labiale superior) had an intraexaminer marking difference less than 0.5 mm. Existing landmarks had an intraexaminer difference less than 1 mm, but higher than 0.5 mm. The intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) indicated good intraexaminer repeatability for both observers. The ICC range for examiners 1 and 2 was 0.986–1.000 and 0.990–1.000, respectively. Kappa scores showed good interexaminer agreement, especially on the z-axis. Conclusions: Except labiale superior, the soft tissue landmarks used in this study were shown to have moderate reproducibility, but the difference between the landmarks was less than 1 mm, and they had clinically acceptable reproducibility.

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A COMPREHENSIVE APPROACH INTO STEREOSCOPIC VISION

MNJ (Malang Neurology Journal) ◽

10.21776/ub.mnj.2022.008.01.11 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

pp. 53-57

Author(s):

Lely Retno Wulandari

Keyword(s):

Three Dimensional ◽

Stereoscopic Vision ◽

Daily Activities ◽

Qualitative And Quantitative ◽

Daily Life Activities ◽

Examination Methods ◽

Quantitative Examination ◽

The Difference ◽

Angle Of View ◽

The Brain

Stereopsis (or stereoscopic) vision is the ability to see depth of perception, which is created by the difference in angle of view between both eyes. The first process is known as simultaneous perception. Objects will fall on each corresponding retina and there will be a process of fusion of the two images into one. Then, the brain initiates three-dimensional perception in visual cortex, creating stereoscopic vision. Stereoscopic vision will rapidly develop, especially at the age of 6-8 months of life. Stereoscopic is important in daily activities. There are many stereoacuity tests to evaluate stereoscopic vision. Stereoscopic examinations are based on the principle of haploscope, anaglyph, or polaroid vectograph. There are qualitative and quantitative examination methods to assess stereoscopic vision. Qualitative examinations such as Horizontal Lang Two Pencil test and Synoptophore. Quantitative examination including Contour stereopsis test and Clinical random dot stereopsis test. The inability of the eye to see stereoscopic can be called stereoblindness. This can be affected by amblyopia, decreased visual acuity, or the presence of ocular misalignment. Inability to achieve stereoscopic vision will impact an individual to perform some daily life activities, and lead to an increase in difficulty interacting in the world.

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14. Quantitative analysis

Criminology Skills ◽

10.1093/he/9780198799818.003.0014 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 302-347

Author(s):

Emily Finch ◽

Stefan Fafinski

Keyword(s):

Multivariate Analysis ◽

Quantitative Analysis ◽

Quantitative Data ◽

Quantitative Methods ◽

Statistical Tests ◽

Statistical Significance ◽

Univariate Analysis ◽

Bivariate Analysis ◽

Significant Feature ◽

Data Types

Quantitative analysis is a significant feature of criminological research. This chapter discusses quantitative methods of analysis in which statistical tests are used to describe data and to draw inferences from the data. It covers the nature of quantitative data; types of variable; univariate analysis; bivariate analysis; statistical significance; and multivariate analysis. It also includes examples of using SPSS to generate statistics and perform tests on data.

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Orbital Dysmorphology in Unilateral Coronal Synostosis

The Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal ◽

10.1597/1545-1569_1996_033_0190_odiucs_2.3.co_2 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 33 (3) ◽

pp. 190-197 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Lun-Jou Lo ◽

Jeffrey L. Marsh ◽

Alex A. Kane ◽

Michael W. Vannier

Keyword(s):

Soft Tissue ◽

Soft Tissues ◽

Statistical Significance ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Contralateral Side ◽

Orbital Surgery ◽

Orbital Cavity ◽

Coronal Synostosis ◽

The Difference ◽

Tissue Contents

Unilateral coronal synostosis (UCS) produces overt craniofacial dysmorphology. UCS surgery in infancy aims to release the osseous restriction and normalize the fronto-orbital deformity. The quantitative effect of this surgery on the orbit and its contents is unknown. This study was conducted to quantify the preoperative orbital dysmorphology and its surgical outcome in patients with unilateral coronal synostosis. Twenty-eight UCS patients had preoperative three-dimensional computerized tomographic (CT) scans (at mean age 4.0 months), cranio-orbital reconstructive surgery (at 4.7 months), and postoperative scans (at 18.1 months). The CT data were analyzed using a computer workstation and AnalyzeTM biomedical imaging software. Four measurements were performed on both ipsilateral (same side as synostosis) and contralateral (opposite to synostosis) orbits of each scan: orbital index (OI, 100 × height/width of orbit), orbital cavity volume (OV), ocular globe volume (GV), and ventral globe index (VGI, 100 × globe volume ventral to the anterior surface of orbital cavity/GV). The data were analyzed for statistical significance using Student's t test. Preoperatively, the OI was significantly greater on the ipsilateral than on the contralateral side (113.7 vs. 87.3). There was a significant improvement on both sides of the orbit postoperatively, with ipsilateral 99.1 and contralateral 92.1. However, the difference between both sides remained significant. The OV was smaller in the ipsilateral orbits both pre- and postoperatively, with ipse/contralateral ratios of 95.8 and 95.2, respectively. Importantly, the GV was consistently smaller in the ipsilateral orbits preoperatively, with an ipse/contralateral ratio of 93.3. The ratio increased to 97.1 postoperatively, a statistically significant change. In the ipsilateral orbits, the preoperative VGI was significantly greater. The VGI improved postoperatively. These data indicate that UCS affects the development of the osseous orbit as well as its soft-tissue contents. After cranio-orbital surgery, there is diminution of asymmetry of both the bony orbit and its soft-tissue contents. Partial normalization of orbital dysmorphology occurred during the first postoperative year. UCS surgery in infancy does not prevent growth of orbital hard or soft tissues, and it seems to permit normalization of previously impaired growth.

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A Cross-Cultural Comparison of the Use of a Gestalt Perceptual Strategy

Perception ◽

10.1068/p110279 ◽

1982 ◽

Vol 11 (3) ◽

pp. 279-286 ◽

Cited By ~ 34

Author(s):

D N Perkins ◽

Jan B Deregowski

Keyword(s):

Statistical Significance ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Urban Environments ◽

Picture Perception ◽

Grade Levels ◽

Cross Cultural Comparison ◽

The Us ◽

Perceptual Strategy ◽

The Difference ◽

World Hypothesis

The ability to discriminate whether pictured box shapes (parallelopipeds) are projections of three-dimensional rectangular forms has been demonstrated by Perkins and Cooper in US populations and interpreted as a symptom of a general Gestalt strategy in perception. Deregowski suggested earlier that this perceptual strategy might not appear as strongly in less ‘carpentered’ cultures, among perceivers less familiar with Western modes of depiction. A study is reported in which the performance on the discrimination by US children in grades 1, 4, and 7; and children from Zimbabwe, Africa, in grades 1, 2, 4, and 7—children of less experience with pictures and urban environments—has been examined. All groups evinced the discrimination at high levels of statistical significance. However, the findings disclosed much less accurate performance in the Zimbabwe groups at all grade levels, and no improvement with age either in the US or in Zimbabwe. The absence of improvement argues against an explanation of the difference between the US and Zimbabwe groups in terms of either a carpentered-world hypothesis or a difficulty with picture perception, at least when those interpretations are taken in their simplest forms.

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Glomerular B2-kinin-binding sites in two-kidney, one-clip hypertensive rats

AJP Renal Physiology ◽

10.1152/ajprenal.1991.260.5.f626 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 260 (5) ◽

pp. F626-F634 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

C. Emond ◽

J. L. Bascands ◽

J. Rakotoarivony ◽

F. Praddaude ◽

G. Bompart ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Binding Sites ◽

Protein A ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Compensatory Hypertrophy ◽

Dimensional Structure ◽

Hypertensive Rats ◽

The Difference ◽

Pg E2 ◽

Kallikrein Activity ◽

Area And Volume

To extend our recent observations of the possible downregulation of glomerular B2-kinin-binding sites, we investigated density (Bmax) of bradykinin (BK)-binding sites in glomerular membranes of both the clipped (C) and nonclipped (NC) kidneys of two-kidney, one-clip (2K-1C) Goldblatt hypertensive rats, in relation to tissue kallikrein activity and glomerular three-dimensional structure. Compared with the Bmax of sham-operated (SO) kidney (31.8 +/- 7 fmol/mg protein), a significant increase in Bmax was observed in glomeruli of both kidneys in hypertensive rats, the Bmax being higher in glomeruli of NC than in C kidneys (98 +/- 11 vs. 59 +/- 12 fmol/mg protein). NC kidney compensatory hypertrophy was expressed by an increase in glomerular diameter, surface area, and volume. When expressed per unit of area or volume, Bmax in NC kidneys remained significantly higher than in both C and SO kidneys. Increased Bmax in both kidneys of 2K-1C rats was associated with a decreased intrarenal level of kallikrein. We also examined prostaglandin (PG) E2 release by isolated glomeruli from SO, C, and NC kidneys as a possible biological effect induced by BK. Whereas C kidney released more PGE2 than NC kidney under basal conditions, addition of BK (10 nM) induced greater PGE2 production in NC kidney consistent with the difference in Bmax between C and NC kidneys. These results suggest a possible downregulation of glomerular B2-binding sites by bradykinin, which may explain the difference between SO and C kidneys.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

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Defocus ramp correction in spot-scan imaging

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100121053 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 50 (1) ◽

pp. 130-131

Author(s):

Kenneth H. Downing

Keyword(s):

Computer Control ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Sufficient Accuracy ◽

Objective Lens ◽

Electron Crystallography ◽

Contrast Transfer Function ◽

Tilt Axis ◽

Specimen Height ◽

The Difference ◽

Envelope Functions

Three-dimensional structures of a number of samples have been determined by electron crystallography. The procedures used in this work include recording images of fairly large areas of a specimen at high tilt angles. There is then a large defocus ramp across the image, and parts of the image are far out of focus. In the regions where the defocus is large, the contrast transfer function (CTF) varies rapidly across the image, especially at high resolution. Not only is the CTF then difficult to determine with sufficient accuracy to correct properly, but the image contrast is reduced by envelope functions which tend toward a low value at high defocus.We have combined computer control of the electron microscope with spot-scan imaging in order to eliminate most of the defocus ramp and its effects in the images of tilted specimens. In recording the spot-scan image, the beam is scanned along rows that are parallel to the tilt axis, so that along each row of spots the focus is constant. Between scan rows, the objective lens current is changed to correct for the difference in specimen height from one scan to the next.

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Study on erythrocytes by SEM photogrammetry (SEMP) technique

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100161187 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 48 (3) ◽

pp. 724-725

Author(s):

Tong Wensheng ◽

Lu Lianhuang ◽

Zhang Zhijun

Keyword(s):

Quantitative Analysis ◽

Cell Membrane ◽

Clinical Diagnosis ◽

Human Body ◽

Blood Cells ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Normal Person ◽

Blood Disease ◽

Computation Technique ◽

Important Basis

This is a combined study of two diffirent branches, photogrammetry and morphology of blood cells. The three dimensional quantitative analysis of erythrocytes using SEMP technique, electron computation technique and photogrammetry theory has made it possible to push the study of mophology of blood cells from LM, TEM, SEM to a higher stage, that of SEM P. A new path has been broken for deeply study of morphology of blood cells.In medical view, the abnormality of the quality and quantity of erythrocytes is one of the important changes of blood disease. It shows the abnormal blood—making function of the human body. Therefore, the study of the change of shape on erythrocytes is the indispensable and important basis of reference in the clinical diagnosis and research of blood disease.The erythrocytes of one normal person, three PNH Patients and one AA patient were used in this experiment. This research determines the following items: Height;Length of two axes (long and short), ratio; Crevice in depth and width of cell membrane; Circumference of erythrocytes; Isoline map of erythrocytes; Section map of erythrocytes.

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COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF MULTIPARAMETRIC ENDORECTAL ULTRASOUND AND ENHANCED IMAGING COLONOSCOPY IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF EARLY COLORECTAL CANCER

Koloproktologia ◽

10.33878/2073-7556-2020-19-3-49-64 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 19 (3) ◽

pp. 49-64

Author(s):

E. M. Bogdanova ◽

Yu. L. Trubacheva ◽

O. M. Yugai ◽

S. V. Chernyshov ◽

E. G. Rybakov ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Colorectal Cancer ◽

Statistical Significance ◽

Muscle Layer ◽

Endorectal Ultrasound ◽

Diagnostic Methods ◽

Early Colorectal Cancer ◽

Morphological Examination ◽

Optical Magnification ◽

The Difference ◽

Enhanced Imaging

AIM: to compare multiparametric endorectal ultrasound (ERUS) and enhanced imaging colonoscopy in the diagnosis of early colorectal cancer.PATIENTS AND METHODS: the study included 78 patients with epithelial rectal tumor. All the patients underwent multiparametric ERUS and colonoscopy with examination by narrow beam imaging (NBI) at optical magnification. All the patients were operated.RESULTS: a morphological examination removed specimens revealed adenomas in 48 cases, in 19 specimens – adenocarcinomas in situ and T1, and in 11 specimens – adenocarcinomas with invasion of the muscle layer or deeper. When calculating the accuracy indicators of diagnostic methods for groups of patients with adenoma, Tis-T1 adenocarcinoma, and T2-T3 adenocarcinoma, the difference in the sensitivity and specificity of the methods in none of the presented groups did not reach the level of statistical significance (p>0.05).ROC analysis showed that ultrasound has a prognostic value comparable to colonoscopy. The area difference was 0.013 (p=0.85).CONCLUSION: endoscopy and ultrasound have similar value in the diagnosis of malignant transformation of rectal adenomas.

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3D reconstruction and calculation of surface area and volume of bell pepper

Progress in Agricultural Engineering Sciences ◽

10.1556/progress.3.2007.5 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

pp. 89-113

Author(s):

Zoltán Gillay ◽

László Fenyvesi

Keyword(s):

3D Reconstruction ◽

Surface Area ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Reference Method ◽

Bell Pepper ◽

Three Dimensional Model ◽

Acceptable Error ◽

Volume Calculation ◽

Bell Peppers ◽

Area And Volume

There was a method developed that generates the three-dimensional model of not axisymmetric produce, based on an arbitrary number of photos. The model can serve as a basis for calculating the surface area and the volume of produce. The efficiency of the reconstruction was tested on bell peppers and artificial shapes. In case of bell peppers 3-dimensional reconstruction was created from 4 images rotated in 45° angle intervals. The surface area and the volume were estimated on the basis of the reconstructed area. Furthermore, a new and simple reference method was devised to give precise results for the surface area of bell pepper. The results show that this 3D reconstruction-based surface area and volume calculation method is suitable to determine the surface area and volume of definite bell peppers with an acceptable error.

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