scholarly journals Effects of the Optional Protocols to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the causes of child death: a statistical study on a global scale

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 48-65
Author(s):  
Cíntia da Silva Telles Nichele ◽  
Marco Aurelio Pereira Horta ◽  
Aldo Pacheco Ferreira
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Study ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Child Death ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
P Value ◽  
Optional Protocol ◽  
Acute Lower Respiratory Infections ◽  
Rights Of The Child ◽  
Child Deaths ◽  
The One

The Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) and the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on a Communications Procedure (OPCP) make commitments and guarantees in relation to child health. The aim of the study is to verify the effects of these commitments on the causes of child death. To analyze these effects, we apply the one-way analysis of variance. For each group, we calculated the averages of child deaths in their respective countries for the years 2002, 2007, 2012, and 2017. The p-value resulting indicated whether there was a difference between the means of child deaths in those years that were compared. We also observed the time series for each cause of death over the years 2000 to 2017. The CRC has an expressive adhesion. OPCP has a smaller number of acceptors in all regions compared to CRC. The acceptance of OPCP did not significantly alter the results of the number of deaths in the accepting countries in any of the 13 causes of child death observed. In the non- accepting group, significant differences were found concerning five causes of child death: HIV/AIDS, diarrhoeal diseases, measles, meningitis/encephalitis, and acute lower respiratory infections (p-values 0.01, 0.01, 0.003, 0.002, and 0.003, respectively). Our results suggest that the group of countries that have accepted the OPCP are more committed to issues of child deaths causes studied. In all of them the annual death numbers were considerably lower in this group.

WAR AND HEALTH STATUS OF THE POPULATION IN IRAQ

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.A. Al Sabunchi ◽  
O.A. Al Sabunchi
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Communicable Disease ◽  
Child Death ◽  
Chronically Ill ◽  
Northwestern Part ◽  
Mountain Range ◽  
Diarrheal Diseases ◽  
The North ◽  
Acute Lower Respiratory Infections ◽  
Western Asia

Iraq, or the Republic of Iraq, lies in western Asia encircling the Mesopotamian plain, the northwestern part of the Zagros mountain range and the eastern branch of the Syrian desert. Syria lies on the northwest border of Iraq, Turkey is to the north, Iran is east, and Jordan is to the west. It has a narrow coastline of about 58km at the North Persian Gulf. More than 15 years ago, a war broke out in Iraq, which turned into a disaster for the entire region. Armed conflict entailed massive displacement in Iraq. The United Nations estimates that 1.8 million people have been displaced since early August, 850,000 of them in the north of the country. Large groups of people were forced to move up to 3 times - all this has caused serious health risks that the government and international agencies led by WHO seek to eliminate. Iraq is experiencing internal instability. On the one hand, it is caused by environmental conditions, including due to the fact that Turkey blocked all the water flowing into Iraq through the Euphrates River, as well as due to environmental pollution in Iraq itself. The Iraq War destroyed an estimated 12% of hospitals and Iraq's two main public health laboratories. The collapse of sanitation infrastructure in 2003 led to an increased incidence of cholera, dysentery, and typhoid fever. Malnutrition and childhood diseases. The people of Iraq face a mixture of health hazards associated with poverty. Children, adolescents, women, the elderly, disabled people and those who are chronically ill are at particular risk. 8 The primary causes of the high burden of communicable disease among children are acute lower respiratory infections, diarrheal diseases and measles. (see Children's health). Lack of adequate sanitation and clean drinking water lead to a high risk of diarrhoea outbreaks Major causes of death in children in Iraq The three major killers in children are acute lower respiratory infections, such as pneumonia; diarrheal diseases; and measles. Child death rates due to acute lower respiratory infections and diarrhoea have increased over the last decade. These conditions account for 70% of deaths in children under five years of age.

Efektifitas Ekstrak Daun Sirih Hijau (Piper Betle) sebagai Insektisida Nabati terhadap Mortalitas Lalat Rumah (Musca domestica)

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 44-50
Author(s):  
Rinaldi Daswito ◽  
Rima Folentia ◽  
M Yusuf MF
Keyword(s):  
Musca Domestica ◽  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Effective Concentration ◽  
P Value ◽  
Piper Betle ◽  
Microbiology Laboratory ◽  
House Flies ◽  
Betel Leaf ◽  
The One ◽  
One Way Anova

One of the diseases that can be transmitted by flies is diarrhea. Green betel leaf contains essential oils, chavicol, arecoline, phenol, and tannins which function as plant-based insecticides. This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of green betel leaf extract (Piper betel) as a plant-based insecticide on the number of mortality of house flies (Musca domestica). The research was an experimental study used After Only Design used the One Way Anova test with a 95% confidence level. The samples used were 360 ​​house flies. Each treatment of 30 house flies with 4 repetitions and used three concentrations of green betel leaf extract (25%, 50%, 75%). The study was conducted at the Chemistry and Microbiology Laboratory of Health Polytechnic Tanjungpinang, while the location of the fly collection was at the Tokojo Garbage Collection Station in Bintan Regency. The number of mortality of house flies at a concentration of 25% was 81 heads (67.5%), 50% concentrations were 93 heads (77.5%), and at a concentration of 75% were 103 heads (85.83%). There was an effect of green betel leaf extract on the mortality of house flies (p-value 0.0001 <0.05) with the most effective concentration of 75%. Further research is needed to obtain a finished product utilizing green betel leaf extract as a vegetable insecticide, especially in controlling the fly vector. Need further research on the use of green betel leaf extract as a vegetable insecticide controlling the fly vector by taking into account the amount of spraying and the age of the fly.   Keywords: Green betel leaf extract , organic insecticide, houseflies

scholarly journals Comparison of Four Commercially Available Point-of-Care Tests to Detect Antibodies against Canine Parvovirus in Dogs

Viruses ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 18
Author(s):  
Michèle Bergmann ◽  
Mike Holzheu ◽  
Yury Zablotski ◽  
Stephanie Speck ◽  
Uwe Truyen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Test Performance ◽  
Point Of Care ◽  
Reference Method ◽  
Canine Parvovirus ◽  
P Value ◽  
Important Indicator ◽  
Specificity And Sensitivity ◽  
Specific Pathogen ◽  
The One ◽  
Point Of Care Tests

Measuring antibodies to evaluate dogs´ immunity against canine parvovirus (CPV) is useful to avoid unnecessary re-vaccinations. The study aimed to evaluate the quality and practicability of four point-of-care (POC) tests for detection of anti-CPV antibodies. The sera of 198 client-owned and 43 specific pathogen-free (SPF) dogs were included; virus neutralization was the reference method. Specificity, sensitivity, positive and negative predictive value (PPV and NPV), and overall accuracy (OA) were calculated. Specificity was considered to be the most important indicator for POC test performance. Differences between specificity and sensitivity of POC tests in the sera of all dogs were determined by McNemar, agreement by Cohen´s kappa. Prevalence of anti-CPV antibodies in all dogs was 80% (192/241); in the subgroup of client-owned dogs, it was 97% (192/198); and in the subgroup of SPF dogs, it was 0% (0/43). FASTest® and CanTiCheck® were easiest to perform. Specificity was highest in the CanTiCheck® (overall dogs, 98%; client-owned dogs, 83%; SPF dogs, 100%) and the TiterCHEK® (overall dogs, 96%; client-owned dogs, 67%; SPF dogs, 100%); no significant differences in specificity were observed between the ImmunoComb®, the TiterCHEK®, and the CanTiCheck®. Sensitivity was highest in the FASTest® (overall dogs, 95%; client-owned dogs, 95%) and the CanTiCheck® (overall dogs, 80%; client-owned dogs, 80%); sensitivity of the FASTest® was significantly higher compared to the one of the other three tests (McNemars p-value in each comparison: <0.001). CanTiCheck® would be the POC test of choice when considering specificity and practicability. However, differences in the number of false positive results between CanTiCheck®, TiterCHEK®, and ImmunoComb® were minimal.

scholarly journals Admixing Chaff with Straw Increased the Residues Collected without Compromising Machinery Efficiencies

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 1766 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessandro Suardi ◽  
Sergio Saia ◽  
Walter Stefanoni ◽  
Carina Gunnarsson ◽  
Martin Sundberg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Production ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Unit Weight ◽  
Residual Biomass ◽  
Energy Needs ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Field Efficiency ◽  
The One ◽  
Staple Crop

The collection of residues from staple crop may contribute to meet EU regulations in renewable energy production without harming soil quality. At a global scale, chaff may have great potential to be used as a bioenergy source. However, chaff is not usually collected, and its loss can consist of up to one-fifth of the residual biomass harvestable. In the present work, a spreader able to manage the chaff (either spreading [SPR] on the soil aside to the straw swath or admixed [ADM] with the straw) at varying threshing conditions (with either 1 or 2 threshing rotors [1R and 2R, respectively] in the combine, which affects the mean length of the straw pieces). The fractions of the biomass available in field (grain, chaff, straw, and stubble) were measured, along with the performances of both grain harvesting and baling operations. Admixing chaff allowed for a slightly higher amount of straw fresh weight baled compared to SPR (+336 kg straw ha−1), but such result was not evident on a dry weight basis. At the one time, admixing chaff reduced the material capacity of the combine by 12.9%. Using 2R compared to 1R strongly reduced the length of the straw pieces, and increased the bale unit weight; however, it reduced the field efficiency of the grain harvesting operations by 11.9%. On average, the straw loss did not vary by the treatments applied and was 44% of the total residues available (computed excluding the stubble). In conclusion, admixing of chaff with straw is an option to increase the residues collected without compromising grain harvesting and straw baling efficiencies; in addition, it can reduce the energy needs for the bale logistics. According to the present data, improving the chaff collection can allow halving the loss of residues. However, further studies are needed to optimise both the chaff and the straw recoveries.

Viral Etiology in Acute Lower Respiratory Infections in Children from a Closed Community

1989 ◽  
Vol 140 (3) ◽  
pp. 634-637 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria M. Avila ◽  
Guadalupe Carballal ◽  
Hugo Rovaletti ◽  
Beatriz Ebekian ◽  
Marcos Cusminsky ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Viral Etiology ◽  
Acute Lower Respiratory Infections

scholarly journals Surveillance of acute lower respiratory infections in Cambodia: lessons from the field

2011 ◽  
Vol 5 (S1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sophie Goyet ◽  
Laurence Borand ◽  
Blandine Rammaert ◽  
Vantha Te ◽  
Patrich Lorn Try ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Acute Lower Respiratory Infections

Investigation and Review of Unexpected Infant and Child Deaths

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 92 (5) ◽  
pp. 734-735
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
United States ◽  
Child Abuse ◽  
Child Death ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
The United States ◽  
Medical Examiner ◽  
Sudden Infant ◽  
Child Deaths ◽  
Death Investigation

A significant proportion of infant and child deaths are preventable. Of the 55 861 deaths of children aged 14 and younger in the United States in 1989, more than three fourths occurred in children under the age of 2 years.1 Approximately one third of the latter were unexpected, including those due to sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) or trauma, or deaths that were otherwise unexplained. Child abuse deaths occur in greatest numbers among infants, followed by those in toddlers and preschool children.2 Children younger than 6 years of age are most vulnerable to abuse because of their small size, incomplete verbal skills, and often limited contact with adults other than their primary caretakers.3 With few exceptions, throughout the United States there is no uniform system for the investigation of infant and child deaths. Many jurisdictions lack appropriately trained pathologists, interagency collaboration hat would facilitate sharing of information about the family, and a surveillance system to evaluate data regarding infant deaths. As a result, progress in the understanding of SIDS is inhibited, cases of child abuse and neglect may be missed, familial genetic diseases go undiagnosed, public health threats may be unrecognized, and inadequate medical care may be undetected. Lack of adequate infant and child death investigation is an impediment to preventing illness, injury and death of other children at risk. Adequate death investigation requires the participation of numerous individuals including medical examiner/coroner, public health officials, the patient's physician, the pathologist, and personnel from agencies involved with child welfare and social services and law enforcement.

The Effectiveness of Durante Hemodialysis Packed Red Cells (PRC) Transfusion on Hemoglobin Levels

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 013-018
Author(s):  
Pria Wahyu Romadhon Girianto ◽  
Mega Wahyu Mulyasari
Keyword(s):  
Renal Disease ◽  
Chronic Renal Disease ◽  
Statistical Tests ◽  
Health Condition ◽  
P Value ◽  
Test Design ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Post Test ◽  
The One

Renal Disease was a chronic disease that the most attacking people in Indonesia. Damage to this vital organ in the human body greatly affected a person's health condition, one of which was anemia. This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of Durante hemodialysis PRC transfusions on hemoglobin levels. The method used was Pre-experimental design, with the One group pre-post test design approach. With a sample of 49 patients who underwent regular hemodialysis at RSUD dr. Iskak Tulungagung. Data were obtained by direct observation. Processed by computerized methods with a statistical t-test, the significance level (α) was 0.05. The study results showed that the hemoglobin levels of the pre-Durante hemodialysis PRC transfusion patients were 4-5 mg/dl (53.06%), and the hemoglobin levels of the post-Durante hemodialysis PRC transfusion patients were 6.1-7 mg/dl (34.69%). The results of statistical tests showed that there was an increase in hemoglobin levels in patients who received Durante hemodialysis PRC transfusion by 1.22 mg/dl because p-value = 0.000 < 0.05 (α) means that there was an effect. It could be concluded that the delivery of Durante hemodialysis PRC transfusion could help increase hemoglobin levels. This finding was very helpful for chronic Renal Disease patients undergoing hemodialysis, who have been using erythropoietin preparations because PRC transfusions were cheaper and more effective when compared to using erythropoietin preparations

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