scholarly journals Distribution of Antibiotic Resistance and Antibiotic Resistant Genes in Campylobacter jejuni Isolated from Poultry in North West of Pakistan

2020 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sher Bahadar Khan ◽  
Mumtaz Ali Khan ◽  
Hameed Ullah Khan ◽  
Sher Ali Khan ◽  
Shah Fahad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Campylobacter Jejuni ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
North West ◽  
Resistant Genes

scholarly journals Role of biofilm-specific antibiotic resistance genes PA0756-0757, PA5033 and PA2070 in Pseudomonas aeruginosa

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Prasanth Manohar ◽  
Thamaraiselvan Shanthini ◽  
Reethu Ann Philip ◽  
Subramani Ramkumar ◽  
Manali Kale ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Tamil Nadu ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance Genes ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Resistant Genes

AbstractTo evaluate the presence of biofilm-specific antibiotic-resistant genes, PA0756-0757, PA5033 and PA2070 in Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from clinical samples in Tamil Nadu. For this cross-sectional study, 24 clinical isolates (included pus, urine, wound, and blood) were collected from two diagnostic centers in Chennai from May 2015 to February 2016. Biofilm formation was assessed using microtiter dish biofilm formation assay and minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentrations (MBC) were determined for planktonic and biofilm cells (MBC assay). Further, PCR amplification of biofilm-specific antibiotic resistance genes PA0756-0757, PA5033 and PA2070 were performed. Biofilm formation was found to be moderate/strong in 16 strains. MBC for planktonic cells showed that 4, 7, 10 and 14 strains were susceptible to gentamicin, ciprofloxacin, meropenem and colistin respectively. In MBC assay for biofilm cells (MBC-B), all the 16 biofilm producing strains were resistant to ciprofloxacin and gentamicin whereas nine and four were resistant to meropenem, and colistin respectively. The biofilm-specific antibiotic-resistant genes PA0756-0757 was found in 10 strains, 6 strains with PA5033 and 9 strains with PA2070 that were found to be resistant phenotypically. This study highlighted the importance of biofilm-specific antibiotic resistance genes PA0756-0757, PA5033, and PA2070 in biofilm-forming P. aeruginosa.

scholarly journals Profiling and antibiotic resistance of lactic acid bacteria isolated from commercial aMasi samples

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Yovani Pillay
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Food Safety ◽  
Lactic Acid Bacteria ◽  
South African ◽  
Bacterial Population ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Food Grade ◽  
Resistant Genes

aMasi is traditionally fermented milk that constitutes part of the South African heritage and is regarded as a supplementary staple food. Its inclusion into the South African Food Based Dietary Guidelines has led to the encouraged consumption of this product. Given the fact that aMasi is a rich source of lactic acid bacteria (LAB), such bacteria are of economic importance to the food, feed and pharmaceutical industries. The main concern regarding food safety is ability to acquire and disseminate antibiotic-resistant genes. Although LAB bility of resistance genes to human and animal opportunistic and pathogenic bacteria which could make treatment of bacterial infections more complex to treat in the future. Numerous reports globally, have documented antibiotic resistance among LAB isolated from commercial dairy and pharmaceutical products over the last decade. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine if LAB isolated from commercial aMasi samples harbour antibiotic-resistant genes. To achieve this aim, the total bacterial population and LAB population of 10 aMasi samples were surveyed using culture-dependent techniques and the proportional prevalence of LAB to the total bacterial population were determined by using a 100% stacked-column. In all 10 samples, LAB was the predominating population ranging from 87.44% to 99.77%. A total of 30 LAB isolates were characterised after isolation and sequencing of 16S rDNA of these isolates showed that LAB were Leuconostoc pseudomesenteroides and Leuconostoc mesenteroides with two isolates being identified as Lactococcus lactis CP028160.1. The relationship between the growth of LAB and selected physicochemical properties (pH, titratable acidity, water activity (aw), moisture content, fat content and estimation of reducing sugars (lactose)) were determined using principal component analysis (PCA) and classification and regression tree (CART) to illustrate the likelihood of LAB present in aMasi samples based on LAB count and pH. From the PCA results, approximately 75.25% of variances in the data were retained by the first three principal components (PCs). The first principal component (PC1) had accounted for the highest total variance of 33.16%. PC1 increased with an increase in lactic acid % and aw, whilst it negatively correlated with LAB count, moisture % and lactose (mg/25ml lactose·H2O). The results showed an increase in LAB count with an increase in moisture % and lactose (mg/25ml lactose·H2O) whilst, LAB count had decreased with an increase in lactic acid % and aw. Moreover, pH and fat % had no effect on PC1, high LAB counts were observed for samples 6 and 7 whist low LAB counts were observed for samples 9 and 10. On the other hand, PC2 had accounted for approximately 27.53% of the total variance. PC2 increased with an increase in fat % and lactose (mg/25ml lactose·H2O), whilst it negatively correlated with LAB count and pH. It was observed that the growth of LAB had increased with an increase in pH, whilst it decreased with an increase in fat % and lactose (mg/25ml lactose·H2O). Moreover, lactic acid %, aw and moisture % had no effect on PC2. High LAB counts were observed for samples 7 and 8 and low LAB counts were observed for samples 2 and 4. Nine out of the 30 LAB isolates were selected due to these isolates having a different GenBank Accession number and were subjected to antibiotic susceptibility testing using the disc diffusion method against a total of 11 antibiotics. Most of the LAB isolates exhibited multiple resistance towards some of the most commonly used antibiotics as well as last-resort antibiotics. All the isolates showed high levels of resistance towards vancomycin, colistin sulphate, fosfomycin and pipemidic acid except for Lactococcus lactis CP028160.1 which was susceptible to vancomycin. All isolates were susceptible to tetracycline and erythromycin whilst eight out of nine isolates were susceptible to chloramphenicol with seven out of nine isolates being susceptible to ampicillin. Furthermore, the isolates had displayed intermediate resistance mainly towards kanamycin and streptomycin. The present study showed that multiple antibiotic resistance is prevalent in different species of starter culture strains, which may pose a food safety concern. LAB that exhibit phenotypic resistance to antibiotics should also be evaluated on a molecular level to monitor their resistance. The presence of such a variety of expressed AR genes in probiotic isolates is a worrying trend. The impact of the interactions of these bacteria with pathogenic strains and their transfer of these AR genes is yet to be assessed. Furthermore, antibiotic sensitivity is an important criterion in the safety assessment for the evaluation of food-grade and potential food-grade LAB.

Antibiotic Resistance, the Horrendous Consequences of Bacterial Sex

2021 ◽  
pp. 111-116
Author(s):  
Thomas E. Schindler
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Postwar Japan ◽  
Resistant Genes ◽  
Rapid Emergence ◽  
Multiple Antibiotics

This chapter reviews how bacterial sex explains the rapid emergence of superbugs that are resistant to multiple antibiotics, the so-called MDR pathogens. Millions of years before humans evolved, bacteria invented antibiotics and the defensive molecules that make some bacteria resistant to an antibiotic. Therefore, antibiotic resistant genes pre-exist in many bacterial strains, literally lying in wait to emerge in superbugs. In postwar Japan, bacteriologists discovered the first MDR pathogens during dysentery outbreaks. Researchers demonstrated that the genes for resistance to several antibiotics were transferred by bacterial sex—from normal flora to the dysentery pathogens—all together and “at one stroke.” Methicillin was intentionally designed to treat penicillin-resistant infections. Only three years after its introduction of, hospitals began to find methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Gerard Wright coined the term resistome to signify “the global collection of resistance genes that have been readily available to pathogens for millennia.”

scholarly journals Plasmid-Mediated Antibiotic-Resistant Pattern of Lactobacillus spp. Isolated From Dairy Products

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
Fatemeh Shafiei Seifabadi ◽  
Majid Baserisalehi
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Dairy Products ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Dairy Product ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance Genes ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Resistant Genes ◽  
Susceptibility Assay

Background: Microorganisms have potent activity for transferring antibiotic-resistant genes with either chromosomally- or plasmid-mediated characteristics. The purpose of this study was to isolate Lactobacillus from different commercial products and evaluate their potential in antibiotic-resistant development. Chromosomally-or plasmid-mediated resistant genes were investigated as well. Methods: In total, Lactobacillus strains were isolated from 20 commercial dairy product samples such as cheese and yoghurt. The isolates were phenotypic and molecularly identified and their antibiotic-resistant properties were assessed by the disk-diffusion method. Finally, the plasmid-mediated antibiotic resistant characters of the isolates were evaluated by plasmid curing via evaluated temperatures and acridine orange methods. Results: Five strains Lactobacillus paracasei, L. rhamnosus, L. casei, L. plantarum, and L. fermentum were isolated different products. The results of the antibiotic susceptibility assay indicated that all strains were susceptible to amoxicillin and imipenem and resistant to ciprofloxacin and vancomycin. Furthermore, different responses were observed among the isolates against streptomycin and gentamicin. The evaluation of plasmid-mediated antibiotic resistance in the isolates revealed that streptomycin and gentamicin-resistant characters were of plasmid-mediated type in L. rhamnosus and L. plantarum strains. Conclusions: In general, our finding demonstrated that some commercial Lactobacillus strains harboured antibiotic-resistant genes. These genes can be located either in chromosome or plasmid group. Hence, the frequency of antibiotic-resistant pathogenic bacteria might be increased after consuming some dairy products because of the horizontal transfer of antibiotic-resistance genes among the bacteria.

scholarly journals Current methods for inhibiting antibiotic resistant bacteria by targeting bacterial cell metabolism and disrupting antibiotic elimination through the AcrAB-Tolc efflux pump

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tatiana Hillman
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Horizontal Transfer ◽  
Bacterial Cell ◽  
Cell Metabolism ◽  
Efflux Pumps ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Resistant Genes ◽  
Antibiotic Drugs

Bacteria have a complex and lengthy evolutionary history of antibiotic resistance. For millions of years, bacteria have evolved a gene pool filled with multiple drug resistant genes. However, for the past 50 years, bacteria have been mutating and evolving vigorously and rapidly. Those 50 years predate to the time of the first use of antibiotic drugs in the 1940s. Since the 1940s, with the wide-spread use of the first antibiotic, penicillin, bacteria have effectively developed resistance to multiple antibiotic drugs. Bacteria develop antibiotic resistance after acquiring antibiotic resistant genes from conjugation and a horizontal transfer of those genes. Bacteria also have innate properties, structure, and functions that can increase their resistance of antibiotics. Bacteria cells can mutate its genes and block the binding of antibiotic drugs to its DNA. If the bacteria effectively impede the activity of an antibiotic through a DNA mutation, then the same mutation is shared with other bacterial cell strains through horizontal transfer. Antibiotics can be expelled from bacteria cells by efflux pumps called AcrBC-Tolc channels from the resistance-nodulation division (RND) family. Targeting the cell metabolism or the expression of efflux pumps may deter or impede the proliferation of antibiotic resistance. Researchers cultured E. tarda with glucose and alanine, and the uptake of kanamycin increased, eliminating approximately 3,000 times the amount of MDR bacterial cells compared to the cells only treated with kanamycin. Another researcher named Dr. Li mutated a gene of the AcrAB-Tolc binding site, forming a replacement for the highly non-polar phenylalanine amino acid residue with an alanine. His mutagenesis of the efflux pumps binding sites for AcrAB-Tolc inhibited the exit of antibiotics through the AcrAB-Tolc efflux pumps. Therefore, the review serves to discuss the new, novel, and current methods for reducing the spread of antibiotic resistant bacteria by targeting bacterial cell metabolism and its antibiotic resistant genes.

scholarly journals Sensitivity to antibacterial preparations Campylobacter jejuni isolated from poultry products

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
L.I. Smirnova ◽  
S.A. Makavchik ◽  
A.A. Sukhinin ◽  
S.V. Pankratov ◽  
T.N. Rozhdestvenskaya
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Campylobacter Jejuni ◽  
Acquired Resistance ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Poultry Meat ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Antimicrobial Drugs ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Poultry Products ◽  
Livestock Products

Along with salmonellosis and Escherichiosis, intestinal campylobacteriosis caused by thermophilic campylobacter, primarily Campylobacter jejuni, is widespread. When studying the biological properties of isolated pathogens, great importance is attached to determining their sensitivity to antibacterial preparations and identifying preparation resistance. Livestock products, including poultry, are one of the most common sources of pathogenic campylobacter. Since antibiotics are often used in the process of growing and obtaining poultry meat, the acquired resistance of the campylobacter bacteria that colonize poultry products to the drugs used in veterinary medicine is likely. The spread of antibiotic-resistant strains in future can lead to decrease of the therapeutic effect in the treatment of severe forms of campylobacteriosis. In this article we present the results of determining the antibiotic resistance of C. jejuni cultures isolated from group samples of poultry products purchased in St. Petersburg in comparison with the antibiotic resistance of C. jejuni cultures isolated from group samples of chickens of the control groups, hatched without use of any antimicrobial preparations. Based on the results of our studies, we found that C. jejuni cultures isolated from group samples of poultry products purchased in St. Petersburg retail network have broad antibiotic resistance and are resistant to the effects of amoxicillin, ampicillin, carbenicillin, erythromycin, azithromycin, cephalothin, gentamycin, kanamycin, tetracycline, doxycycline, lincomycin, ciprofloxacin and co-trimoxazole, but are sensitive to the action of nalidixic acid, imipenem, meropenem, chloramphenicol and furazolidone. Cultures of C. jejuni isolated from group samples of poultry products purchased in St. Petersburg retail network have a broader antibiotic resistance to antimicrobial drugs of various pharmacological groups compared to cultures of C. jejuni isolated from group samples of chickens from the control group. Broader antibiotic resistance of C. jejuni cultures isolated from group samples of poultry products purchased in St. Petersburg retail network is most likely associated with the use of various antimicrobial drugs when growing poultry in industrial poultry farming.

scholarly journals Comparative Analysis of Aerotolerance, Antibiotic Resistance, and Virulence Gene Prevalence in Campylobacter jejuni Isolates from Retail Raw Chicken and Duck Meat in South Korea

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (10) ◽  
pp. 433 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jinshil Kim ◽  
Hyeeun Park ◽  
Junhyung Kim ◽  
Jong Hyun Kim ◽  
Jae In Jung ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Campylobacter Jejuni ◽  
Virulence Genes ◽  
Clonal Complex ◽  
Virulence Gene ◽  
Poultry Meat ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
The Common ◽  
Human Infections ◽  
Profiling Analysis

Human infections with Campylobacter are primarily associated with the consumption of contaminated poultry meat. In this study, we isolated Campylobacter jejuni from retail raw chicken and duck meat in Korea and compared their aerotolerance, antibiotic resistance, and virulence gene prevalence. Whereas C. jejuni isolates from chicken dominantly belonged to multilocus sequence typing (MLST) clonal complex (CC)-21, CC-45 is the common MLST sequence type in duck meat isolates. C. jejuni strains from both chicken and duck meat were highly tolerant to aerobic stress. The prevalence of virulence genes was higher in C. jejuni strains from chicken than those from duck meat. However, antibiotic resistance was higher in duck meat isolates than chicken isolates. Based on the prevalence of virulence genes and antibiotic resistance, fluoroquinolone-resistant C. jejuni strains harboring all tested virulence genes except virB11 were predominant on retail poultry. Fluoroquinolone-resistant C. jejuni strains carrying most virulence genes were more frequently isolated in summer than in winter. The comparative profiling analysis in this study successfully demonstrated that antibiotic-resistant and pathogenic strains of C. jejuni are highly prevalent on retail poultry and that retail duck meat is an important vehicle potentially transmitting C. jejuni to humans in Korea.

scholarly journals Current methods for inhibiting antibiotic resistant bacteria by targeting bacterial cell metabolism and disrupting antibiotic elimination through the AcrAB-Tolc efflux pump

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tatiana Hillman
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Horizontal Transfer ◽  
Bacterial Cell ◽  
Cell Metabolism ◽  
Efflux Pumps ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Resistant Genes ◽  
Antibiotic Drugs

Bacteria have a complex and lengthy evolutionary history of antibiotic resistance. For millions of years, bacteria have evolved a gene pool filled with multiple drug resistant genes. However, for the past 50 years, bacteria have been mutating and evolving vigorously and rapidly. Those 50 years predate to the time of the first use of antibiotic drugs in the 1940s. Since the 1940s, with the wide-spread use of the first antibiotic, penicillin, bacteria have effectively developed resistance to multiple antibiotic drugs. Bacteria develop antibiotic resistance after acquiring antibiotic resistant genes from conjugation and a horizontal transfer of those genes. Bacteria also have innate properties, structure, and functions that can increase their resistance of antibiotics. Bacteria cells can mutate its genes and block the binding of antibiotic drugs to its DNA. If the bacteria effectively impede the activity of an antibiotic through a DNA mutation, then the same mutation is shared with other bacterial cell strains through horizontal transfer. Antibiotics can be expelled from bacteria cells by efflux pumps called AcrBC-Tolc channels from the resistance-nodulation division (RND) family. Targeting the cell metabolism or the expression of efflux pumps may deter or impede the proliferation of antibiotic resistance. Researchers cultured E. tarda with glucose and alanine, and the uptake of kanamycin increased, eliminating approximately 3,000 times the amount of MDR bacterial cells compared to the cells only treated with kanamycin. Another researcher named Dr. Li mutated a gene of the AcrAB-Tolc binding site, forming a replacement for the highly non-polar phenylalanine amino acid residue with an alanine. His mutagenesis of the efflux pumps binding sites for AcrAB-Tolc inhibited the exit of antibiotics through the AcrAB-Tolc efflux pumps. Therefore, the review serves to discuss the new, novel, and current methods for reducing the spread of antibiotic resistant bacteria by targeting bacterial cell metabolism and its antibiotic resistant genes.

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