scholarly journals Mitigating Pro-Poor Housing Failures: Access Theory and the Politics of Urban Governance

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 439-450 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katja Mielke ◽  
Helena Cermeño
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Urban Governance ◽  
Political Process ◽  
Development Discourse ◽  
Housing Policies ◽  
Governance Practices ◽  
Housing Scheme ◽  
Path Dependent ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City

Looking at evolving urban governance and planning practices in the city of Lahore, Pakistan, the article aims to understand—from an Evolutionary Governance Theory perspective—to what extent these practices steer paths and modes of service provision and housing for low-income residents. With a focus on the endurance and transformations of urban governance practices and institutions, we first explore the influence of the changing development discourse and the impact it has had on the (re)configuration of urban governance and housing policies in Lahore. Second, drawing on extensive fieldwork and empirical data collected between 2012 and 2016, we highlight three vignettes depicting the development of different housing options for low-income residents in Lahore, i.e., a government-steered subsidised housing scheme, a privately developed ‘pro-poor’ settlement in the peri-urban fringe of the city, and residential colonies already—or in the process of being—regularised. By analysing the relationship between governance frameworks, the establishment of the three types of settlements and how residents manage to access housing and services there, we demonstrate how purposive deregulation in governance and policy generates a disconnect between urban normative frameworks (i.e., urban planning tools and pro-poor housing policies) and residents’ needs and everyday practices. We argue that this highly political process is not exclusively path-dependent but has also allowed the creation of liminal spaces based on agency and collective action strategies of low-income residents.

scholarly journals An evaluation of the self-help housing scheme in Botswana, case of Gaborone city

Spatium ◽  
2007 ◽  
pp. 28-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Horatio Ikgopoleng ◽  
Branko Cavric
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Urban Families ◽  
Evaluation Study ◽  
Urban Housing ◽  
Urban Centers ◽  
Self Help ◽  
Housing Scheme ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Impact

Botswana like other developing countries faces a problem of acute shortage of housing, particularly for low-income urban families. The current housing problems are the outcomes of the economic, demographic and social changes which the country has experienced since independence in 1966. In particular the urbanization process which surfaced in the early 1980?s. The government has sought to cope with the problem of low-income urban housing by establishing a Self-Help Housing (SHHA) program in the main urban centers. The evaluation findings reveal that, on the whole, the impact of the SHHA approach on the improvement of low-income urban housing has been unsuccessful. The major problems of the scheme are lack of serviced land and inadequate finances for plot development. This has been exacerbated by the high urban development standards which are out of the reach of low-income urban families. The evaluation study also reveals that, there are some indications of non low-income urban households living in SHHA areas. The available evidence reveals that the number of those people in SHHA areas is not as big as has been speculated by most people in the country. However this paper calls for more investigation in this issue and a need for more tight measures to control this illicit practice. The major conclusions are that housing policies in Botswana are not supportive of the general housing conditions in low-income urban areas. Therefore there is a need for urban planners and policy makers of Botswana to take more positive action towards the improvement of low-income urban areas. This would require pragmatic policies geared towards the improvement of those areas. .

scholarly journals City Profile: Johannesburg, South Africa

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 255-270
Author(s):  
Caryn Abrahams ◽  
David Everatt
Keyword(s):  
Urban Governance ◽  
Industrial Plant ◽  
The Political ◽  
African Continent ◽  
The Past ◽  
Fiscal Management ◽  
The North ◽  
Rivers And Streams ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City

The city of Johannesburg offers insights into urban governance and the interesting interplay between managing the pressures in a rapidly urbanizing context, with the political imperatives that are enduring challenges. The metropolitan municipality of Johannesburg (hereafter Johannesburg), as it is known today, represents one of the most diverse cities in the African continent. That urbanization, however, came up hard against the power of the past. Areas zoned by race had been carved into the landscape, with natural and manufactured boundaries to keep formerly white areas ‘safe’ from those zoned for other races. Highways, light industrial plant, rivers and streams, all combined to ensure the Johannesburg landscape are spatially disfigured, and precisely because it is built into the landscape, the impact of apartheid has proved remarkably durable. Urban growth is concentrated in Johannesburg’s townships and much of it is class driven: the middle class (of all races) is increasingly being found in cluster and complexes in the north Johannesburg, while poor and working-class African and coloured communities in particular are densifying in the south. The racial and spatial divisions of the city continue to pose fundamental challenges in terms of governance, fiscal management and spatially driven service delivery.

scholarly journals The Displacement of Santiago de Chile’s Downtown during 1990–2015: Travel Time Effects on Eradicated Population

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 289 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gonzalo Suazo-Vecino ◽  
Juan Carlos Muñoz ◽  
Luis Fuentes Arce
Keyword(s):  
Travel Time ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Central Area ◽  
Time Effects ◽  
Socioeconomic Groups ◽  
Santiago De Chile ◽  
Average Travel Time ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City

The center of activities of Santiago de Chile has been continuously evolving towards the eastern part of the city, where the most affluent residents live. This paper characterizes the direction and magnitude of this evolution through an indicator stating how much the built surface area for service purposes grows in different areas in the city. To identify the impact of this evolution, we compare residents’ travel-time distributions from different sectors in the city to the central area. This travel-time comparison is focused on the sectors where informal settlements were massively eradicated between 1978–1985 and those areas where the settlements were relocated. This analysis show that this policy and the consequent evolution of the city were detrimental to the affected families, significantly increasing average travel time to the extended center of the city and inequality among different socioeconomic groups in the city. Although the phenomenon is quite visible to everyone, it has not received any policy reaction from the authority. These findings suggest that middle and low-income sectors would benefit if policies driving the evolution of the center of activities towards them were implemented.

scholarly journals Reflexões sobre o desenvolvimento em cidades pequenas: o caso de Esperança, estado da Paraíba

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (33) ◽  
pp. 85
Author(s):  
João Paulo Gomes de Vasconcelos Aragão ◽  
Caroline Oliveira Porto Souza
Keyword(s):  
Urban Space ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Spatial Dynamics ◽  
Local Area ◽  
The State ◽  
Political Life ◽  
Development Discourse ◽  
Small Cities ◽  
Economic Dimension ◽  
The City

The Aim of this research is to debate the apparent dissociation between the development discourse and its effectiveness in the internal context of small cities, aiming to identify its peculiarities from the case of the city of Esperança, located at the Agreste region of the State of Paraíba. This city represents in its socio-spatial dynamics the dilemmas and contradictions of development in small cities. The deductive hypothetical method was used to analyze the socio-spatial dynamics from its configurations in scales beyond the local area, to those of materialization in the intra-urban dimension. As a result, the scientific scope of the subject was verified in relation to the contribution of sciences, such as Geography, Economics and Sociology. In addition, it was observed the need of enlargement and balance between public policies that drive to the reproduction of urban space and the implementation of development, as a practice of humanity and sustainability, for all who live in small cities. The study of the city of Esperança exemplified the contradiction. First of all, between policies that restricts the perspective of development to the economic dimension of social and political life and, secondly, the mismanagement of the state on periurban spaces (urban fringes) that expose the urgency of Actions to mitigate the lack of public services, especially, to the social groups of low income.

scholarly journals The impact of potted street gardens on depression levels in a dense residential neighborhood: case of Beni-Makada, Tangier

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdellah Afrad ◽  
Yoshiyuki Kawazoe
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Life Quality ◽  
Urban Families ◽  
Housing Type ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
The Public ◽  
Residential Neighborhood ◽  
Patient Health ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City

<p>The data used is from a face-to-face survey (N=388) we conducted in January 2019, in the Beni-Makada district of Tangier, Morocco. The neighborhood is one of the most disadvantaged (World Bank. 2012), with the smallest per-capita green space of 0.27m2 in the city (OPEMH, Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung foundation, 2016).<br></p><p>The district is famous for the abundance of street potted gardens, widely mediatized during the 22<sup>nd</sup> conference of parties (COP22) organized in 2016 in Morocco. It houses more than 40% of Tangier’s population, mostly middle-low to low-income, living in individual houses (Modern Moroccan houses) built directly to the property line, 65% of urban families in Morocco live in the same housing type (RGPH 2014). All SPGs observed in the study area were present in the public domain, the vast majority were back to back with owners’ houses, except for two narrow streets where SPGs were at the center to barre access to cars.<br>The questionnaire was tested and verified with focus groups in Arabic before being conducted in Morocco. The final version was composed of four parts and 36 questions. </p><div>Part one inquired about PSGs size, age, maintenance, in addition to recreational activities done next to it. </div><div>Part two had eighteen questions measuring neighborhood satisfaction, cleanliness, safety, noise annoyance social capital, neighborhood life quality, and belonging pride perception. </div><div>In part three, we measured depression levels using the Arabic version of the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9).</div><div>And in part four, we had demographic questions.</div><div>The obtained data were analyzed using SPSS 25.</div>

scholarly journals Urban planning instruments for promoting social interest housing: from zoning to obligatory percentages in São Paulo, Brazil, in dialog with Bogotá, Colombia

2015 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 99 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paula Freire Santoro
Keyword(s):  
Urban Planning ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Social Interest ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Urban Restructuring ◽  
Housing Policies ◽  
Low Income Families ◽  
The Right ◽  
The City

One of the major challenges for urban planning in Latin America is to provide low-income families with housing in areas that have an infrastructure and a good supply of jobs and services, thereby promoting diversity and equity, translated by mixing classes, races and social cohesion. This mission becomes increasingly difficult in a neoliberal capitalist context which transfers the task of providing land and housing for low-income families to the market and where the logic of such actions is based on achieving more rent from land and consequently of the holding of real estate becoming more profitable. This paper sets out to discuss two proposals for urban instruments that dialog with the production of housing through the market and guarantee of the right to the city. The first centered on the reserve of land for the production of social interest housing (HIS, in Portuguese) in the zoning by creating Special Social Interest Housing Zones (ZEIS, in Portuguese), spread throughout Brazil, and described here based on the experience of São Paulo. Or else, comparatively, classifying land to be used as a priority for social housing (vivienda de interés prioritário) widespread in Colombia, and here presented by the Bogota experience. There is another, which already has international experience and has recently been debated in Brazil, which consists of conceiving of the promotion of social interest housing policies based on the regulation of urban restructuring but experiences of this are rare in Brazil. These may be termed as inclusive housing policies. As a result, this article points out that the creation of alternative regulations has set the tone for the market to exclude itself  from producing housing of social interest, and guarantees greater profitability to commercial undertakings. 

Coordinating Sustainable Landscapes for a Low-income Community

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 558d-558
Author(s):  
Joshua H. Reed ◽  
Mary T. Haque
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Open Space ◽  
Strategic Alliance ◽  
Opportunity To Learn ◽  
Independent Study ◽  
Low Income Families ◽  
Community Environments ◽  
Project Objectives ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City

The City of Clemson, along with the National Wildlife Federation, Habitat for Humanity, and Clemson Univ., recently formed a strategic alliance to incorporate ideas for the landscaping of low-income homes. Their goal was to create an aesthetically pleasing, environmentally responsible design that catered to the future development of the families involved. The low-income housing project was selected as an independent study for Spring 1998. As student project manager I coordinated and documented the project. Objectives of the project were: 1) to promote knowledge and research on environmental issues and culturally diverse populations; 2) to create backyard wildlife habitats and sustainable community environments for low income families; 3) to provide students with the opportunity to learn and mature by participating in a long-term project involving a measurable impact. Project steps included analysis, research, design, planning, scheduling, implementation, and reflection on the impact made by those involved. The City of Clemson, along with the others involved, was delighted to be the first to address the issue of enhancing open space around low-income buildings in addition to landscaping the properties surrounding the homes.

scholarly journals ‘There’s Nothing’: Unemployment, Attitudes to Work and Punitive Welfare Reform in Post-Crash Salford

2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 795-811 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bob Jeffery ◽  
Dawn Devine ◽  
Peter Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Welfare Reform ◽  
Labour Market ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Qualitative Interviews ◽  
Paid Work ◽  
Current State ◽  
Barriers To Employment ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City

This article explores attitudes and barriers to work, and the impact of punitive welfare reform in the City of Salford (Greater Manchester). Contextualising our discussion in relation to the contemporary landscape of inequality and social class in the UK, we draw attention to the trends towards the expansion of low-paid work, precarity, and stigmatisation, and highlight the need for more qualitative, geographically sensitive studies of how these phenomena are being played out. Describing the economic context of the City of Salford and the current state of its labour market, we then present the findings from qualitative interviews with a sample of low income, mostly working-class participants, who describe their orientations towards employment, perceptions of the labour market, barriers to employment and interactions with punitive welfare reform. Ultimately, we conclude by noting that both strategies of neoliberal statecraft aimed at the reduction of the charitable state described by Wacquant are at play in Salford and that their result is a discouragement from claiming welfare and a recommodification of labour.

74. Location of Cardiac Arrests: Implications for AED Placement

1996 ◽  
Vol 11 (S2) ◽  
pp. S47-S47 ◽  
Author(s):  
James M. Atkins ◽  
Brian S. Zachariah
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Fire Department ◽  
Residential Areas ◽  
Automated External Defibrillators ◽  
Urban Fire ◽  
Impact On Survival ◽  
Business District ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City ◽  
Hospital Cardiac Arrest

Hypothesis: First responder organizations with automated external defibrillators (AEDs) can have a larger impact on survival of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest than placing AEDs in large buildings.Methods: To evaluate the impact, all cardiac arrests handled by a large urban fire department for 1994 were analyzed. Each 5.6 square mile area of the city was defined as business (Bus), high (HilRes), middle (MilRes), or low income (LoIRes) residential. For each area, the CPR rates were calculated for the number of arrests/100 ambulance dispatches, and were stratified by percent of adults over age 65.Results: Of the 1,222 cardiac arrests, only 85 occurred in business and industrial areas, 1,041 occurred in residential areas. The downtown business district had only 77 arrests with half of those being outside of buildings or in shelters.

scholarly journals Low-income women’s right to sanitation services in city public spaces: a study of waste picker women in Pune

2017 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 249-264 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nupur Joshi
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Informal Settlement ◽  
Informal Settlements ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Public Spaces ◽  
Policy Discourse ◽  
Psychological Well Being ◽  
Sanitation Services ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City

While considerable existing literature has focused on the lack of sanitation services in informal settlements, this paper argues for the need for well-maintained sanitation services in city public spaces. Specifically, the paper describes the impact of a lack of sanitation facilities in public spaces and its linkages to waste picker women’s sense of safety and security. Drawing on the experiences of waste picker women residing in an informal settlement in Pune, it focuses on women’s everyday improvisations and negotiations to cope with the unavailability or inaccessibility of sanitation facilities while they traverse the city, picking and segregating waste, and the impact on their income, health and psychological well-being. The findings show that the policy discourse on sanitation needs to be expanded beyond a focus on informal settlements to include a public sanitation component.

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