Getting Oceanography Done

2000 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-43
Author(s):  
Naomi Oreskes
Keyword(s):  
Earth Sciences ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Special Section ◽  
Common Theme ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Common

This special section of Earth Sciences History presents four papers from the Maury II Conference on the History of the Marine Sciences, held at Woods Hole, Massachusetts in June 1999. The common theme of the papers is patronage: how scientists obtained moral, financial, and logistical support for oceanographic work from the late 19th to the mid 20th century. Oceanography is an expensive and logistically difficult science. How do scientists manage to get oceanography done?

scholarly journals CHARACTER EDUCATION AS THE PRIMARY PURPOSE OF SCHOOLING FOR THE FUTURE

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 137 ◽  
Author(s):  
McRobert Lewis ◽  
Veronica Ponzio
Keyword(s):  
Character Education ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Moral Character ◽  
Careful Consideration ◽  
Common Denominator ◽  
Educational Context ◽  
The Future ◽  
History Of ◽  
Generous Support ◽  
The Common

This analysis seeks to examine the history and development of moral/character education in America during the 20th century providing structure for the character education movement in today’s educational context. The common denominator and key to character education for the future is community. The concept of community connects the three aforementioned themes and provides a roadmap for better implementation of character education. Careful consideration is given to the interaction and contributions of the school and society in terms of promoting and developing character education. Though there is generous support from politicians, educators, and parents, character education is still somewhat mired by its lack of scope. This examination proposes that current character education proponents can find new frameworks for implementation by observing the history of character education.

scholarly journals The metaphysical standing of the human: A future for the history of the human sciences

2019 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steve Fuller
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Edmund Husserl ◽  
Max Weber ◽  
Homo Sapiens ◽  
Human Sciences ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Common ◽  
Century Science

I reconstruct my own journey into the history of the human sciences, which I show to have been a process of discovering the metaphysical standing of the human. I begin with Alexandre Koyré’s encounter with Edmund Husserl in the 1930s, which I use to throw light on the legacy of Kant’s ‘anthropological’ understanding of the human, which dominated and limited 19th-century science. As I show, those who broke from Kant’s strictures and set the stage for the 20th-century revolutions in science - from Hegel, to John McTaggart, to Max Weber - typically were pursuing crypto-theological questions about how a finite being can comprehend an infinite universe. This journey is about the ‘common measure’ of being human, which is what links Plato to Kuhn, but has been most consistently taken up by law. I suggest that in seeking this ‘measure of man’, we may discover that to be human is not necessarily to be Homo sapiens, which would suggest a radical reorientation of the history of the human sciences.

Melancholy, Hanuš Jelínek and Miloš Marten

2016 ◽  
Vol 61 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 77-82
Author(s):  
Jana Kantoříková
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Politics ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
French Literature ◽  
Life Experience ◽  
Common Interest ◽  
Paul Claudel ◽  
The Third ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Common

The aim of this article is to present the roles of Miloš Marten (1883–1917) in the Czech–French cultural events of the first decade of the 20th century in the background of his contacts with Hanuš Jelínek (1878–1944). The first part of the article deals with Marten’s artistic and life experience during his stays in Paris (1907–1908). The consequences of those two stays to the artist’s life and work will be accentuated. The second part takes a close look at Miloš Marten’s critique of Hanuš Jelínek’s doctoral thesis Melancholics. Studies from the History of Sensibility in French Literature. To interpretate Marten’s reasons for such a negative criticism is our main pursued objective. Such criticism results not only from the rivality between Czech critics oriented to France, but also from different conceptions of the role of critical method and the role of the critic and the artist in the international cultural politics. The third part concludes with the critics’ „reconciliation‟ around 1913 by means of the common interest in the work and personality of Paul Claudel.

scholarly journals Paganate kookidest seakõrvadeni. Transkultuuriline rännak ühe toidu jälgedes läbi sajandite ja kokaraamatute

2017 ◽  
pp. 16-33
Author(s):  
Inna Põltsam-Jürjo
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Cultural Exchange ◽  
Food History ◽  
Early 19Th Century ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Common ◽  
19Th And 20Th Century

From “heathens’ cakes” to “pig’s ears”: tracing a food’s journey across cultures, centuries and cookbooks It is intriguing from the perspective of food history to find in 19th and 20th century Estonian recipe collections the same foods – that is, foods sharing the same names – found back in European cookbooks of the 14th and 15th centuries. It is noteworthy that they have survived this long, and invites a closer study of the phenomenon. For example, 16th century sources contain a record about the frying of heathen cakes, a kind of fritter, in Estonia. A dish by the same name is also found in 18th and 19th century recipe collections. It is a noteworthy phenomenon for a dish to have such a long history in Estonian cuisine, spanning centuries in recipe collections, and merits a closer look. Medieval European cookbooks listed two completely different foods under the name of heathen cakes and both were influenced from foods from the east. It is likely that the cakes made it to Tallinn and finer Estonian cuisine through Hanseatic merchants. It is not ultimately clear whether a single heathen cake recipe became domesticated in these parts already in the Middle Ages. In any case, heathen cakes would remain in Estonian cuisine for several centuries. As late as the early 19th century, the name in the local Baltic German cuisine referred to a delicacy made of egg-based batter fried in oil. Starting from the 18th century, the history of these fritters in Estonian cuisine can be traced through cookbooks. Old recipe collections document the changes and development in the tradition of making these cakes. The traditions of preparing these cakes were not passed on only in time, but circulated within society, crossing social and class lines. Earlier known from the elites’ culture, the dish reached the tables of ordinary people in the late 19th and early 20th century. In Estonian conditions, it meant the dish also crossed ethnic lines – from the German elite to the Estonian common folk’s menus. In the course of adaptation process, which was dictated and guided by cookbooks and cooking courses, the name of the dish changed several times (heydenssche koken, klenätid, Räderkuchen, rattakokid, seakõrvad), and changes also took place in the flavour nuances (a transition from spicier, more robust favours to milder ones) and even the appearance of the cakes. The story of the heathen cakes or pig’s ears in Estonian cuisine demonstrates how long and tortuous an originally elite dish can be as it makes its way to the tables of the common folk. The domestication and adaptation of such international recipes in the historical Estonian cuisine demonstrates the transregional cultural exchange, as well as culinary mobility and communication.

Attractive lives on attractive pages. Polish illustrated biographical books for young readers

2016 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 107-117
Author(s):  
Anita Wincencjusz-Patyna
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Expressive Power ◽  
Graphic Art ◽  
Young Readers ◽  
Reading Matter ◽  
Original Illustrations ◽  
History Of ◽  
Publishing Houses ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Impact

This paper focuses on an exceptionally interesting kind of books dedicated to young readers, quite popular recently in Poland, namely picture biography books for children and teenagers. Polish publishing houses, especially Muchomor from Warsaw, for the last few years have been coming up with a number of intriguing titles, both in the matter of words, and also in their graphic contents, especially the series “Gdansk Trilogy”. Brave ideas, young talents, novel artistic solutions, and original illustrations make the lives of famous people, not so very well-known figures and some unknown names – from both far and near, homeland and neighbourhood history – attractive reading matter. The author also looks back at the history of Polish illustrations included in biographies published in the second half of the 20th century. By combining the traditions of Polish applied graphic art with its up-to-date condition the author wants to trace the impact of the old and the novelty of contemporary books. She wants to stress the expressive power of an image turning illustrations into independent works of art. The number of illustrations and the graphic concept of an up-to-date language of visual forms make them genuine picture stories (especially in the designs by Ignerska). By means of comparative analyses of form and style, as well as a theory of image, she is going to focus on features of the visual side of the aforementioned books. The author would also like to stress the change in the way of perceiving the common history of places with such a complicated history as Gdańsk itself (in which Elisabeth and Johannes Hevelius, Fahrenheit, Schopenhauer, despite their German roots, are treated as part of the common heritage).

scholarly journals History of cannabis and the endocannabinoid system

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 223-228
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Endocannabinoid System ◽  
Altai Mountains ◽  
Medicinal Uses ◽  
Medicinal Use ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Common ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Common Era

This article retraces the story of cannabis from the earliest contacts of humans with the plant to its subsequent global expansion, its medicinal uses, and the discovery of the endocannabinoid system in the 20th century. Cannabis was attested to around 12 000 years ago near the Altai Mountains in Central Asia, and since then, cannabis seeds have accompanied the migration of nomadic peoples. Records of the medicinal use of cannabis appear before the Common Era in China, Egypt, and Greece (Herodotus), and later in the Roman empire (Pliny the Elder, Dioscorides, Galen). In the 19th century, orientalists like Silvestre de Sacy, and Western physicians coming into contact with Muslim and Indian cultures, like O’Shaughnessy and Moreau de Tours, introduced the medicinal use of cannabis into Europe. The structure of the main psychoactive phytocannabinoid, tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), was determined in Israel by Mechoulam and Gaoni in 1964. This discovery opened the gate for many of the subsequent developments in the field of endocannabinoid system (ECS) research. The advances in the scientific knowledge of the ECS place the debate on cannabis liberalization in a new context.

ON SOME FEATURES OF THE FORMATION OF THE ADYGHE LITERATURE

Kavkazologiya ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 194-207
Author(s):  
L.B. KHAVZHOKOVA ◽  
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Practical Application ◽  
Research Papers ◽  
Scientific Methods ◽  
Literary Process ◽  
History Of ◽  
General Scientific ◽  
The Common ◽  
First Time ◽  
Comprehensive Study

The article presents an overview study of the process of the origin and formation of the Adyghe (Kabardian, Circassian, Adygheyan) literatures, covering the period of the 19th – first half of the 20th century. The relevance of the topic is due to the need to clarify some points in the history of national literary literature, concerning the specifics of its formation, differentiation, periodization, etc. Here, for the first time, a comprehensive study of the common Adyghe literary process is carried out with an emphasis on the peculiarities of the development of the literatures of the Adyghe sub-ethnic groups. The purpose of the study is to recreate a holistic objective picture of the formation and primary development of the literature of an ethnic group. It is achieved by solving a set of tasks, including: defining the ideological and thematic orientation, studying the genre and style paradigm, identifying the specifics of the poetics of the Adygeyan literature of the period under consideration. A number of general scientific methods were involved in the study (generalization, analysis, synthesis, description). The results obtained can become a theoretical aid in the further study of the Kabardian, Circassian, Adygheyan literature. They can find practical application in the preparation of special courses, writing various kinds of research papers.

Erotiskās prozas fenomens Latvijā un pasaulē

2021 ◽  
pp. 222-232
Author(s):  
Bārbala Simsone
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Fairy Tales ◽  
World Literature ◽  
Structural Characteristics ◽  
Original Fiction ◽  
Political Factors ◽  
Literary Scholarship ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Erotic

The present paper “The Phenomenon of Erotic Fiction in Latvian and World Literature” is devoted to the fiction genre acquiring immense popularity in Western literature while having attracted only fragmentary attention in Latvian literary scholarship, namely the erotic fiction, which is currently among those genres of literature most widely read among Latvian readers and therefore titled as somewhat phenomenal. The first part of the paper provides insight into the history of the erotic world literature and the most common division of the genre into the three basic categories; this part also provides a short overview of the erotic aspects in the Latvian original fiction during the 20th century. It has been possible to decide that the erotic prose has had only a limited representation in Latvian literature, mainly due to historical and socio-political factors, because the common tendency was to euphemise the said aspects, which were often met with an open reproach of the more Puritan part of the society. Erotic aspects in poetry and prose somewhat flourished during the epoch of Decadence (the first decade of the 20th century) and after that, only during the turn of the 20th/21st centuries when the prohibitions invoked by the Soviet censorship were lifted. Nevertheless, even during these periods, the more free approach resulted in only a few prose works of this kind or else episodes in works of other genres. The conclusive part of the paper is devoted to four novels by currently the most popular author of erotic romance in Latvian literature, Karīna Račko, inviting at the same time the discussion about the reasons for the popularity of these novels which might proceed from their common structural characteristics. It is possible to observe that the novel’s structures are notably similar to the basic plotlines of fairy-tales that the readers recognise on an archetypal level. Consequently, this makes it possible to view these novels as a sort of fairy-tales for modern grown-ups whose attraction is multiplied by the fact that the texts include specific aspects of visualisation that make it possible for the readers to identify closely with the characters.

scholarly journals TO THE HISTORY OF USING UDMURT LEXICAL DIALECTISMS IN EARLY TEXTS AND PATHS TO THEIR SYNONYMIZATION (Using example words with the meaning ’to deceive’)

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (5) ◽  
pp. 785-803
Author(s):  
V.K. Kel'makov
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
Written Language ◽  
Literary Language ◽  
Religious Texts ◽  
Subsequent Time ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Common ◽  
Printed Materials ◽  
The 19Th Century

Due to the lack of a common Udmurt written language, the translated texts of the first half of the 19th century and the subsequent time up to the beginning of the 20th century were formally oriented towards the native speakers of separate Udmurt dialects and therefore, they were mainly based on the Sarapul, Glazov, Kazan, Yelabuga and other dialects. However, in most cases, these translated texts - even the earliest ones - were linguistically different in various degrees from the spoken variant of the original basic dialects, since translators and editors were forced to incorporate linguistic elements from other dialects, firstly, in order to make these translations accessible for the majority of the Udmurt readers, and secondly, to enhance the expressive capabilities of the literary Udmurt language. Consequently, even the very first as well as the following Udmurt translations of Russian and (partially) Christian Tatar religious texts introduced various dialectal inclusions, especially lexical ones. The article discusses the ways and methods of using inter-dialectical lexical parallels with special attention to one of them, consisting of lexical units with the common meaning “to deceive” (in the clerical literature also “seduce, tempt”): southern aldani̮, peripheral southern and central örekč́ani̮ and northern pöjani̮. In the end, these specific words and a number of other inter-dialectal correspondences close to each other in meaning were subjected in the Udmurt literary language to full or partial synonymization, as evidenced by the language of Udmurt printed materials of recent decades.

scholarly journals History of Psychology

Psychology ◽  
2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
David C. Devonis ◽  
Wade Pickren
Keyword(s):  
Philosophy Of Science ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Special Section ◽  
Modern Science ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
The United States ◽  
History Of Psychology ◽  
Standard Textbook ◽  
History Of ◽  
Selection Of

At its inception as a specialty within psychology in the first decades of the 20th century, the history of psychology was usually conceived as an extension of the history of philosophy, with perhaps some special attention given to the development of modern science. Within the last thirty years, the history of psychology has come of age and has become as diverse as its sprawling subject: historical studies have proliferated as psychologists’ activities have expanded and diversified. Alongside the original purpose of delineating the evolution of psychology from the historical roots of science, philosophy, medicine, and other intellectual traditions, recent histories of psychology have been very concerned with describing and explaining the social, organizational, and political context of psychological events and theories. Thus, the scholar of the history of any area of psychology would do well to become acquainted with other specialized literature not only of the specific area of psychology in which the historical events take place, but also of the political, social, and economic systems which condition them. Those with an interest in the history of any area of psychology which is not represented in any part of this necessarily selective article should adopt the attitude of confident pioneering which characterizes the leading historical scholarship in psychology today, school themselves in some basic techniques of historical investigation, and contribute to the further deepening and elaboration of our rich historical record. The timeframe of this article is the period from 1900 onward, mainly in the United States and Western Europe. This article contains a brief orientation and a section on the history of psychology as represented in Textbooks, classic and modern. There are also several sections expanding on the range of essential reference resources: Encyclopedias, Dictionaries, and Bibliographies; Compendia and Readers, along with collections of primary-source excerpts; Journals and blogs; Illustrations, Artifacts, and Archives; Timelines and Rankings of Eminence; Biography and Autobiography; and background about major Professional Organizations connected to the history of psychology. The philosophical context is represented by sections containing critiques of standard textbook history, sections that contextualize psychology’s history within the philosophy of science (see History and Philosophy of Science), a section on disciplinary taxonomy organized around the question of the Unity vs. Diversity of Psychology, and a section on several “crises” in 20th-century psychology. There is a selection of works surveying the transformation of psychology from science to applied technology (see the Transition from Science to Technology, 1880–1970). Histories of Subfields—theoretical and applied, with a special section on clinical psychology—are included, along with sections detailing the history of psychology in the contexts of Race, Ethnicity, and Culture as well as Gender. Finally, the section on Future Directions includes a selection of works pointing toward areas of potential future development in the field.

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