scholarly journals History of cannabis and the endocannabinoid system

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 223-228
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Endocannabinoid System ◽  
Altai Mountains ◽  
Medicinal Uses ◽  
Medicinal Use ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Common ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Common Era

This article retraces the story of cannabis from the earliest contacts of humans with the plant to its subsequent global expansion, its medicinal uses, and the discovery of the endocannabinoid system in the 20th century. Cannabis was attested to around 12 000 years ago near the Altai Mountains in Central Asia, and since then, cannabis seeds have accompanied the migration of nomadic peoples. Records of the medicinal use of cannabis appear before the Common Era in China, Egypt, and Greece (Herodotus), and later in the Roman empire (Pliny the Elder, Dioscorides, Galen). In the 19th century, orientalists like Silvestre de Sacy, and Western physicians coming into contact with Muslim and Indian cultures, like O’Shaughnessy and Moreau de Tours, introduced the medicinal use of cannabis into Europe. The structure of the main psychoactive phytocannabinoid, tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), was determined in Israel by Mechoulam and Gaoni in 1964. This discovery opened the gate for many of the subsequent developments in the field of endocannabinoid system (ECS) research. The advances in the scientific knowledge of the ECS place the debate on cannabis liberalization in a new context.

scholarly journals Filozoficzno-historyczne zaplecze etyki biznesu

2018 ◽  
pp. 151-179
Author(s):  
Paweł Więckowski
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Social Contract ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
European Culture ◽  
History Of ◽  
History Of Culture ◽  
The 19Th Century

The text describes different philosophical concepts and historically important cultural phenomena that should be considered while rethinking ethical side of business. Broad range of both philosophical (such as the search for the foundations of morality, social contract) and social subjects (such as history of centralized state, individualism) is presented to help the reflections. The background for analysis is the history of culture, especially of primary collective society; contrasted with it is individualism of classical Athens with corresponding reaction of philosophers; development of state and Christianity in Roman Empire; organismic medieval state; Renaissance, reformation and the birth of capitalism; the Enlightenment breakthrough and English capitalism; liberalism and Darwinism of the 19th century; the catastrophe of European culture and success of America of the 20th century.

scholarly journals TO THE HISTORY OF USING UDMURT LEXICAL DIALECTISMS IN EARLY TEXTS AND PATHS TO THEIR SYNONYMIZATION (Using example words with the meaning ’to deceive’)

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (5) ◽  
pp. 785-803
Author(s):  
V.K. Kel'makov
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
Written Language ◽  
Literary Language ◽  
Religious Texts ◽  
Subsequent Time ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Common ◽  
Printed Materials ◽  
The 19Th Century

Due to the lack of a common Udmurt written language, the translated texts of the first half of the 19th century and the subsequent time up to the beginning of the 20th century were formally oriented towards the native speakers of separate Udmurt dialects and therefore, they were mainly based on the Sarapul, Glazov, Kazan, Yelabuga and other dialects. However, in most cases, these translated texts - even the earliest ones - were linguistically different in various degrees from the spoken variant of the original basic dialects, since translators and editors were forced to incorporate linguistic elements from other dialects, firstly, in order to make these translations accessible for the majority of the Udmurt readers, and secondly, to enhance the expressive capabilities of the literary Udmurt language. Consequently, even the very first as well as the following Udmurt translations of Russian and (partially) Christian Tatar religious texts introduced various dialectal inclusions, especially lexical ones. The article discusses the ways and methods of using inter-dialectical lexical parallels with special attention to one of them, consisting of lexical units with the common meaning “to deceive” (in the clerical literature also “seduce, tempt”): southern aldani̮, peripheral southern and central örekč́ani̮ and northern pöjani̮. In the end, these specific words and a number of other inter-dialectal correspondences close to each other in meaning were subjected in the Udmurt literary language to full or partial synonymization, as evidenced by the language of Udmurt printed materials of recent decades.

scholarly journals Temperature-driven global sea-level variability in the Common Era

2016 ◽  
Vol 113 (11) ◽  
pp. E1434-E1441 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert E. Kopp ◽  
Andrew C. Kemp ◽  
Klaus Bittermann ◽  
Benjamin P. Horton ◽  
Jeffrey P. Donnelly ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Process Model ◽  
Tide Gauge ◽  
Semiempirical Model ◽  
Intergovernmental Panel ◽  
The Common ◽  
Global Sea Level ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Common Era

We assess the relationship between temperature and global sea-level (GSL) variability over the Common Era through a statistical metaanalysis of proxy relative sea-level reconstructions and tide-gauge data. GSL rose at 0.1 ± 0.1 mm/y (2σ) over 0–700 CE. A GSL fall of 0.2 ± 0.2 mm/y over 1000–1400 CE is associated with ∼0.2 °C global mean cooling. A significant GSL acceleration began in the 19th century and yielded a 20th century rise that is extremely likely (probability P≥0.95) faster than during any of the previous 27 centuries. A semiempirical model calibrated against the GSL reconstruction indicates that, in the absence of anthropogenic climate change, it is extremely likely (P=0.95) that 20th century GSL would have risen by less than 51% of the observed 13.8±1.5 cm. The new semiempirical model largely reconciles previous differences between semiempirical 21st century GSL projections and the process model-based projections summarized in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s Fifth Assessment Report.

Historian of the Russian State Library. In Memory of L.M. Koval (1933—2020)

2020 ◽  
Vol 69 (2) ◽  
pp. 167-172
Author(s):  
Margarita Y. Dvorkina
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Foreign Languages ◽  
Library History ◽  
Russian State ◽  
Great Patriotic War ◽  
History Of ◽  
Publishing Houses ◽  
October 17 ◽  
State Library ◽  
The 19Th Century

The article is devoted to the memory of Lyudmila Mikhailovna Koval (October 17, 1933 – February 15, 2020), historian, Head of the History sector of the Russian State Library (RSL) and the Museum of Library history. The author presents brief biographical information about L.M. Koval, the author of more than 350 scientific and popular scientific works in Russian and in 9 foreign languages. She published 29 books in Publishing houses “Nauka”, “Kniga”, “Letniy Sad”, ”Pashkov Dom”, most of the works are dedicated to the Library. Special place in the work of L.M. Koval is given to the Great Patriotic War theme. The article considers the works devoted to the activities of Library staff during the War period. L.M. Koval paid much attention to the study of activities of the Library’s Directors. She prepared books and articles about the Directors of the Moscow Public and Rumyantsev Museums and Library from the end of the 19th century and almost to the end of the 20th century: N.V. Isakov, D.S. Levshin, V.A. Dashkov, M.A. Venevitinov, I.V. Tsvetaev, V.D. Golitsyn, A.K. Vinogradov, V.I. Nevsky, N.M. Sikorsky. The author notes contribution of L.M. Koval to the study of the Library’s history. Specialists in the history of librarianship widely use bibliography of L.M. Koval in their research. The list of sources contains the main works of L.M. Koval, and the Appendix includes reviews of publications by L.M. Koval and the works about her.

A Brief History of Psoriasis Management in Canada

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 273-277
Author(s):  
Khalad Maliyar ◽  
Patrick Fleming ◽  
Boluwaji Ogunyemi ◽  
Charles Lynde
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Coal Tar ◽  
Historical Review ◽  
Chronic Inflammatory Disease ◽  
Biologic Therapies ◽  
First Line ◽  
Revolutionary Change ◽  
Clinical Presentations ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century

Psoriasis is a chronic, inflammatory disease with a varying degree of clinical presentations. Managing psoriasis has always been arduous due to its chronicity and its propensity to relapse. Prior to the development of targeted biologic therapies, there were few effective treatments for psoriasis. Ancient psoriasis therapies included pinetar, plant extracts, psychotherapy, arsenic, and ammoniated mercury. In the 19th century, chrysarobin was developed. Then, in the early half of the 20th century, anthralin and coal tar were in widespread use. In the latter half of the 20th century, treatments were limited to topical first-line therapies, systemic drugs, and phototherapy. However, as the treatment of psoriasis has undergone a revolutionary change with the development of novel biologic therapies, patients with moderate to severe psoriasis have been able to avail therapies with high efficacy and durability along with an acceptable safety profile. This article is a brief historical review of the management of psoriasis prior to the inception of biologics and with the development of novel biologic therapies.

THE ANCIENT MOUNTAIN VILLAGE OF CHERGA: FROM THE TRAKT POINT ON THE CHUYSKY TRACT TO THE ALTAI EXPERIMENTAL FARM OF THE SIBERIAN BRANCH OF THE RUSSIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 69-76
Author(s):  
MUKAEVA L. ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Altai Mountains ◽  
State Farm ◽  
Siberian Branch ◽  
The North ◽  
Arable Farming ◽  
History Of ◽  
Academy Of Sciences ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Village

The article considers the history of the creation and development of the first Russian village in the Altai Mountains - the village of Cherga, which appeared in 1820-s a settlement of peasants assigned to the Cabinet mining plants. According to the author, Cherga played an important role in the economic development of the north-western part of the Altai Mountains. Cherga peasants were successfully engaged in arable farming, cattle breeding, mountain beekeeping, private hauling and taiga fisheries. In the vicinity of Cherga in the second half of the 19th century, there were large dairy farms of entrepreneurs who used advanced technologies and innovations in their farms. In Soviet times, Cherga with the surrounding villages turned into a large multi-industry state farm in the Altai Mountains. The traditions of innovation in Cherga were fully manifested in the 1980-s, when the Altai Experimental Farm of the Siberian Branch of the Academy of Sciences of USSR was formed on the basis of the Cherginsky State Farm, which was still active at the beginning of the 20th century. Keywords: Seminskaya Valley, Cherga, peasants, economic development, Altai experimental farm SB RAS

The Ismaili Tradition in Iran: 13th Century to the Present

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Beben
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
13Th Century ◽  
Complete Understanding ◽  
Northern Iran ◽  
Minority Community ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
To Receive

The Ismailis are a minority community of Shiʿi Muslims that first emerged in the 8th century. Iran has hosted one of the largest Ismaili communities since the earliest years of the movement and from 1095 to 1841 it served as the home of the Nizārī Ismaili imams. In 1256 the Ismaili headquarters at the fortress of Alamūt in northern Iran was captured by the Mongols and the Imam Rukn al-Dīn Khūrshāh was arrested and executed, opening a perilous new chapter in the history of the Ismailis in Iran. Generations of observers believed that the Ismailis had perished entirely in the course of the Mongol conquests. Beginning in the 19th century, research on the Ismailis began to slowly reveal the myriad ways in which they survived and even flourished in Iran and elsewhere into the post-Mongol era. However, scholarship on the Iranian Ismailis down to the early 20th century remained almost entirely dependent on non-Ismaili sources that were generally quite hostile toward their subject. The discovery of many previously unknown Ismaili texts beginning in the early 20th century offered prospects for a richer and more complete understanding of the tradition’s historical development. Yet despite this, the Ismaili tradition in the post-Mongol era continues to receive only a fraction of the scholarly attention given to earlier periods, and a number of sources produced by Ismaili communities in this period remain unexplored, offering valuable opportunities for future research.

Epidemics and History: Multiple Approaches to the Subject

2021 ◽  
pp. 5
Author(s):  
Dmitriy Mikhel
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Great Influence ◽  
Medical Knowledge ◽  
Public Attention ◽  
Medical Texts ◽  
Quarter Century ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Media ◽  
New Generation ◽  
The 19Th Century

The problems of epidemics have increasingly attracted the attention of researchers in recent years. The history of epidemics has its own historiography, which dates to the physician Hippocrates and the historian Thucydides. Up to the 19th century, historians followed their ideas, but due to the progress in medical knowledge that began at that time, they almost lost interest in the problems of epidemics. In the early 20th century, due to the development of microbiology and epidemiology, a new form of the historiography of epidemics emerged: the natural history of diseases which was developed by microbiologists. At the same time, medical history was reborn, and its representatives saw their task as proving to physicians the usefulness of studying ancient medical texts. Among the representatives of the new generation of medical historians, authors who contributed to the development of the historiography of epidemics eventually emerged. By the end of the 20th century, they included many physician-enthusiasts. Since the 1970s, influenced by many factors, more and more professional historians, for whom the history of epidemics is an integral part of the history of society. The last quarter-century has also seen rapid growth in popular historiography of epidemics, made possible by the activation of various humanities researchers and journalists trying to make the history of epidemics more lively and emotional. A great influence on the spread of new approaches to the study of the history of epidemics is now being exerted by the media, focusing public attention on the new threats to human civilization in the form of modern epidemics.

scholarly journals Some notes on a historical perspective of panic disorder

2006 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 154-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio Egidio Nardi
Keyword(s):  
Panic Disorder ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Greek Mythology ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Therapeutic Development ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century

This article aims to describe important points in the history of panic disorder concept, as well as to highlight the importance of its diagnosis for clinical and research developments. Panic disorder has been described in several literary reports and folklore. One of the oldest examples lies in Greek mythology - the god Pan, responsible for the term panic. The first half of the 19th century witnessed the culmination of medical approach. During the second half of the 19th century came the psychological approach of anxiety. The 20th century associated panic disorder to hereditary, organic and psychological factors, dividing anxiety into simple and phobic anxious states. Therapeutic development was also observed in psychopharmacological and psychotherapeutic fields. Official classifications began to include panic disorder as a category since the third edition of the American Classification Manual (1980). Some biological theories dealing with etiology were widely discussed during the last decades of the 20th century. They were based on laboratory studies of physiological, cognitive and biochemical tests, as the false suffocation alarm theory and the fear network. Such theories were important in creating new diagnostic paradigms to modern psychiatry. That suggests the need to consider a wide range of historical variables to understand how particular features for panic disorder diagnosis have been developed and how treatment has emerged.

scholarly journals Cannabinoids on the Brain

2002 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 632-648 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew J. Irving ◽  
Mark G. Rae ◽  
Angela A. Coutts
Keyword(s):  
Cannabinoid Receptor ◽  
Endocannabinoid System ◽  
Medicinal Uses ◽  
Cellular Targets ◽  
Analgesic Effects ◽  
Current State ◽  
History Of ◽  
New Type ◽  
Reward Pathways ◽  
The Brain

Cannabis has a long history of consumption both for recreational and medicinal uses. Recently there have been significant advances in our understanding of how cannabis and related compounds (cannabinoids) affect the brain and this review addresses the current state of knowledge of these effects. Cannabinoids act primarily via two types of receptor, CB1and CB2, with CB1receptors mediating most of the central actions of cannabinoids. The presence of a new type of brain cannabinoid receptor is also indicated. Important advances have been made in our understanding of cannabinoid receptor signaling pathways, their modulation of synaptic transmission and plasticity, the cellular targets of cannabinoids in different central nervous system (CNS) regions and, in particular, the role of the endogenous brain cannabinoid (endocannabinoid) system. Cannabinoids have widespread actions in the brain: in the hippocampus they influence learning and memory; in the basal ganglia they modulate locomotor activity and reward pathways; in the hypothalamus they have a role in the control of appetite. Cannabinoids may also be protective against neurodegeneration and brain damage and exhibit anticonvulsant activity. Some of the analgesic effects of cannabinoids also appear to involve sites within the brain. These advances in our understanding of the actions of cannabinoids and the brain endocannabinoid system have led to important new insights into neuronal function which are likely to result in the development of new therapeutic strategies for the treatment of a number of key CNS disorders.

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