scholarly journals Pathway in rat brains under experimental obesity caused long-term progesterone administration

2018 ◽  
Vol 75 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-63
Author(s):  
A. Aleksandrov ◽  
V. Konopelniuk ◽  
I. Kompanets ◽  
L. Ostapchenko
Keyword(s):  
Rat Brain ◽  
Tryptophan Hydroxylase ◽  
The Body ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Tryptophan Decarboxylase ◽  
Decarboxylase Activity ◽  
Prolonged Administration ◽  
Hydroxyindoleacetic Acid ◽  
The Brain

Obesity is one of the most common complex health problem. The pathway of serotonin synthesis takes part in neuroendocrine regulation, as well as in the regulation of a number of behavioral functions of the body and fat deposition. Serotonin is a mediator of the amine nature, which functions as a neurotransmitter and tissue hormone. The greatest amount of serotonin is synthesized in the brain and 12 duodenum. As a neurotransmitter, serotonin affects both directly and indirectly on the function of most brain cells. Female hormone progesterone influence on serotonin functions. One of the effect of progesterone is increasing of amount of fat tissue during the pregnancy. Long-term using of progesterone in hormone substitution therapy or as part of contraception also lead to fat accumulation effect. The levels of activity of serotonergic system enzymes, tryptophan hydroxylase, tryptophan decarboxylase and monoamine oxidase (MAO), and tryptophan, 5-hydroxytryptophan, serotonin and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid concentrations in the rat brain under obesity conditions caused by prolonged administration of progesterone were determined in this study. Studies have shown that the content of tryptophan, 5-hydroxytryptophan, serotonin and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid in the brain of rats under obesity caused by prolonged administration of progesterone increased in comparison with the rats of the control group. The levels of tryptophan hydroxylase and MAO activity decreased, and tryptophan decarboxylase activity levels increased in the rat brain under obesity conditions caused by prolonged administration of progesterone. Thus, as a result of our studies, we found an imbalance in the system of serotonin metabolism in the brain of rats with the development of hormonal obesity induced by prolonged administration of progesterone, which may indicate the involvement of the serotonergic neurotransmitter system in the mechanisms of the development of obesity and concomitant diseases.

scholarly journals Reduced Cerebral Fluoro-l-Dopamine Uptake in Adult Patients Suffering from Phenylketonuria

2007 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 824-831 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Landvogt ◽  
Eugen Mengel ◽  
Peter Bartenstein ◽  
Hans Georg Buchholz ◽  
Mathias Schreckenberger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Competitive Inhibition ◽  
Elevated Serum ◽  
Graphical Analysis ◽  
The Body ◽  
Adult Patients ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Decarboxylase Activity ◽  
Large Neutral Amino Acid ◽  
Time Activity ◽  
The Brain

Deficiency of phenylalanine hydroxylase activity in phenylketonuria (PKU) causes an excess of phenylalanine (Phe) throughout the body, predicting impaired synthesis of catecholamines in the brain. To test this hypothesis, we used positron emission tomography (PET) to measure the utilization of 6-[18F]fluoro-l-dopamine (FDOPA) in the brain of adult patients suffering from PKU and in healthy controls. Dynamic 2-h long FDOPA emission recordings were obtained in seven adult PKU patients (five females, two males; age: 21 to 27 years) with elevated serum Phe levels, but lacking neurologic deficits. Seven age-matched, healthy volunteers were imaged under identical conditions. The utilization of FDOPA in striatum was calculated by linear graphical analysis ( k3S, min−1), with cerebellum serving as a nonbinding reference region. The time to peak activity in all brain time—radioactivity curves was substantially delayed in the PKU patients relative to the control group. The mean magnitude of k3S in the striatum of the PKU patients (0.0052±0.0004 min−1) was significantly lower than in the control group (0.0088±0.0009 min−1) ( P<0.001). There was no significant correlation between individual serum Phe levels and k3S. The unidirectional clearance of FDOPA to brain was impaired in adult patients suffering from PKU, presumably reflecting the competitive inhibition of the large neutral amino acid carrier by Phe. Assuming this competition to be spatially uniform, the relationship between striatum and cerebellum time—activity curves additionally suggests inhibition of DOPA efflux, possibly also due to competition from Phe. The linear graphical analysis shows reduced k3S in striatum, indicating reduced DOPA decarboxylase activity.

Morphometry in schizophrenia revisited: height and its relationship to pre-morbid function

1998 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 655-663 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. NOPOULOS ◽  
M. FLAUM ◽  
S. ARNDT ◽  
N. ANDREASEN
Keyword(s):  
Psychosocial Adjustment ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
The Body ◽  
Abnormal Development ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Childhood And Adolescence ◽  
Lower Quartile ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Brain

Background. Morphometry, the measurement of forms, is an ancient practice. In particular, schizophrenic somatology was popular early in this century, but has been essentially absent from the literature for over 30 years. More recently, evidence has grown to support the notion that aberrant neurodevelopment may play a role in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Is the body, like the brain, affected by abnormal development in these patients?Methods. To evaluate global deficit in development and its relationship to pre-morbid function, height was compared in a large group (N=226) of male schizophrenics and a group of healthy male controls (N=142) equivalent in parental socio-economic status. Patients in the lower quartile of height were compared to those in the upper quartile of height.Results. The patient group had a mean height of 177·1 cm, which was significantly shorter than the mean height of the control group of 179·4 (P<0·003). Those in the lower quartile had significantly poorer pre-morbid function as measured by: (1) psychosocial adjustment using the pre-morbid adjustment scales for childhood and adolescence/young adulthood, and (2) cognitive function using measures of school performance such as grades and need for special education. In addition, these measures of pre-morbid function correlated significantly with height when analysed using the entire sample.Conclusions. These findings provide further support to the idea that abnormal development may play a key role in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Furthermore, this is manifested as a global deficit in growth and function resulting in smaller stature, poorer social skills, and deficits in cognitive abilities.

scholarly journals Effects of Long-Term Hydrogen Intervention on Plasma Metabolites and Gut Microbiome of Rats in Health Status

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fei Xie ◽  
Xue Jiang ◽  
Yang Yi ◽  
Zi-Jia Liu ◽  
Chen Ma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Status ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Enrichment Analysis ◽  
The Body ◽  
Plasma Metabolites ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Pathway Enrichment Analysis ◽  
Rrna Gene

Abstract The potential for preventive and therapeutic applications of H2 have now been confirmed in various disease. However, the effects of H2 on health status have not been fully elucidated. Our previous study reported changes in the body weight and 13 serum biochemical parameters during the six-month hydrogen intervention. To obtain a more comprehensive understanding of the effects of long-term hydrogen consumption, the plasma metabolome and gut microbiota were investigated in this study. Compared with the control group, 14 and 10 differential metabolites (DMs) were identified in hydrogen-rich water (HRW) and hydrogen inhalation (HI) group, respectively. Pathway enrichment analysis showed that HRW intake mainly affected starch and sucrose metabolism, and DMs in HI group were mainly enriched in arginine biosynthesis. 16S rRNA gene sequencing showed that HRW intake induced significant changes in the structure of gut microbiota, while no marked bacterial community differences was observed in HI group. HRW intake mainly induced significant increase in the abundance of Lactobacillus, Ruminococcus, Clostridium XI, and decrease in Bacteroides. HI mainly induced decreased abundances of Blautia and Paraprevotella. The results of this study provide basic data for further research on hydrogen medicine. Determination of the effects of hydrogen intervention on microbiota profiles could also shed light on identification of mechanism underlying the biological effects of molecular hydrogen.

Environments, Past and Present

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angela Duckworth ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Allostatic Load ◽  
Acute Stress ◽  
The Body ◽  
Physiological Changes ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Flight Response ◽  
Fight Or Flight Response ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Fight Or Flight

For more than a century, scientists have known that acute stress activates the fight-or-flight response. When your life is on the line, your body reacts instantly: your heart races, your breath quickens, and a cascade of hormones sets off physiological changes that collectively improve your odds of survival. More recently, scientists have come to understand that the fight-or-flight response takes a toll on the brain and the body—particularly when stress is chronic rather than acute. Systems designed to handle transient threats also react to stress that occurs again and again, for weeks, months, or years. It turns out that poverty, abuse, and other forms of adversity repeatedly activate the fight-or-flight response, leading to long-term effects on the immune system and brain, which in turn increase the risk for an array of illnesses, including asthma, diabetes, arthritis, depression, and cardiovascular disease. Pioneering neuroscientist Bruce McEwen called this burden of chronic stress “allostatic load.”

scholarly journals Proteomics Analysis Reveals the Implications of Cytoskeleton and Mitochondria in the Response of the Rat Brain to Starvation

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 219 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beatriz Cuevas-Fernández ◽  
Carlos Fuentes-Almagro ◽  
Juan Peragón
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Rat Brain ◽  
Food Deprivation ◽  
Metabolic Response ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Nervous Impulse ◽  
Altered Expression ◽  
Peptide Mass ◽  
The Brain

Long-term starvation provokes a metabolic response in the brain to adapt to the lack of nutrient intake and to maintain the physiology of this organ. Here, we study the changes in the global proteomic profile of the rat brain after a seven-day period of food deprivation, to further our understanding of the biochemical and cellular mechanisms underlying the situations without food. We have used two-dimensional electrophoresis followed by mass spectrometry (2D-MS) in order to identify proteins differentially expressed during prolonged food deprivation. After the comparison of the protein profiles, 22 brain proteins were found with altered expression. Analysis by peptide mass fingerprinting and MS/MS (matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionization-time of flight mass spectrometer, MALDI-TOF/TOF) enabled the identification of 14 proteins differentially expressed that were divided into 3 categories: (1) energy catabolism and mitochondrial proteins; (2) chaperone proteins; and (3) cytoskeleton, exocytosis, and calcium. Changes in the expression of six proteins, identified by the 2D-MS proteomics procedure, were corroborated by a nanoliquid chromatography-mass spectrometry proteomics procedure (nLC-MS). Our results show that long-term starvation compromises essential functions of the brain related with energetic metabolism, synapsis, and the transmission of nervous impulse.

scholarly journals BCI-Based Rehabilitation on the Stroke in Sequela Stage

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Yangyang Miao ◽  
Shugeng Chen ◽  
Xinru Zhang ◽  
Jing Jin ◽  
Ren Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Motor Function ◽  
The Body ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Stroke Patients ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Average Improvement ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Electroencephalogram Eeg ◽  
Positive Effect

Background. Stroke is the leading cause of serious and long-term disability worldwide. Survivors may recover some motor functions after rehabilitation therapy. However, many stroke patients missed the best time period for recovery and entered into the sequela stage of chronic stroke. Method. Studies have shown that motor imagery- (MI-) based brain-computer interface (BCI) has a positive effect on poststroke rehabilitation. This study used both virtual limbs and functional electrical stimulation (FES) as feedback to provide patients with a closed-loop sensorimotor integration for motor rehabilitation. An MI-based BCI system acquired, analyzed, and classified motor attempts from electroencephalogram (EEG) signals. The FES system would be activated if the BCI detected that the user was imagining wrist dorsiflexion on the instructed side of the body. Sixteen stroke patients in the sequela stage were randomly assigned to a BCI group and a control group. All of them participated in rehabilitation training for four weeks and were assessed by the Fugl-Meyer Assessment (FMA) of motor function. Results. The average improvement score of the BCI group was 3.5, which was higher than that of the control group (0.9). The active EEG patterns of the four patients in the BCI group whose FMA scores increased gradually became centralized and shifted to sensorimotor areas and premotor areas throughout the study. Conclusions. Study results showed evidence that patients in the BCI group achieved larger functional improvements than those in the control group and that the BCI-FES system is effective in restoring motor function to upper extremities in stroke patients. This study provides a more autonomous approach than traditional treatments used in stroke rehabilitation.

Independence of brain and tympanic temperatures in an unanesthetized human

1988 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 482-486 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Shiraki ◽  
S. Sagawa ◽  
F. Tajima ◽  
A. Yokota ◽  
M. Hashimoto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skin Surface ◽  
The Body ◽  
Tympanic Temperature ◽  
The Face ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Long Term Monitoring ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Term Monitoring ◽  
Monitoring Temperature

Temperature within the brain and the esophagus and at the tympanum were obtained in a 12-yr-old male in a series of experiments that began 8 days after surgery for implantation of a drainage catheter. Fanning the face did reduce tympanic temperature but not temperature in the brain; brain temperatures followed esophageal temperatures. In long-term monitoring, temperature in the lateral ventricle was 0.5 degree C above esophageal temperature and 0.2 degree C below that in white matter 1 cm above, with the offsets fixed throughout the overnight cycle. All temperatures went through similar excursions when the face was excluded from fanning applied to the body. These observations highlight the fact that in humans the defense against hyperthermia takes advantage of cooling distributed over the entire skin surface.

Subacute administration of tributyltin chloride modulates neurotransmitters and their metabolites in discrete brain regions of maternal mice and their F1 offspring

2006 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masashi Tsunoda ◽  
Yoshiharu Aizawa ◽  
Nobuhiro Konno ◽  
Kimiko Kimura ◽  
Yoshiko Sugita-Konishi
Keyword(s):  
Brain Regions ◽  
The Body ◽  
Developmental Neurotoxicity ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Icr Mice ◽  
Adult Mice ◽  
Tributyltin Chloride ◽  
Hydroxyindoleacetic Acid ◽  
Group A ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Tributyltin (TBT) compounds have been used as anti-fouling agents and the central nervous system is one of its target organs. TBT-induced modulations of neurotransmitters in the brains of adult mice have been reported. However, little is known about the developmental neurotoxicity of TBT. In this study, we evaluated the effects of TBT on neurotransmitters and their metabolites in discrete brain regions of female ICR mice and their offspring. Pregnant ICR mice were exposed to TBT chloride at concentrations of 0, 15 or 50 ppm in water or 125 ppm in food. Male offspring were sacrificed at one, two and three weeks after birth. The concentrations of norepinephrine, dopamine (DA), dihydoxyphenylacetic acid, homovanillic acid (HVA), serotonin (5-HT), and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) were determined in different brain regions by HPLC. All offspring from the 125 ppm group died immediately after birth. A significant decrease in the body weight of the TBT-treated F1 groups compared to the control group was observed in the first week. Significant increases compared to the controls were observed for the DA concentration in the striatum of the 50 ppm F1 group, and for the HVA concentration in the cerebrum and the 5-HT concentration in the medulla oblongata of the 15 and 50 ppm F1 groups in the third week. At three weeks of age, the neurotransmitters and their metabolites may be useful indexes for developmental neurotoxicity. For the dams, a significant decrease in the 5-HT concentration was observed in the cerebellum, medulla, midbrain and striatum of the 125 ppm group compared to the control group. A significant decrease in the 5-HIAA concentration was also observed in the cerebellum, midbrain and striatum of the dams in the 125 ppm group compared to the control. TBT may induce a decrease in the synthesis of 5-HT in the dams. The discrepancy between dams and offspring may be due to several factors such as age, dose, route, sex and pregnancy.

Adverse Effects of Long-Term Ice-Cold Water Drink on Rat Liver Function and Histology

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Said Abdul Ghafour Saeedy ◽  
Ahmad Faisal Faiz ◽  
Marjan Nikbakhtzadeh ◽  
Bagher Minaei Zangi ◽  
Mansoor Keshavarz
Keyword(s):  
Liver Function ◽  
Rat Liver ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
The Body ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Male Wistar Rats ◽  
Temperature Water ◽  
Care Period

Drinking ice-cold water is prohibited in Avicenna’s “The Canon of Medicine” book in which he emphasized that ice-cold water drinking was hazardous for the body organs such as the liver. Little information can be found regarding the effects of ice-cold fluid drinks on liver and its probable sequels on this vital organ. Accordingly, we investigated the effects of long-term ice-cold water drink on the rat liver function and histology. Eighteen male Wistar rats, weighing 180±20 g, were randomly divided into three groups of six as two months ice-cold water drink, CW2M; three months ice-cold water drink, CW3M; and three months room temperature water drink; control group. Upon completion of the care period, a blood sample has been taken for liver enzymes and lipid profile assessment. Liver tissue has also been used for histological studies of H&E staining and microscopic examination. Histological findings showed hepatocellular micro-vesicle formation, necrosis and derangement of the cellular cords and infiltration of Kupffer cells in ice-cold water taken animals. Serum TGs, VLDL-C and ALP significantly increased with sound decrease in FBS and LDL-C in ice-cold water taken animals. It seems that long-term ice-cold water has deleterious functional and structural effects on the liver.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document