scholarly journals Reduced Cerebral Fluoro-l-Dopamine Uptake in Adult Patients Suffering from Phenylketonuria

2007 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 824-831 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Landvogt ◽  
Eugen Mengel ◽  
Peter Bartenstein ◽  
Hans Georg Buchholz ◽  
Mathias Schreckenberger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Competitive Inhibition ◽  
Elevated Serum ◽  
Graphical Analysis ◽  
The Body ◽  
Adult Patients ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Decarboxylase Activity ◽  
Large Neutral Amino Acid ◽  
Time Activity ◽  
The Brain

Deficiency of phenylalanine hydroxylase activity in phenylketonuria (PKU) causes an excess of phenylalanine (Phe) throughout the body, predicting impaired synthesis of catecholamines in the brain. To test this hypothesis, we used positron emission tomography (PET) to measure the utilization of 6-[18F]fluoro-l-dopamine (FDOPA) in the brain of adult patients suffering from PKU and in healthy controls. Dynamic 2-h long FDOPA emission recordings were obtained in seven adult PKU patients (five females, two males; age: 21 to 27 years) with elevated serum Phe levels, but lacking neurologic deficits. Seven age-matched, healthy volunteers were imaged under identical conditions. The utilization of FDOPA in striatum was calculated by linear graphical analysis ( k3S, min−1), with cerebellum serving as a nonbinding reference region. The time to peak activity in all brain time—radioactivity curves was substantially delayed in the PKU patients relative to the control group. The mean magnitude of k3S in the striatum of the PKU patients (0.0052±0.0004 min−1) was significantly lower than in the control group (0.0088±0.0009 min−1) ( P<0.001). There was no significant correlation between individual serum Phe levels and k3S. The unidirectional clearance of FDOPA to brain was impaired in adult patients suffering from PKU, presumably reflecting the competitive inhibition of the large neutral amino acid carrier by Phe. Assuming this competition to be spatially uniform, the relationship between striatum and cerebellum time—activity curves additionally suggests inhibition of DOPA efflux, possibly also due to competition from Phe. The linear graphical analysis shows reduced k3S in striatum, indicating reduced DOPA decarboxylase activity.

scholarly journals Pathway in rat brains under experimental obesity caused long-term progesterone administration

2018 ◽  
Vol 75 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-63
Author(s):  
A. Aleksandrov ◽  
V. Konopelniuk ◽  
I. Kompanets ◽  
L. Ostapchenko
Keyword(s):  
Rat Brain ◽  
Tryptophan Hydroxylase ◽  
The Body ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Tryptophan Decarboxylase ◽  
Decarboxylase Activity ◽  
Prolonged Administration ◽  
Hydroxyindoleacetic Acid ◽  
The Brain

Obesity is one of the most common complex health problem. The pathway of serotonin synthesis takes part in neuroendocrine regulation, as well as in the regulation of a number of behavioral functions of the body and fat deposition. Serotonin is a mediator of the amine nature, which functions as a neurotransmitter and tissue hormone. The greatest amount of serotonin is synthesized in the brain and 12 duodenum. As a neurotransmitter, serotonin affects both directly and indirectly on the function of most brain cells. Female hormone progesterone influence on serotonin functions. One of the effect of progesterone is increasing of amount of fat tissue during the pregnancy. Long-term using of progesterone in hormone substitution therapy or as part of contraception also lead to fat accumulation effect. The levels of activity of serotonergic system enzymes, tryptophan hydroxylase, tryptophan decarboxylase and monoamine oxidase (MAO), and tryptophan, 5-hydroxytryptophan, serotonin and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid concentrations in the rat brain under obesity conditions caused by prolonged administration of progesterone were determined in this study. Studies have shown that the content of tryptophan, 5-hydroxytryptophan, serotonin and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid in the brain of rats under obesity caused by prolonged administration of progesterone increased in comparison with the rats of the control group. The levels of tryptophan hydroxylase and MAO activity decreased, and tryptophan decarboxylase activity levels increased in the rat brain under obesity conditions caused by prolonged administration of progesterone. Thus, as a result of our studies, we found an imbalance in the system of serotonin metabolism in the brain of rats with the development of hormonal obesity induced by prolonged administration of progesterone, which may indicate the involvement of the serotonergic neurotransmitter system in the mechanisms of the development of obesity and concomitant diseases.

Morphometry in schizophrenia revisited: height and its relationship to pre-morbid function

1998 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 655-663 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. NOPOULOS ◽  
M. FLAUM ◽  
S. ARNDT ◽  
N. ANDREASEN
Keyword(s):  
Psychosocial Adjustment ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
The Body ◽  
Abnormal Development ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Childhood And Adolescence ◽  
Lower Quartile ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Brain

Background. Morphometry, the measurement of forms, is an ancient practice. In particular, schizophrenic somatology was popular early in this century, but has been essentially absent from the literature for over 30 years. More recently, evidence has grown to support the notion that aberrant neurodevelopment may play a role in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Is the body, like the brain, affected by abnormal development in these patients?Methods. To evaluate global deficit in development and its relationship to pre-morbid function, height was compared in a large group (N=226) of male schizophrenics and a group of healthy male controls (N=142) equivalent in parental socio-economic status. Patients in the lower quartile of height were compared to those in the upper quartile of height.Results. The patient group had a mean height of 177·1 cm, which was significantly shorter than the mean height of the control group of 179·4 (P<0·003). Those in the lower quartile had significantly poorer pre-morbid function as measured by: (1) psychosocial adjustment using the pre-morbid adjustment scales for childhood and adolescence/young adulthood, and (2) cognitive function using measures of school performance such as grades and need for special education. In addition, these measures of pre-morbid function correlated significantly with height when analysed using the entire sample.Conclusions. These findings provide further support to the idea that abnormal development may play a key role in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Furthermore, this is manifested as a global deficit in growth and function resulting in smaller stature, poorer social skills, and deficits in cognitive abilities.

Effect of Clarias gariepinus cultured in contaminated water on rats

2009 ◽  
Vol 28 (12) ◽  
pp. 759-764
Author(s):  
Oyeyemi Adeyemi ◽  
Olalekan Adeyemi ◽  
Chris C Osubor
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Activity ◽  
Clarias Gariepinus ◽  
Elevated Serum ◽  
Liver Weight ◽  
The Body ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Enzyme Assays ◽  
African Catfish ◽  
Wistar Strain

In this study, African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus) were cultured in water contaminated with phthalate, benzene and cyclohexane (10 μg/mL), respectively, over a period of 65 days. They were, thereafter, used as protein source to formulate feed for albino rats (Wistar strain) for 28 days. The weights of the body and selected tissues of the rats were monitored and standard enzyme assays were conducted for some enzymes in the serum. Results showed that rats in cyclohexane group gained 58% whereas the control group gained 46% of body weight. Liver weight (absolute and relative) of test rats were found to be significantly lower than that of control (p < .05). Enzyme activity of serum of test rats was found to be significantly higher than that of control (p < .05). Experimental evidence suggests leakage of enzymes from the liver to the serum, thus the elevated serum enzyme activity and that the contaminants may damage the liver.

scholarly journals In vivo tracking of intravenously injected mesenchymal stem cells in an Alzheimer’s animal model

2018 ◽  
Vol 27 (8) ◽  
pp. 1203-1209
Author(s):  
Bok-Nam Park ◽  
Tae Sung Lim ◽  
Joon-Kee Yoon ◽  
Young-Sil An
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Animal Model ◽  
Mesenchymal Stem Cells ◽  
Gamma Camera ◽  
The Body ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Indium 111 ◽  
The Brain

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate how intravenously injected bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) are distributed in the body of an Alzheimer’s disease (AD) animal model. Methods: Stem cells were collected from bone marrow of mice and labeled with Indium-111 (111In). The 111In-labeled BMSCs were infused intravenously into 3×Tg-AD mice in the AD group and non-transgenic mice (B6129SF2/J) as controls. Biodistribution was evaluated with a gamma counter and gamma camera 24 and 48 h after injecting the stem cells. Results: A gamma count of the brain showed a higher distribution of labeled cells in the AD model than in the control group at 24 (p = .0004) and 48 h (p = .0016) after injection of the BMSCs. Similar results were observed by gamma camera imaging (i.e., brain uptake in the AD model was significantly higher than that in the control group). Among the other organs, uptake by the spleen was the highest in both groups. More BMSCs were found in the lungs of the control group than in those of the AD group. Conclusions: These results suggest that more intravenously infused BMSCs reached the brain in the AD model than in the control group, but the numbers of stem cells reaching the brain was very small.

scholarly journals CRANIAL BASE SYMMETRIC AND NORMAL LOWER JAW ROTATION

2015 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 231-237
Author(s):  
Mohamed Khwanda ◽  
◽  
Yazan Jahjah ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Cranial Base ◽  
The Body ◽  
Adult Patients ◽  
Normal Type ◽  
Lower Jaw ◽  
Angular Measurements ◽  
The Face ◽  
Cranial Fossa ◽  
High Level ◽  
The Brain

Understanding the complexities of cranial base development, function, and architecture is important for testing hypotheses about many aspects of craniofacial variation and evolution. Architecturally, the cranial base provides the platform upon which the brain grows and around which the face grows. In addition, the cranial base connects the cranium with the rest of the body: it articulates with the vertebral column and the mandible, provides conduits for all the vital neural and circulatory connections between the brain, the face and the neck, houses and connects the sense organs in the skull, and forms the roof of the nasopharynx. The shape of the cranial base is therefore a multifactorial product of numerous phylogenetic, developmental, and functional interactions. Aim. The aim of this research is to perform a morphometric analysis of the skull base to investigate the symmetry between the two hemibases of the cranial fossa with each other in adult patients with normal type of lower jaw rotation using cone beam copmuted tomography CBCT in transversal plane. Materials and methods. In result of radiographic study, 35 Caucasian adult patients with no prior orthodontics treatment were selected (16 males, 19 females) from 16 to 27 years (mean age of 20.02 years: females average age was 20.15 years; males average age was 21.84 years) of age with normal type of lower jaw rotation according to the sum of Björk. Pearson’s Correlation Coefficient was calculated to investigate the symmetry between the two hemibases of the cranial fossa with each other. Results. A difference was found amongst the two genders of the sample subjects in the strength of the correlation between the CBCT angular measurements evaluating the two hemibases of the cranial base symmetry. Conclusion. A difference was found amongst the two genders. This study found no exact symmetry between the samples, but it was in high level for adult females.

The modern employee: exercise and the brain

2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 62-65
Author(s):  
Pamela Guggina
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Well Being ◽  
The Body ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Regular Exercise ◽  
Depression And Anxiety ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Clinically Depressed ◽  
The Brain

Purpose An area of workplace well-being, and thus performance, which is now being recognized more widely is the mental health of employees. Research today demonstrates that exercise is good for the body and dramatically affects the brain. While it is widely accepted that regular exercise can promote weight loss, lower blood pressure and decrease the risks of diabetes, heart disease and certain cancers, it is also becoming clear that exercise can improve mood, coping skills and even treat clinical depression and anxiety. These findings further support the upward trend of companies offering a wider range of health benefits to their employees. Design/methodology/approach One example of the combined research, Rethorst et al., published a large meta-analysis exploring the interaction between physical activity and depression. They examined 58 randomized trails and found that participants in the studies who had been randomized to use exercise as a treatment for depression had significantly lower depression scores than participants who had been randomized to the non-exercise or “control” group. Both clinically depressed and non-clinically depressed individuals reported lower depression scores if they participated in the exercise group. Findings Exercise can be as effective as medication in treating depression. Regular exercise can decrease the symptoms of clinical anxiety. Employers who incentivize physical activity can dramatically lower healthcare costs. Benefits packages which promote physical activity can increase productivity and decrease absenteeism. Originality/value There will always be people with an illness which requires medication, but there appears to be a group that will benefit greatly from getting out and moving with regular exercise. The hope is that physicians with patients who have symptoms of depression and anxiety will encourage their patients to get some exercise to see if it helps. This can be something that is done alone or as an adjunct to talk therapy and/or pharmacologic treatment. Exercise is not likely to change the circumstances that make life challenging, but it can help all humans cope better with these challenges.

scholarly journals Haematological Study on the Effects of Goko Cleanser (Herbal Mixture) on Adult Female Wistar Rats

2021 ◽  
pp. 8-19
Author(s):  
Darlington Nnamdi Onyejike ◽  
McWilliams, Winifred Chidera ◽  
Mmaju, Chidinma Ifeyinwa ◽  
Okeke, Somadina Nnamdi ◽  
Obiesie, Ifechukwu Justicia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adult Female ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
The Body ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Herbal Mixture ◽  
Female Wistar Rats ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Haematological Study ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Herbal Mixtures

Introduction: Goko cleanser is one of the popular herbal mixtures used by the Nigerian populace. This study was carried out to evaluate the effects of this herbal mixture on some haematological parameters of adult female Wistar rats. Methodology: A total of twenty five Wistar rats weighing about 160 – 280g were divided into five groups according to their corresponding weights. The groups were designated as groups 1 – 5. Group 1 served as the control group, while groups 2, 3, 4, and 5 received 1000mg/Kg, 1500mg/Kg, 2000mg/Kg and 4000mg/Kg respectively. Results: The TWBC, PCV, PLATELET count, and RBC and Hb showed a statistically significant (p<0.05) increase for the test groups 2 – 5 when compared to the control group. The body weight had a statistically significant (p<0.05) decrease in groups 2, 4, and 5; while group 3 had a statistically insignificant (p>0.05) decrease. Conclusion and Recommendation: This study revealed that Goko Cleanser contains some haemopoietic benefits, but inhibit appetite centres. Hence, this study recommends that further study be carried out on the effects of this herbal mixture on the brain so as to reveal the extent of its effect on the appetite centres.

scholarly journals INTOXICAÇÃO SUBAGUDA AO MANGANÊS EM RATOS WISTAR ADULTOS: AVALIAÇÃO DE PARÂMETROS OXIDATIVOS NO SNC E DEPOSIÇÃO DO METAL EM DIFERENTES TECIDOS

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 193-210
Author(s):  
Maria Victória Branco Flores ◽  
Tuany Eichwald ◽  
Analú Mantovani ◽  
Viviane Glaser ◽  
Carine Raquel Richter Schimitz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Mitochondrial Function ◽  
Complex I ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Thiobarbituric Acid ◽  
Significant Inhibition ◽  
The Body ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Peripheral Tissues ◽  
The Brain

O Manganês (Mn) é um metal essencial para o organismo. É distribuído no ambiente e utilizado em processos industriais. Apesar de essencial, é neurotóxico à exposições cumulativas, causando uma desordem neurológica, o Manganismo. O estudo avaliou o efeito da administração subaguda de Mn sob a forma de cloreto e acetato de Mn, sobre a função mitocondrial e parâmetros oxidativos no encéfalo, bem como o acúmulo deste metal no encéfalo e tecidos periféricos de ratos adultos. Os ratos receberam 6 mg/kg de Mn i.p. na forma de cloreto ou acetato de Mn, 5 dias/semana por 4 semanas. O grupo controle recebeu solução salina 0,9% pela mesma via de administração e mesmo período. Foi mensurada a concentração de substâncias reativas ao ácido tiobarbitúrico (TBARS) e grupamentos NPSH, a atividade dos complexos I e II da cadeia respiratória no encéfalo e/ou estruturas cerebrais, bem como o peso corporal e a concentração de Mn e Fe no soro, encéfalo, tecido renal e hepático. Foi observada uma diminuição no ganho de peso corporal dos animais que receberam o Mn, um aumento na concentração/depósito de Mn no soro, encéfalo e tecido renal, tanto na forma de cloreto e acetato de Mn, quando comparados com o grupo controle. Além disso, houve um aumento significativo no conteúdo de NPSH no encéfalo e, embora não significativo, uma tendência de aumento da concentração de TBARS, no grupo que recebeu cloreto de Mn. Ainda, foi verificada uma inibição na atividade do complexo I no estriado dos animais expostos ao cloreto de Mn. Não houve diferença entre os grupos nas atividades do complexo I e II no encéfalo e hipocampo. Em conjunto, os dados indicam que a exposição ao Mn em baixas doses contribui para o desenvolvimento de estresse oxidativo e disfunção mitocondrial no SNC, com aparente predileção de dano ao estriado.Palavras-chave: Manganês. Exposição subaguda. Parâmetros oxidativos. Função mitocondrial. MANGANESE SUBACUTE INTOXICATION IN ADULT WISTAR RATS: EVALUATION OF OXIDATIVE PARAMETERS IN CNS AND METAL DEPOSITION IN DIFFERENT TISSUES ABSTRACT: Mn is an essential metal to the organism. It is distributed in the environment and used in industrial processes. Although essential, it is neurotoxic to cumulative exposures, and can cause a neurological disorder, called Manganism. This study evaluated the effect of subacute Mn as chloride and acetate of Mn administration on mitochondrial function and oxidative parameters in adult rat brain, as well as the accumulation of this metal in the brain and peripheral tissues. The rats received 6 mg/kg of Mn i.p., as Mn chloride or Mn acetate, 5 days/week for 4 weeks. The control group received 0.9% of saline solution in the same way of administration and in the same period. It was measured the concentration of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and NPSH groups, the activity of mitochondrial complex I and II in brain and/or in the brain structures, as well as the body weight and the concentration of Mn and Fe accumulation. It was observed a decrease on body weight gain in animals exposed to Mn and an increase of concentration/deposit of Mn in serum, brain and kidney, in the both Mn chloride and acetate form when compared to the control group. In addition, there was a significant increase in brain NPSH content and, although it was not significant, a trend of increasing on TBARS concentration in the group that received Mn. Besides that, a significant inhibition of complex I activity was observed in the striatum of the animals exposed to Mn. There was not difference between groups on complex I and II in the brain and hippocampus. Together, these data indicate that exposure to Mn at low doses contributes to the development of oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in the CNS, with apparent predilection of striatum damage.Keywords: Manganese. Subacute exposure. Oxidative parameters. Mitochondrial function.

The Vegetative Status Correction in the Patients with Chronic Dyscirculatory Encephalopathy on the Sanatorium Rehabilitation Stage

10.12737/5760 ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Куликов ◽  
N. Kulikov ◽  
Череващенко ◽  
Lyubov Cherevashchenko ◽  
Череващенко ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Laser Therapy ◽  
The State ◽  
The Body ◽  
Brain Diseases ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Autonomic Imbalance ◽  
Dyscirculatory Encephalopathy ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Adaptive Reactions

Among vascular brain diseases a special place in its importance takes chronic cerebrovascular pathology in the form of dyscirculatory encephalopathy. The most frequently affected cerebral structures with discirculatory encephalopathy are those parts of the brain that are largely responsible for shaping over segmental vegetative disorders, which are characteristic of clinics chronic cerebrovascular insufficiency. The purpose of this work is to develop a new modern high technology of sanatorium rehabilitation of the patients with circulatory encephalopathy on stage I and to correct autonomic imbalance. The authors observed 60 patients who were divided into 2 groups. The control group received radon baths, the patients from the main group in addition to radon baths received laser therapy paravertebrally C1-Th3, according to scanning technique. In all patients before and after treatment the state of the autonomic nervous system studied. It was found that the initial manifestations of vascular encephalopathy accompanied by autonomic imbalance with a predominance of sympathetic tone, activation and inhibition effects of ergotrop activities segmental systems, primarily due to the parasympathetic division. The results of this study demonstrate feasibility of incorporating laser therapy in complex radon baths for rehabilitation of patients with circulatory encephalopathy autonomic imbalance. The findings suggest that improving the functional state mechanisms vegetative maintenance activities, which help to eliminate the state of surge and flow of adaptive reactions in the body.

Maternal dietary deficiency and its effect on the metabolism of nucleic acids and proteins. "Effect of exchanging the young, during the lactation period, between the control and undernourished female rats"

1978 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 274-286 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tapas Goswami ◽  
Uma Srivastava
Keyword(s):  
Nucleic Acids ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Specific Activity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Lactation Period ◽  
Specific Activities ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Dietary Deficiency

The effect of maternal dietary deficiency on the metabolism of nucleic acids and proteins was studied by exchanging the pups of control and undernourished dams during the lactation period. In the pups of control dams fostered by undernourished dams during the lactation period (E3), it was observed that the body and organ weight, and RNA, DNA, and protein content failed to increase normally. Contrary to this, the free leucine and nucleotide contents were higher and their specific activities lower in the plasma and various organs of the E3 group as compared with the control group.Specific activity of protein was higher in the liver, brain, kidney, and lung, and was lower in the spleen and heart of the E3 group as compared with the control group. Specific activity of RNA was higher in the liver, spleen, and lung, and was lower in the brain, kidney, and heart of the E3 group as compared with the control group.In the pups of undernourished dams fostered by the control dams during the lactation period (E1), the body and organ weights, the RNA, DNA, and protein content, the content of free leucine and nucleotides as well as their specific activities, and the specific activity of protein and RNA were partially or completely restored. However, the DNA content of the brain remained unchanged in comparison with those pups of undernourished dams nursed by their own mother (E2). In the brain, kidney, spleen, and lung of the E1 group, the specific activity of RNA increased considerably and even exceeded the control values.The radioactivity results discussed above clearly demonstrate an accelerated metabolism of protein and RNA in the various organs of the E3 group and a partial or complete normalization in the E1 group.

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