scholarly journals The Denazification of the Post-war Germany in the American Occupation Zone in 1945-1949

2018 ◽  
pp. 63-81
Author(s):  
Mykhailo Boiko ◽  
Oleksandr Ivanov
Keyword(s):  
Transitional Justice ◽  
International System ◽  
The United States ◽  
Federal Republic Of Germany ◽  
National Socialist ◽  
American Military ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
American Occupation ◽  
Strong State ◽  
Post War

As a result of the analysis of the documents of the American Military Administration, agreements, signed at the official governmental level by the representatives of the Allies, personal documents, articles of the German newspaper “Die Zeit” and sociological researches carried out by the scientific institutions, the authors of the article outline the main mechanisms, procedures, institutions for the implementation of the denazification and identify its advantages and disadvantages during the American occupation in 1945-1949. Denazification implemented in the American occupation zone did not remain ineffective. This process also had a shocking effect for the civilians, for it meant “social degradation and humiliation in the eyes of society”. If there was no internal purification of the former criminals, all reinterpreted individuals were now forced to outbrave “political moderation and restraint” and to accept new conditions. With the adoption of democracy “from above” during the transitional justice, there can be no unequivocal answer to the question whether the national socialist dictatorship in Germany could be regarded as successful. The United States of America quickly realized that the future of Germany would depend on both the announced denazification and the economic recovery. The American government approved the adoption of the Basic Law (Constitution of the Federal Republic of Germany). In any case, the American policy toward Germany consistently advocated German unity and the integration of a prosperous and strong state, provided that it would become a constituent of a capitalist and democratic international system as a responsible party.

Urban history research in Germany: its development and present condition

Urban History ◽  
1981 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 39-54
Author(s):  
Jürgen Reulecke ◽  
Gerhard Huck ◽  
Anthony Sutcliffe
Keyword(s):  
Federal Republic ◽  
United States Of America ◽  
Urban History ◽  
The United States ◽  
Underdeveloped Country ◽  
Present Condition ◽  
Federal Republic Of Germany ◽  
Market Demand ◽  
The Past ◽  
Post War

Anyone glancing into a bookshop window in the Federal Republic of Germany today might get the impression that urban history is currently one of the most important and widely published historical disciplines. Such an impression would mislead, however. Most of these richly illustrated and expensively produced volumes have almost no academic significance. They are the product of a wave of nostalgia which certain astute publishers have managed to catch thanks to their unerring appreciation of market demand. For instance, a whole generation over the age of fifty wants to be reminded of the undamaged towns of its pre-war childhood. Post-war redevelopment, too, has had its effect, and the insecure citizens of our often featureless towns require a means of self-representation and identification. Demand for such publications has also been generated by the growing consciousness of the environment, which has made the expression ‘Heimat’ (heritage) respectable again, and strengthened the call for the conservation of a world rooted in the past. However, modern urban history is only just beginning to function as an independent specialism in the Federal Republic (and the same applies to its eastern neighbour). It has made gradual progress in the last few years, but even so, in comparison with the sustained and varied urban history research pursued in countries such as Britain and the United States of America, Germany is an underdeveloped country. In fact, the Deutsches Institut für Urbanistik (DIFU) acknowledged as much when, as recently as April 1980, it organized a review of the field. The Federal Republic's handful of specialists were invited to Berlin for a colloquium on ‘Problems in the writing of urban history’. The aim of the conference was just as much to examine the current difficulties of urban history as to stimulate further research.

scholarly journals GERMAN HISTORIOGRAPHY OF THE NAZI EUTHANASIA PROGRAM AND THE TIDAL WAVE OF HISTORICAL MEMORY IN THE FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY

2020 ◽  
pp. 83-91
Author(s):  
Е.В. Данилова
Keyword(s):  
Psychiatric Patients ◽  
Historical Memory ◽  
German Society ◽  
Tidal Wave ◽  
Psychiatric Research ◽  
Federal Republic Of Germany ◽  
Research Papers ◽  
National Socialist ◽  
Post War ◽  
Nazi Euthanasia

В статье рассматривается проблема германской историографии о нацистской программе эвтаназии. Доказывается, что публикации историков и специалистов в области психиатрии появлялись в печати в связи с периодами развития темы исторической памяти о постыдном прошлом немецкого общества, связанного с преступлениями в психиатрии при национал-социалистическом режиме. На основе исследования работ по указанной проблематике обосновывается тезис о том, что появление в печати, а также содержание научной литературы соответствует трем периодам проработки прошлого. Раскрывается, что в период послевоенного забвения количество публикаций по теме исключительно мало и происходило по частной инициативе авторов. Проводимая государством политика памяти, или мемориальная политика, не способствовала признанию медицинских преступлений и прав жертв эвтаназии на достойную память. Было выяснено, что ряд публикаций имел особое значение в процессе изменения общественного сознания в отношении к национал-социалистическому прошлому. К концу века процесс сохранения памяти о конкретных жертвах приобрел локальное значение. В статье делается вывод о том, что проблема признания жертв эвтаназии имеет долгую историю и связана с трансформацией осознания проблемы об-щественностью и с официальным дискурсом в немецком обществе. The article focuses on the way German historiography treats the Nazi euthanasia program. It maintains that historical and psychiatric research is instigated by the tidal wave of historical memory of the German past marred by appalling crimes against psychiatric patients committed under the National Socialist reign. The analysis of works related to the aforementioned topic enables the author of the article to conclude that the appearance and the content of research papers conform to one of the three periods of historical investigation. In the post-war period when the heinous practices were hushed up, the number of publications related to the topic was exceedingly small, all publications were initiated by individual researchers. The state-controlled memory policy didn’t instigate the recognition of psychiatrists’ criminal actions nor did it grant the victims of euthanasia killings a right to be commemorated. The article shows that some research papers initiated changes in social attitudes to the National Socialist past. At the end of the 20th century the commemoration of victims of euthanasia killings was an issue of local significance. The article maintains that the problem of recognizing the victims of euthanasia killings has a long history and is associated with the transformation of social awareness, social problems and official discourse in German society.

Introduction

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Etsuko Takushi Crissey
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
The United States ◽  
Negative Stereotypes ◽  
American Military ◽  
Immigration Laws ◽  
American Popular Culture ◽  
International Marriages ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Post War ◽  
The U.S

After World War II, the U.S. military built vast installations and imposed occupation rule until 1972. For all the post-war years Okinawans have lived next door to American bases. As one result, large numbers of Okinawan women married American military men and immigrated to the U.S. Couples had to overcome stubborn resistance to their marriages from the U.S. military in Okinawa, and a legacy of discriminatory immigration laws in the United States, especially targeting Asians. Couples also faced racial prejudice living in the U.S., where interracial marriages were illegal in several states until 1967. Negative stereotypes about international marriages abound in American popular culture, such as James A. Michener’s 1954 novel Sayonara about an American airman and his Japanese fiancee. Yet many women interviewed in this study had successful marriages and fulfilling lives, demonstrating extraordinary courage and perseverance in adjusting to a markedly different society and culture. Many have formed local Okinawa prefectural associations throughout the U.S. for mutual support and participation with their families in Okinawan cultural events.

The Teaching of English in German High Schools

PMLA ◽  
1956 ◽  
Vol 71 (2) ◽  
pp. 21-30
Author(s):  
Willi Koelle
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
School Teacher ◽  
High School Teacher ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Other ◽  
School Buildings ◽  
Great Effort ◽  
Federal Republic Of Germany ◽  
Reading Materials ◽  
Post War

German schools are gradually outgrowing the stage of chaos into which they had been plunged by the war. In a great effort the worst difficulties of the post-war period have been overcome, but conditions cannot yet be called normal. Classes still comprise 40 pupils and more. Although many schools have been rebuilt or newly built since the war, the bigger towns, which were nearly all heavily bombed, are still so short of accommodation that most school buildings have to be used in double shifts, i.e., two schools share one building, one school going in the morning, the other in the afternoon. The teaching load of a high school teacher is 25 periods (of 45 minutes each) a week. But in some respects peacetime conditions are gradually returning. Thus, the production of textbooks is approaching a satisfactory stage. There are two or three dozen different English courses for schools on the market, and a very large number of English and American texts in school-editions (with annotations). A catalogue published in the summer of 1955 enumerates 532 such editions printed in the Federal Republic of Germany, and there is nothing to prevent German schools from buying reading materials from Britain or the United States. A number of the German Länder have introduced a system by which all schoolbooks are provided free of charge.

scholarly journals State's Responsibility for International Crimes. Reflections upon the Rosenburg Exhibition

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Second World War ◽  
Federal Republic Of Germany ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
World War ◽  
National Socialist ◽  
International Crimes ◽  
Administration Of Justice ◽  
Legal Nature ◽  
Post War ◽  
Second World

Although more than 75 years have elapsed since the end of the Second World War, the magnitude of crimes and their long-term effects, caused also by lawyers e.g. in German special courts, make the subject of liability of the state in the context of the Second World War ever topical and valid. Historia magistra vitae est, and the process of learning from history should in this case cover not only the years 1933–1945, but also the entire post-war period. Justice was neither restored nor meted out. One of the reasons for the lack of administration of justice was West Germany's conscious policy of personal continuity after the Second World War. The latter was the topic of the Rosenburg Exhibition – the Federal Ministry of Justice of the Federal Republic of Germany in the Shadow of National Socialist Past. The texts grew out of the context of the exhibition and show the far-reaching consequences of War and Nazi crimes in international relations of a legal nature.

American Foreign Policy

2021 ◽  
pp. 542-560
Author(s):  
Heather A. Warren
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
American Foreign Policy ◽  
International System ◽  
The United States ◽  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Post War ◽  
The Cold War ◽  
Second World ◽  
Insight Into

Reinhold Niebuhr’s ability to analyse the most fundamental aspects of human existence and reckon with them on the grandest scale has remained relevant for American foreign policy since the 1930s. In the contexts of the interwar years, the Second World War, the immediate post-war world, and the Cold War, Niebuhr called attention to the importance of justice, pride, national interest, and prudence in deliberations about the United States’ responsibilities in an interdependent world that faced the menace of communism. The Irony of American History (1952) was his extended examination of America in the new international system, and it included recommendations to guide the making of American foreign policy. Niebuhr’s principles provide insight into US successes and failures in the Vietnam, Bosnian, and Gulf Wars.

scholarly journals The Origin of German-American Relations as a Partnership of Unequal Parties

2015 ◽  
pp. 15-22
Author(s):  
E. S. Leonov
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
German Economy ◽  
The United States ◽  
West Germany ◽  
American Military ◽  
Postwar Germany ◽  
German Nation ◽  
Nuclear Component ◽  
Experimental Project ◽  
Post War

Abstract: Despite the high technological effectiveness of today’s German economy which serves as the «engine» of Europe and the core of the European integration processes, Germany, however, possesses a limited foreign policy leverage in the modern international relations. Gradual restriction of the sovereignty of Germany began during the post-war period due to the strengthening of the European track of U.S. foreign policy. For instance, at this stage Washington takes the responsibility on restoration of the German economic welfare, filling of legal vacuum in West Germany and also initiates cultural and ideological expansion. In the latter case it was an important role played by the American course on the formation of the renewed German nation by means of work with the German youth and the control over the sphere of education. In fact, at the end of the war US authorities started in West Germany experimental project from scratch, since there were no state institutions in postwar Germany in principle. At the same time, German foreign policy takes shape in the 1950s in the spirit of «Atlantic solidarity» as a result of falling into the trap of Euro-Atlantic partnership. Hopes of attainment of foreign policy independence as a result of German reunification did not come true - the United States haven’t yet set Germany free from the sphere of its geopolitical influence. American military forces with nuclear component continue to be based within the territory of Germany. In addition, in the 1990s. Germany finds itself in even deeper trade, investment and financial bondage. The article analyzes the origin of German full-scale dependence on U.S. foreign policy.

scholarly journals The Reception of American Jazz in Japan: An Outline of Issues

2020 ◽  
pp. 33-46
Author(s):  
Olga Kwaczyńska
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Jazz Education ◽  
American Military ◽  
Local Character ◽  
Jazz Music ◽  
History Of ◽  
Cherry Blossom ◽  
Post War

The following article presents the history of Japanese jazz, from the first musical contacts to its contemporary successes and problems of the jazz music market. An important role in the development and evolution of jazz in Japan (even before the post-war US occupation of that country) was played by the presence of American military forces in the Philippines, which, as an American-dependent territory, maintained cultural contacts with the United States, where jazz had been born at the beginning of the 20th century and became one of the most popular forms of music. Apart from contact with Filipino musicians, who were the first source of jazz education for the Japanese, the rise of jazz cafés (jazzu-kissa) was also important for the development of jazz in the Land of the Cherry Blossom. The cafés played a huge role in generating interest in jazz and shaping musical tastes. The article also shows the influence of jazz on the formation of a modern, American-type lifestyle among the Japanese middle-class. In addition, the article discusses the complex issue of the authenticity of Japanese jazz in relation to American jazz and the role of world-famous Japanese musicians, such as Toshiko Akiyoshi, in overcoming stereotypes. The aim of the article is to demonstrate the universality and at the same time the local character of contemporary Japanese jazz as well as the distinguishing features of jazz in Japan.

The Language of Ideology: Lingual Manipulation of Readers in German Literature of the Third Reich

2005 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven Michael Press
Keyword(s):  
German Literature ◽  
Third Reich ◽  
National Socialist ◽  
Critical Studies ◽  
The Third ◽  
Historical Argument ◽  
Underlying Basis ◽  
The Third Reich ◽  
Post War ◽  
German People

In recognizing more than just hyperbole in their critical studies of National Socialist language, post-war philologists Viktor Klemperer (1946) and Eugen Seidel (1961) credit persuasive words and syntax with the expansion of Hitler's ideology among the German people. This popular explanation is being revisited by contemporary philologists, however, as new historical argument holds the functioning of the Third Reich to be anything but monolithic. An emerging scholarly consensus on the presence of more chaos than coherence in Nazi discourse suggests a new imperative for research. After reviewing the foundational works of Mein Kampf (1925) and Myth of the Twentieth Century (1930), the author confirms Klemperer and Seidel’s claim for linguistic manipulation in the rise of the National Socialist Party. Most importantly, this article provides a detailed explanation of how party leaders employed rhetorical language to promote fascist ideology without an underlying basis of logical argumentation.

The Chinese Economy and its impact on international trade (Study on the role of the port of Gwadar)

2020 ◽  
pp. 11-34
Author(s):  
أ.د.حميد شهاب احمد ◽  
م.م.زيدون سلمان محمد
Keyword(s):  
Global Economy ◽  
International System ◽  
The United States ◽  
Chinese Economy ◽  
Potential Threat ◽  
Future Aspirations ◽  
Military Presence ◽  
Important Region ◽  
Road Project ◽  
Trade Study

China's economic policy and its huge capabilities operate according to an expansion strategy, especially in investing foreign projects, as the past ten years have witnessed a major development in the elements of comprehensive strength, especially in the economic field, in 2014 China launched the largest initiative in the world, represented by the Belt and Road Project (BRI), which links nearly 70 countries, through this project, a very important region has emerged, which is (the port of cadres) in Pakistan, as China has headed towards that region and given the highest importance that is in its interest in the first place regardless of the great Pakistani interest, This is consistent with its future aspirations, especially after breaking the economic monopoly of the West, specifically (the United States), as it is a force in a state of decline and is no longer the dominant force economically. Which, in turn, led to the generation of an obsession with fear of this power and what it poses from a potential threat to the entire global economy, and what it seeks in the future to employ cadres not only to develop its economy and compete with other countries commercially , rather it takes another place aimed at increasing the Chinese military presence in the region, especially as China continues to work to develop everything available to its pioneering path in the international system in order to distinguish China as a major country and perhaps a superpower.

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