Coping Styles of Young People Dealing with Traumatic Events Reflected in Fairy Tales

The study examines the coping styles of adolescents (young people) (N=43, 37 f/6 m, age range 17-20, median age = 18) in deal with a traumatic life event, as reflected in standardized questionnaires and fairy tales written by themselwes, through the use of projective technique called "А person in the rain". Several types of traumatic life events in youth assessments were distinguished. It was found out that respondents with the victimized coping style use: the strategy of search for social support; strategy of social contact; cautious, aggressive, antisocial and indirect actions; avoidance; getting stuck in the situation and focusing on emotions; and passivity. The respondents with a hardiness coping style use the strategy of search for social support; strategy of social contact; acceptance of the situation; growth; development; renovation; assertive and careful actions. The respondents with an unformed coping style use the strategies of adoption, growth and development; updates; activity; a strategy of experience acquisition; focusing on emotions; loss of self; and escape into fantasy. The study shows that today’s young people are able to withstand the events associated with the trauma, using a fairly extensive arsenal of coping strategies. The fairy tale is an indicator allowing to diagnose styles and coping strategies specific to adolescents (young people) as well as contributing to the gentle and careful reduction of acute negative emotional experiences, encouraging the search for constructive ways to overcome them.

Download Full-text

The Features of Coping with a Specific Challenging Situation (COVID-19 pandemic)

Izvestia Ural Federal University Journal Series 1. Issues in Education, Science and Culture ◽

10.15826/izv1.2021.27.2.032 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 27 (2) ◽

pp. 84-91

Author(s):

I. O. Kuvaeva ◽

◽

A. M. Strelnikova ◽

Keyword(s):

Social Support ◽

Coping Strategies ◽

Coping Style ◽

Coping Styles ◽

Coping Behavior ◽

Social Avoidance ◽

Ways Of Coping ◽

Empirical Results ◽

Ways Of Coping Questionnaire ◽

Challenging Situation

The empirical results of the research devoted to the problem of coping behavior with stressful and the pandemic situations among youth (n=100) are discussed. The instruments are the following: Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations (Endler N.S., Parker J.D.A.) and Ways of Coping Questionnaire (Lazarus R., Folkman S.). The problem-oriented coping style is predominant among participants aged 17-31. Significant differences in coping strategies related to pandemic between the respondents who have been exposed to COVID-19 and respondents who were not infected with COVID-19 were not found (p>0.50). Respondents who have been exposed to COVID-19 demonstrated social avoidance style in stressful situations (p=0.021). The structure of coping behavior in group of participants who have been exposed to a new coronovirus infection included a greater number of correlations between stable coping styles and strategies for overcoming the pandemic situation. The female respondents demonstrated higher rate of avoidance behaviour and tend to seek social support more often than male respondents.

Download Full-text

When and how do hospital nurses cope with daily stressors? A multilevel study

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0240725 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 15 (11) ◽

pp. e0240725

Author(s):

Fermín Martínez-Zaragoza ◽

Gemma Benavides-Gil ◽

Tatiana Rovira ◽

Beatriz Martín-del-Río ◽

Silvia Edo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Social Support ◽

Coping Strategies ◽

Repeated Measures ◽

Coping Style ◽

Coping Styles ◽

Direct Care ◽

University Hospitals ◽

Coping With Stress ◽

Control Effort ◽

Working Day

Background During their workday, nurses face a variety of stressors that are dealt with using different coping strategies. One criticism of the contextual models of work stress is that they fail to focus on individual responses like coping with stress. Neverthless, little is know about the momentary determinants of coping in nurses. Objectives To identify the momentary predictors of problem-focused approaching coping and emotion-focused approaching coping, as well as those for seeking social support and refusal coping strategies, during the working day in nurses. Design This study uses descriptive, correlational, two-level design with repeated measures. Settings Wards of two University hospitals. Participants A random cohort of 113 nurses was studied. Methods An ecological momentary assessment was made of demand, control, effort, reward, nursing task, coping, mood and fatigue, and of coping style by questionnaire. Multilevel two-level statistical analyses were performed in order to identify both within person and between person relationships. Results Different momentary types of coping were associated with different tasks. The problem-focused coping could be explained by the direct care and medication tasks, demand, planning coping style, mood, and negatively by acceptation coping style. Emotion-focused coping could be explained by documentation and medication tasks (negatively), mood, demand, distraction, and disengagement coping styles. Seeking social support coping could be explained by the task of communication, mood, fatigue (negatively), and seeking emotional support as a coping style. Refusal coping could be explained by mood, and the coping style of focusing and venting emotions. Refusal coping is not specific to any task. Conclusions The choice of the coping strategy depends on the task, of their appraisal and on the different styles of coping.

Download Full-text

Stress and Psychological Distress in Emerging Adulthood: A Gender Analysis

Journal of Clinical Medicine ◽

10.3390/jcm9092859 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (9) ◽

pp. 2859

Author(s):

M. Pilar Matud ◽

Amelia Díaz ◽

Juan Manuel Bethencourt ◽

Ignacio Ibáñez

Keyword(s):

Social Support ◽

Psychological Distress ◽

Emerging Adulthood ◽

Chronic Stress ◽

Coping Style ◽

Coping Styles ◽

Emerging Adult ◽

Self Esteem ◽

Stress Coping ◽

Emotional Coping

Emerging adulthood is a critical period of life that entails many life transitions in living arrangements, relationships, education and employment, which can generate stress and psychological distress in the emerging adult. The aim of the present study was to assess the relevance of stress, coping styles, self-esteem and perceived social support in the distress of emerging adult women and men. The sample consists of 4816 people (50% females) from the Spanish general population, ranging in age from 18 to 29 years old. All participants were assessed through questionnaires and scales that assess psychological distress, stress, coping styles, self-esteem and social support. Women scored higher than men in psychological distress, chronic stress, minor daily hassles, emotional coping style and social support, whereas men scored higher than women in rational and detachment coping styles and in self-esteem. Psychological distress was significantly predicted in women and men by high emotional coping style, lower self-esteem, high number of life events, and less social support. Another statistically significant predictor in men was less detachment coping style, whereas in women it was high chronic stress. The results of this research are relevant to healthcare professionals interested in improving the mental health of the emerging adult.

Download Full-text

The burden of multiple sclerosis and patients’ coping strategies

BMJ Supportive & Palliative Care ◽

10.1136/bmjspcare-2017-001324 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

pp. 38-40 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Lorena Lorefice ◽

Giuseppe Fenu ◽

Jessica Frau ◽

Giancarlo Coghe ◽

Maria Giovanna Marrosu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Multiple Sclerosis ◽

Social Support ◽

Coping Strategies ◽

Disease Duration ◽

Negative Impact ◽

Coping Styles ◽

Emotional Responses ◽

Psychosocial Interventions ◽

Adaptive Responses ◽

Disability Status

ObjectivesMultiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic disease that mainly affects young people. Patients with MS experience several emotional responses to changed perceptions of themselves and manage this situation in ways focused on controlling the overall burden of disease. This present study aimed to evaluate differences between patients with MS and healthy controls (HCs) in coping styles, identifying the MS clinical features that influence adaptive responses.MethodsPatients with MS, according to the McDonald 2010 criteria, and HCs were recruited. Coping strategies were assessed using the Coping Orientation to the Problems Experienced (COPE-NVI; Italian version) questionnaire.ResultsA cohort of 135 patients with MS (female: 89/135, 65.9%) and 94 HCs (female: 64/94, 68%) were enrolled. Impaired social support and problem solving was noted for MS group (p=0.005). In the MS group, the social support worsened with increasing disease duration (p=0.002) independently of the level of disability. Associations between a higher Expanded Disability Status Scale score and avoidance strategies (p<0.01), as well between avoidance strategies and a previous depression diagnosis (p<0.001) were reported.ConclusionOur findings highlight the negative impact of MS on various aspects of patients’ life. Therefore, psychosocial interventions are needed to increase adaptive coping mechanisms aimed to manage the burden of MS.

Download Full-text

Parenting Styles, Coping Strategies and Life Satisfaction of Parents Having Children with Down Syndrome

Peshawar Journal of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences (PJPBS) ◽

10.32879/pjpbs.2017.3.1.35-43 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

pp. 35-43

Author(s):

Tooba Zia ◽

Fozia Akram

Keyword(s):

Life Satisfaction ◽

Down Syndrome ◽

Coping Strategies ◽

Parenting Styles ◽

Coping Styles ◽

Clinical Psychologist ◽

Satisfaction Scale ◽

Children With Down Syndrome ◽

Approach Coping ◽

Age Range

The present study explores the relationship among Parenting styles, Coping Strategies and Life Satisfaction of parents having children with Down syndrome. Purposive sampling and comparative study were used to select the sample. A sample consisted of (N=100) parents mothers and fathers of Down syndrome children were taken from different government and private institutes of Faisalabad. The sample was further divided into (n=50) mothers and (n=50) fathers of Down syndrome children. The age range of participants was taken 30-55 years above. Parenting Styles Dimension Questionnaire (PSDQ) translated Urdu version by (Batool, 2013). Coping Response Inventory (CRI) translated Urdu version by (Mahmood & Sheraz, 2012) and Life satisfaction scale (LSS) Urdu version translated by (Mahmood, 2013) were used for data collection. Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient and Independent Sample T-Test were calculated for statistical analysis. Findings indicates that male parents of Down syndrome children scored high on Authoritative and permissive parenting styles and it’s also showed that male parents of Down syndrome children have scored high on the scale of approach coping styles .Through that study it indicates that male parents use more approach coping styles than female parents. And male parents are equally satisfied with their lives. This study aims to use effective coping strategies and parenting styles to improve the quality of life of parents of those who are having children with disability. It also aims to increase the role of the clinical psychologist in the treatment of those children who are suffering from disability or psychological illness and also psych educate parents those are directly or indirectly taking pain of their children.

Download Full-text

The Mediating Roles of Coping Styles and Resilience in the Relationship between Perceived Social Support and Posttraumatic Growth among Primary Caregivers of Schizophrenic Patients: A Cross-sectional Study

10.21203/rs.3.rs-69324/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Wu Chen ◽

Yaping M.D ◽

Songcui Ma ◽

Guojian Jing ◽

Wei Zhou ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Social Support ◽

Posttraumatic Growth ◽

Indirect Effect ◽

Coping Style ◽

Perceived Social Support ◽

Coping Styles ◽

Primary Caregivers ◽

Positive Coping ◽

Schizophrenic Patients ◽

The Relationship

Abstract Background: Despite the substantial burden of caring schizophrenic patients, primary caregivers can also experience posttraumatic growth (PTG) which may buffer their negative experience. Influencing factors of PTG and their functional pathways among primary caregivers of schizophrenic patients remain unclear. This study is designed to test the simple and serial mediating roles of coping styles and resilience in the relationship between perceived social support and PTG among those primary caregivers.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from October 2018 to January 2019, and 365 primary caregivers (self-reported) of schizophrenic patients were analyzed. Measures used to assess their perceived social support, coping styles, resilience, and PTG were the Perceived Social Support Scale, the Simplified Coping Style Questionnaire, the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale, and the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory, respectively. Structural equation modeling was used to run the analysis.Results: The average scores of PTG (range: 0-5), perceived social support (range: 1-7), positive coping style (range: 0-3), negative coping style (range: 0-3), resilience (range: 0-4) reported by primary caregivers was (2.91 ± 0.99), (4.80 ± 1.26), (1.79 ± 0.65), (1.49 ± 0.56), and (2.46 ± 0.66), respectively. The fitness indices of measurement and structural models were satisfactory. Three indirect pathways totally explained 55.56% variance of the PTG. The indirect effect of positive coping style between perceived social support and PTG was 0.20 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.05 to 0.37], and this simple mediation pathway explained 27.78% variance of PTG. The indirect effect of resilience between perceived social support and PTG was 0.11 [95% CI 0.01 to 0.20], and this simple mediation pathway explained 15.28% variance of PTG. The indirect effect of positive coping style and then resilience between perceived social support and PTG was 0.09 [95% CI 0.01 to 0.17], and this serial mediation pathway explained 12.50% variance of PTG. Conclusions: Both simple and serial mediation roles of positive coping style and resilience are established in the relationship between perceived social support and PTG among primary caregivers of schizophrenic patients. Positive coping style and resilience are two important targets for future interventional studies, and interventions on them may bring the synergistic effect on improving PTG.

Download Full-text

Symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder and depression among Eritrean refugees in Ethiopia: identifying direct, meditating and moderating predictors from path analysis

BMJ Open ◽

10.1136/bmjopen-2017-021142 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. e021142 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Berhanie Getnet ◽

Girmay Medhin ◽

Atalay Alem

Keyword(s):

Social Support ◽

Depressive Symptoms ◽

Sense Of Coherence ◽

Coping Style ◽

Coping Styles ◽

Ptsd Symptoms ◽

Post Traumatic Stress ◽

Post Traumatic ◽

Task Oriented ◽

Exposure To Trauma

ObjectiveThis study aimed at testing the significance of mediating and moderating roles of sense of coherence, adaptive coping styles and social support in the relationship between exposure to trauma and psychological symptoms in a refugee population in sub-Saharan Africa.MethodsA cross-sectional survey design was employed to collect data. The study was carried out in Mai Aini refugee camp in Ethiopia. A total of 562 adult Eritrean refugees aged 18–74 years were selected randomly to screen for depression and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms and to examine associated factors. Data were collected using the premigration and postmigration living difficulties checklist, Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D) scale, Primary Care PTSD Screener, coping style scale, Sense of Coherence scale and Oslo Social Support scale. Path modelling was used to test the mediation and moderation effects of prespecified factors.ResultsPremigration living difficulties were associated directly with symptoms of PTSD (β=0.09, p<0.05), and associated indirectly with PTSD symptoms in paths through duration of stay in the camp, sense of coherence, postmigration living difficulties, task-oriented coping style and depressive symptoms (β=0.26, p<0.01). Premigration and postmigration living difficulties were associated directly with depressive symptoms with standardised estimate of β=0.35(p<0.001) and β=0.23(p<0.05), respectively. Postmigration living difficulties were associated indirectly with PTSD through paths of sense of coherence, task-oriented coping style and depressive symptoms (β=0.13; p<0.01). Social support moderated the effect of postmigration living difficulties on depressive symptoms (p<0.05). Emotion-oriented coping style moderated the effect of premigration threat for abuse on PTSD (β=−0.18, p<0.001) and depressive (β=−0.12, p<0.01) symptoms, as well as moderating threat to life on PTSD symptoms (β=−0.13, p<0.001).ConclusionsSense of coherence and task-oriented coping style showed a partial mediating effect on the association between exposure to trauma and symptoms of PTSD. An emotion-oriented coping style and social support moderated the effect of premigration and postmigration living difficulties, respectively. Fostering social support, task-oriented and emotion-oriented coping styles may be beneficial for these refugees.

Download Full-text

Supervision and the Management of Vicarious Traumatisation Among Australian Telephone and Online Counsellors

Australian Journal of Guidance and Counselling ◽

10.1017/jgc.2013.3 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 23 (1) ◽

pp. 82-94 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Brett Furlonger ◽

Wendy Taylor

Keyword(s):

At Risk ◽

Young People ◽

Coping Strategies ◽

Coping Style ◽

Northern Territory ◽

Counselling Service ◽

Counselling Services ◽

Normal Limits ◽

Positive Coping ◽

Negative Coping

The present study investigated the effects of supervision on the management of vicarious traumatisation among telephone and online counsellors on BoysTown Helplines. BoysTown Helplines include Kids Helpline, a 24-hour national counselling service for young people aged 5–25 years of age, and Parentline (PL), a counselling service for parents in Queensland and Northern Territory. The services provide telephone and email counselling services and Kids Helpline also provides web counselling. All counsellors (100%) worked as Kids Helpline counsellors (N = 38) and 42.1% (n = 16) as PL counsellors. The counsellors conducted 50,979 counselling sessions in 2008, of which 38,703 were completed over the telephone and 12,276 online. Of these, approximately 44% involved trauma clients, putting the counsellors at risk of suffering some level of vicarious traumatisation. The findings from 38 supervised telephone and online counsellors showed that vicarious traumatisation fell within normal limits and positive coping strategies were above average. While correlations did not prove to be significant between supervision and vicarious traumatisation, the size of counsellors’ trauma caseload proved to be strongly related to both vicarious traumatisation and negative coping style.

Download Full-text

The influencing factors and coping styles of mental health stress responses of stroke caregivers

Work ◽

10.3233/wor-213495 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-15

Author(s):

Zhe Liu ◽

Malizia King

Keyword(s):

Mental Health ◽

Social Support ◽

Influencing Factors ◽

Stress Responses ◽

Self Efficacy ◽

Coping Style ◽

Coping Styles ◽

Positive Coping ◽

And Coping ◽

The Impact

BACKGROUND: For family caregivers, sudden stroke events and heavy caring works are stressful events. At present, controversies about the factors affecting caregivers’ stress response and their correlation with coping styles still exist. OBJECTIVE: To explore the influencing factors and coping styles of mental health stress responses of stroke caregivers and promote caregivers to adopt positive coping styles for diseases and caring works. METHODS: The convenience sampling method is used to select stroke caregivers as the research objects. The general information questionnaires, Relative Stress Scale (RSS), General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSES), Social Support Rate Scale (SSRS), Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS), and Simplified Coping Style Questionnaire (SCSQ) are utilized for investigation. RESULTS: 205 valid questionnaires are returned. Analysis suggests that the influential factors of mental health stress responses of stroke caregivers include the course of the disease, the impact of the disease on economic conditions, obligation to take care of other family members, understanding of stroke-associated diseases, and whether the patient is at risk. Social support and self-efficacy are negatively correlated with stress responses, while negative coping style is significantly positively correlated with stress responses. CONCLUSIONS: By increasing social support and self-efficacy, medical workers can guide stroke caregivers to take positive coping styles, thereby reducing their mental health stress responses.

Download Full-text

Coping with COVID-19 Pandemic: A Population-Based Study in Bangladesh

10.1101/2021.03.30.21254632 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

K M Amran Hossain ◽

Karen Saunders ◽

Mohamed Sakel ◽

Lori Maria Walton ◽

Veena Raigangar ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Coping Strategies ◽

Coping Style ◽

Coping Styles ◽

Demographic Data ◽

Male Gender ◽

Avoidant Coping ◽

Future Research ◽

Female Participant ◽

Brief Cope ◽

Approach Coping

This study aims to investigate coping strategies used by Bangladeshi citizens during the COVID-19 pandemic. Design: Prospective, cross-sectional survey of adults (N=2001) living in Bangladesh. Methods: Participants were interviewed for socio-demographic data and completed the Bengali translated Brief-COPE Inventory. Statistical data analysis was conducted using SPSS (Version 20). Results: Participants (N=2001), aged 18 to 86 years, were recruited from eight administrative divisions within Bangladesh (mean age 31.85, SD 14.2 years). Male to female participant ratio was 53.4% (n=1074) to 46.6% (n=927). Higher scores were reported for approach coping styles (29.83, SD 8.9), with lower scores reported for avoidant coping styles (20.83, SD 6.05). Humor coping scores were reported at 2.68, SD 1.3, and religion coping scores at 5.64, SD 1.8. Both men and women showed similar coping styles. Multivariate analysis found a significant relationship between the male gender and both humor and avoidant coping (p <.01). Male gender was found to be inversely related to both religion and approach coping (p<.01). Marital status and education were significantly related to all coping style domains (p<.01). The occupation was significantly related to approach coping (p <.01). Rural and urban locations differed significantly in participant coping styles (p <.01). Factor analysis revealed two cluster groups (Factor 1 and 2) comprised of unique combinations from all coping style domains. Conclusion: Participants in this study coped with the COVID-19 pandemic by utilizing a combination of coping strategies. Factor 1 revealed both avoidant and approach coping strategies and Factor 2 revealed a combination of humor and avoidant coping strategies. Overall, higher utilization of approach coping strategies was reported, which has previously been associated with better physical and mental health outcomes. Religion was found to be a coping strategy for all participants. Future research may focus on understanding resilience in vulnerable populations, including people with disabilities or with migrant or refugee status in Bangladesh.

Download Full-text