Sustained Inquiry in Education: Lessons from Skill Grouping and Class Size

1996 ◽  
Vol 66 (4) ◽  
pp. 797-843 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frederick Mosteller ◽  
Richard Light ◽  
Jason Sachs
Keyword(s):  
Student Achievement ◽  
Student Learning ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Class Size ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
Academic Benefits ◽  
Heterogeneous Classes ◽  
The Impact

In this article, Frederick Mosteller, Richard J. Light and Jason A. Sachs explore the nature of the empirical evidence that can inform school leaders' key decisions about how to organize students within schools: Should students be placed in heterogeneous classes or tracked classes? What is the impact of class size on student learning? How does it vary? Since tracking (or skill grouping, as the authors prefer to call it) is widely used in U.S. schools, the authors expected to find a wealth of evidence to support the efficacy of the practice. Surprisingly, they found only a handful of well-designed studies exploring the academic benefits of tracking, and of these, the results were equivocal. With regard to class size, the authors describe the Tennessee class size study, using it to illustrate that large, long-term, randomized controlled field trials can be carried out successfully in education. The Tennessee study demonstrates convincingly that student achievement continues when the students move to regular-size classes in the fourth grade and beyond. The authors suggest in conclusion that education would benefit from a commitment to sustained inquiry through well-designed, randomized controlled field trials of education innovations. Such sustained inquiry could provide a source of solid evidence on which educators could base their decisions about how to organize and support student learning in classes and schools.

scholarly journals Frame me if you must: PrEP framing and the impact on adherence to HIV Pre-exposure Prophylaxis

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (suppl_1) ◽  
pp. S439-S439
Author(s):  
Eric Ellorin ◽  
Jill Blumenthal ◽  
Sonia Jain ◽  
Xiaoying Sun ◽  
Katya Corado ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
A Priori ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Continuous Measure ◽  
Gay Community ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
Exposure Prophylaxis ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Actual Prevalence ◽  
Tenofovir Diphosphate

Abstract Background “PrEP whore” has been used both as a pejorative by PrEP opponents in the gay community and, reactively, by PrEP advocates as a method to reclaim the label from stigmatization and “slut-shaming.” The actual prevalence and impact of such PrEP-directed stigma on adherence have been insufficiently studied. Methods CCTG 595 was a randomized controlled PrEP demonstration project in 398 HIV-uninfected MSM and transwomen. Intracellular tenofovir-diphosphate (TFV-DP) levels at weeks 12 and 48 were used as a continuous measure of adherence. At study visits, participants were asked to describe how they perceived others’ reactions to them being on PrEP. These perceptions were categorized a priori as either “positively framed,” “negatively framed,” or both. We used Wilcoxon rank-sum to determine the association between positive and negative framing and TFV-DP levels at weeks 12 and 48. Results By week 4, 29% of participants reported perceiving positive reactions from members of their social groups, 5% negative, and 6% both. Reporting decreased over 48 weeks, but positive reactions were consistently reported more than negative. At week 12, no differences in mean TFV-DP levels were observed in participants with positively-framed reactions compared with those reporting no outcome or only negatively-framed (1338 [IQR, 1036-1609] vs. 1281 [946-1489] fmol/punch, P = 0.17). Additionally, no differences were observed in those with negative reactions vs. those without (1209 [977–1427] vs. 1303 [964–1545], P = 0.58). At week 48, mean TFV-DP levels trended toward being higher among those that report any reaction, regardless if positive (1335 [909–1665] vs. 1179 [841–1455], P = 0.09) or negative (1377 [1054–1603] vs. 1192 [838–1486], P = 0.10) than those reporting no reaction. At week 48, 46% of participants reported experiencing some form of PrEP-directed judgment, 23% reported being called “PrEP whore,” and 21% avoiding disclosing PrEP use. Conclusion Over 48 weeks, nearly half of participants reported some form of judgment or stigmatization as a consequence of PrEP use. However, individuals more frequently perceived positively framed reactions to being on PrEP than negative. Importantly, long-term PrEP adherence does not appear to suffer as a result of negative PrEP framing. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.

scholarly journals Physical Fitness and Learning Achievement Academic in Children Aged 10-12 years

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Herli Pardilla
Keyword(s):  
Student Achievement ◽  
Physical Fitness ◽  
Path Analysis ◽  
Student Learning ◽  
Direct Impact ◽  
Analysis Method ◽  
Test Technique ◽  
Learning Achievement ◽  
The Impact

The purpose of the study. The purpose of this study was to determine how big the impact of physical fitness on student achievement Materials and methods. The method in this research is a path analysis method with a correlational test technique. Correlational refers to taking the rsquare hypothesis, which is how big the impact of the correlation between physical fitness and student learning achievement is and this study uses the SPSS Version 25 application. Results.The results found that the level of the variable physical fitness on learning achievement with r = 0.708 with rsquare = 0.501 Coefficients sig value . 0.000. It turns out that the value of sig. 0.000 is less than the probability value of 0.00 or the value of 0.05>0.000. Conclusions.  Then Ha is accepted and H0 is rejected, meaning that the path analysis coefficient is significant. This study proves that there is a direct impact of physical fitness on student achievement.

Corporate Governance

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jackie Krafft ◽  
Jacques-Laurent Ravix
Keyword(s):  
Corporate Governance ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Positive Relationships ◽  
Shareholder Primacy ◽  
Innovative Performance ◽  
Governance Practices ◽  
The Impact

Little attention has been devoted to the impact of corporate governance practices on firms’ innovative performance. This chapter reviews the literature to show that there is theoretical ambiguity. There is the argument that corporate governance and new forms of finance realign managers’ interests, with greater efficiency for all types of investments. However, some argue that innovative R&D has distinctive characteristics, like high risk and long-term horizon, that may modify the efficiency effect. The issue has generated many studies where the long tradition of positive relationships between governance and efficiency is now contrasted by some recent empirical evidence suggesting a negative relationship. The chapter argues that shareholder primacy or owner activism in corporate governance and new forms of finance represent a potential mismatch with innovation.

Does corporate sustainability impact firm profitability? Evidence from India

2018 ◽  
Vol 56 (8) ◽  
pp. 1734-1747 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shernaz Bodhanwala ◽  
Ruzbeh Bodhanwala
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Developing Economies ◽  
Corporate Sustainability ◽  
Empirical Support ◽  
Policy Formulation ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Thomson Reuters ◽  
Firm Profitability ◽  
The Impact

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to study whether corporate sustainability impacts profitability performance. Design/methodology/approach The sample under study consists of 58 Indian firms that are consistently a part of Thomson Reuters Asset 4 ESG database. An empirical multivariate panel data model is developed to analyse the impact of sustainability (environmental, social and governance) on firm profitability. Further, the study seeks to understand whether firms ranked high on sustainability parameters perform better compared to low-ranked firms. This has been tested by applying parametric t-test. Findings The study reveals a significant positive relationship between sustainability and firm performance measures (return on invested capital, return on equity, return on assets and earnings per share). Empirical evidence suggests that firms that practice remarkable sustainable development strategies report higher profitability and have substantially low gearing level. Research limitations/implications This study provides empirical support for the practitioners, policy makers and academicians emphasising strongly on the role played by deployment of sustainable environmental, social and governance efforts in enabling firms to achieve the profit maximisation objective. In the long term, strategies that take sustainability criteria into account have the capacity to create long-term value and provide firms with competitive advantage. The findings provide impetus to many mid- and large-capitalised Indian firms to initiate the adoption of sustainable measures in business policy formulation. The market valuation perception on sustainability practices followed by Indian firms leaves scope for future research. Originality/value Empirical evidence on the link between sustained sustainability efforts by corporates and their profitability from a developing nation context is limited. This paper provides much-needed evidence in the area of sustainability performance from India – one of the largest, rapidly developing economies in the world.

Technology Integration Practices within a Socioeconomic Context

2009 ◽  
pp. 203-217
Author(s):  
Holim Song ◽  
Emiel Owens ◽  
Terry T. Kidd
Keyword(s):  
Student Achievement ◽  
Technology Integration ◽  
Student Learning ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Quality Education ◽  
Socioeconomic Disparities ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
Quality Teaching ◽  
Instructional Reform ◽  
Integration Of Technology

With the call for curricular and instructional reform, educational institutions have embarked on the process to reform their educational practices to aid the lower SES student in their quest to obtain quality education with the integration of technology. The study performed was to examine the socioeconomic disparities of teachers’ technology integration in the classroom as it relates to implementing technology interventions to support quality teaching and active student learning. This chapter provides empirical evidence of whether these disparities continue to exist, and their effects on student achievement in the classroom.

Translation Competence

2018 ◽  
pp. 296-319
Author(s):  
Sonia Vandepitte ◽  
Birthe Mousten ◽  
Bruce Maylath ◽  
Suvi Isohella ◽  
Maria Teresa Musacchio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Collaborative Learning ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Empirical Data ◽  
Technical Communication ◽  
Virtual Team ◽  
International Project ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Training Programmes ◽  
The Impact

After Kiraly (2000) introduced the collaborative form of translation in classrooms, Pavlović (2007), Kenny (2008), and Huertas Barros (2011) provided empirical evidence that testifies to the impact of collaborative learning. This chapter sets out to describe the collaborative forms of learning at different stages in the translation processes in the Trans-Atlantic and Pacific Project, a long-term cross-cultural virtual team. It describes the forms of collaborative learning practised in this multilateral international project in technical communication and translator training programmes and explores the empirical data that the project may provide for future research into learning translation.

Delving Deeper: Sizing Up Class Size: A Deeper Classroom Investigation of Central Tendency

2009 ◽  
Vol 103 (5) ◽  
pp. 376-380
Author(s):  
Lawrence M. Lesser
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Student Achievement ◽  
Secondary Students ◽  
Class Size ◽  
Central Tendency ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Grade Levels ◽  
High School Juniors ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Measures Of Center

Being able to select, use, and interpret measures of center is expected of all secondary students (NCTM 2000, 2006). Discussing average class size can be a motivational vehicle for exploring this topic because students (and teachers) at all grade levels notice when they have significantly bigger classes and high school juniors and seniors see average class size touted in the publicity brochures they receive from colleges. Also, educators, administrators, policy makers, and parents are concerned about the impact class size may have on student achievement and equity (e.g., Finn, Gerber, and Boyd-Zaharias 2005; Nye, Hedges, and Konstantopoulos 2004; Pong and Pallas 2001). Finally, using situations that readily yield results that students initially find counterintuitive can be motivating (Lesser 1998).

scholarly journals Is Culture Expansion Necessary in Autologous Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Therapy to Obtain Superior Results in the Management of Knee Osteoarthritis?—Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 220
Author(s):  
Sathish Muthu ◽  
Randhi Rama Kartheek ◽  
Naveen Jeyaraman ◽  
Ramya Lakshmi Rajendran ◽  
Manish Khanna ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Knee Osteoarthritis ◽  
Randomized Controlled Trials ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Group Analysis ◽  
Cochrane Library ◽  
Osteoarthritis Of The Knee ◽  
Controlled Trials ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
The Impact

Study Design: Meta-analysis. Objectives: We aimed to analyze the impact of cultured expansion of autologous mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) in the management of osteoarthritis of the knee from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) available in the literature. Materials and Methods: We conducted independent and duplicate electronic database searches including PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library until August 2021 for RCTs analyzing the efficacy and safety of culture-expanded compared to non-cultured autologous MSCs in the management of knee osteoarthritis. The Visual Analog Score (VAS) for pain, Western Ontario McMaster University’s Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC), Lysholm score, Knee Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS), and adverse events were the analyzed outcomes. Analysis was performed in R-platform using OpenMeta [Analyst] software. Results: Overall, 17 studies involving 767 patients were included for analysis. None of the studies made a direct comparison of the culture expanded and non-cultured MSCs, hence we pooled the results of all the included studies of non-cultured and cultured types of MSC sources and made a comparative analysis of the outcomes. At six months, culture expanded MSCs showed significantly better improvement (p < 0.001) in VAS outcome. Uncultured MSCs, on the other hand, demonstrated significant VAS improvement in the long term (12 months) in VAS (p < 0.001), WOMAC (p = 0.025), KOOS score (p = 0.016) where cultured-expanded MSCs failed to demonstrate a significant change. Culturing of MSCs did not significantly increase the complications noted (p = 0.485). On sub-group analysis, adipose-derived uncultured MSCs outperformed culture-expanded MSCs at both short term (six months) and long term (12 months) in functional outcome parameters such as WOMAC (p < 0.001, p = 0.025), Lysholm (p < 0.006), and KOOS (p < 0.003) scores, respectively, compared to their controls. Conclusions: We identified a void in literature evaluating the impact of culture expansion of MSCs for use in knee osteoarthritis. Our indirect analysis of literature showed that culture expansion of autologous MSCs is not a necessary factor to obtain superior results in the management of knee osteoarthritis. Moreover, while using uncultured autologous MSCs, we recommend MSCs of adipose origin to obtain superior functional outcomes. However, we urge future trials of sufficient quality to validate our findings to arrive at a consensus on the need for culture expansion of MSCs for use in cellular therapy of knee osteoarthritis.

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