RIGIDITY AND FLEXIBILITY OF REPERTOIRES OF CONTENTION*

2016 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 449-468
Author(s):  
Takeshi Wada
Keyword(s):  
Random Effect ◽  
Resource Mobilization ◽  
Time Increase ◽  
Political Opportunity ◽  
Explanatory Factors ◽  
State Strength ◽  
The World ◽  
Theory State ◽  
Over Time

Scholars have argued the importance of understanding repertoires of contention, but there is little research on the quality of these repertoires across countries and over time. In this article, I seek to fill this gap and address the following questions: How flexible or rigid are repertoires of contention across countries and over time? Do they converge on a type that Tilly called “strong,” which is closer to the rigid end of the spectrum, as Tilly expected? What accounts for the differences across countries and over time in the flexibility of repertoires? Do political opportunity or resource mobilization theories explain the variation? To address these questions, I create measures from data on contentious events worldwide between 1990 and 2004 provided by the World Handbook of Political Indicators IV. I find that the flexibility of repertoires does indeed cluster around Tilly's strong model. Employing an innovative “random effect within-between model” to separate out two types of effects of explanatory factors, I find some support for each theory. State strength at the crossnational level increases the rigidity of repertoires, whereas increases in income over time increase the flexibility of repertoires.

scholarly journals Creation of a participatory database of bioenergy projects

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 67-74
Author(s):  
Benoit Delcroix ◽  
Diana Clarisse Montaño Navarro ◽  
Simon Barnabé ◽  
Patrice Mangin
Keyword(s):  
International Energy Agency ◽  
Energy Systems ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Modus Operandi ◽  
Energy Agency ◽  
Greenhouse Gases Emissions ◽  
The World ◽  
Current Database ◽  
Over Time

Bioenergy is part of the solution to decarbonize energy systems and the economy, and to decrease greenhouse gases emissions drastically. The main goal of this work is to present a participatory database of bioenergy projects, initially based on information available on the International Energy Agency website. This new database aims at being updated over time through data crowdsourcing and being easily exportable in a spreadsheet for further processing. It provides numerous information about bioenergy projects around the world like the types of technology, inputs, outputs, financial information and project status. A detailed overview of the current database is presented, as well as the modus operandi suggested to improve over time this resource through voluntary contributions. The growing quality of this database will serve future research projects and analysis, while being a relevant tool to contribute to the success of the bioenergy sector.

scholarly journals Blockchain application in the distribution chain of the COVID-19 vaccine: a designing understudy

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leonardo Juan Ramirez Lopez ◽  
Nicolas Beltrán Álvarez
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Critical Points ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Effective Vaccine ◽  
Research Centers ◽  
The World ◽  
Distribution Chain ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Over Time

<p>The impact of COVID-19 has challenged science in its quest to control and mitigate it through a new vaccine. This is why the world's research centers and laboratories are in serious competition over time to offer humanity an effective vaccine that prevents the spread of this virus. From a technological point of view, the challenge is to manage the distribution of this next vaccine, from its generation anywhere in the world, to the site of application to the population. The research results approximate the solution to the design of a secure Blockchain-based supply chain surveillance design, to control the variables and critical points of the next distribution of vaccines worldwide. The expected impact of the application of this new design will be the confidence of the population in the quality of the vaccine, in the generating laboratory, and it supplies.</p>

scholarly journals A Century of Profligacy? The Measurement and Evolution of Food Waste

2019 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 375-409
Author(s):  
John Bovay ◽  
Wei Zhang
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Food Waste ◽  
The United States ◽  
Economic Issue ◽  
The World ◽  
Household Incomes ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
Existing Data ◽  
Over Time

Food waste has been recognized as an economic issue for at least a century and is gaining tremendous traction in academia as well as in discourse about public policy. The goal of our study is to examine the evolution of food waste over the last several decades at the United States and global levels. We first review the methodologies that have been used to estimate the magnitude of food waste so that the quality of the data can be evaluated. Though with limitations, existing data generally show that for many regions of the world, including the United States, pre-consumer food loss and waste as a share of total supply has been stable in recent decades. However, the aggregate share wasted masks important changes over time. We provide some evidence that food waste has shifted downstream in recent decades, i.e., from producers and processors to retailers and consumers. Through a reflection on the trends in major socioeconomic factors, we hypothesize that this downstream shift has been driven by increases in household incomes, improvements in technology, and changes in culture and institutions.

BRICS and emerging economies

2020 ◽  
pp. 3-60
Author(s):  
P. B. Anand ◽  
Flavio Comim ◽  
Shailaja Fennell
Keyword(s):  
Purchasing Power Parity ◽  
Output Growth ◽  
Comprehensive Analysis ◽  
Future Scenarios ◽  
Power Parity ◽  
Explanatory Factors ◽  
The World ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Wealth Inequalities

The aim of this chapter is a comprehensive analysis of various aspects of the emergence of BRICS. We begin with an examination of the emergence of BRICS showing that BRICS have been members of the top fifteen largest economies in the world since 1960. In purchasing power parity terms, by 2015, BRICS equalled G7 countries in terms of share of global output. Various possible explanatory factors of their growth are examined. Though BRICS account for nearly half of global output growth, in terms of real per capita income they still have a long way to go. There are many challenges to BRICS in terms of levels of income and wealth inequalities, the educational inequalities as measured in terms of education-Gini, and the quality of their infrastructure, notwithstanding that the massive investment being made remains inadequate. The chapter ends with an analysis of global governance issues and four possible future scenarios for BRICS.

scholarly journals Trust in Civil Services as an Institution

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Joel Bigley ◽  
Marc Weniger
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Survey Data ◽  
Civil Service ◽  
Geographic Region ◽  
Collective Good ◽  
World Values Survey ◽  
Tax Structure ◽  
The World ◽  
Over Time

This paper contemplates the state of drift in the public’s feeling and trust in the civil services that have authority over them using the World Values Survey data from 1981 to 2013. This study will show that the trust in the civil service as an institution has changed over time and over geographic region. Citizens trust civil servants when the feel they get a good return on the payment that they invest in government through the tax structure and compliance. While contributions per person vary, the outcomes can still be measured and experienced. News of corruption and hypocrisy creates a perception of inferior performance. The purpose of the civil service is to preserve the quality of life of citizens. This is carried out through processes that achieve outcomes from administrative agencies that help citizens to follow rules, cooperate in the provision of the collective good, and respond appropriately in emergencies. By leveraging the World Values Survey data, the study shows trends in trust in civil services across generations and geographies.

Integrating agricultural statistical operations for optimal data collection1

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Jairo Castano
Keyword(s):  
Structural Data ◽  
Informed Decision Making ◽  
Sample Surveys ◽  
Food And Agriculture ◽  
Food And Agriculture Organization ◽  
The World ◽  
Ac Current ◽  
Statistical Systems ◽  
Over Time

In countries with less developed national statistical systems (NSS), agricultural censuses (ACs) and sample surveys are not conducted regularly. This means that both structural data (sourced from censuses) and current statistics (sourced from sample surveys) are not readily available or up-to-date for informed decision-making on agricultural and rural development. In such countries, because of the sheer needs, when a census of agriculture is planned, stakeholders exert pressure on the census agency to collect both structural and non-structural data (atypical for a census), overburdening the census questionnaire and ultimately jeopardizing the quality of the census operation. An increasing number of countries are making efforts towards better integrating statistical activities. The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations leads the World Programme for the Census of Agriculture 2020 (WCA 2020) which advocates the development of an integrated multiyear programme of statistical operations involving AC, current surveys and other data collection operations. By integrating these operations, the AC can focus on collecting essential structural items (i.e. aspects of agriculture that change relatively slowly over time), while regular agricultural sample surveys and administrative registers can focus on collecting non-structural data needed more frequently.

scholarly journals Silver Anniversary: 25 Editions of the IMIA Yearbook

2016 ◽  
Vol 25 (S 01) ◽  
pp. S3-S5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christoph Lehmann ◽  
Marie-Christine Jaulent ◽  
Brigitte Séroussi
Keyword(s):  
Open Access ◽  
Medical Informatics ◽  
Online Publication ◽  
Biomedical Informatics ◽  
Special Edition ◽  
25Th Anniversary ◽  
Bearing Witness ◽  
The World ◽  
Over Time

Summary Objectives: To provide an editorial introduction into the special 25th anniversary edition of the IMIA Yearbook of Medical Informatics with discussion of the significance of the Yearbook, past and current editorial teams, and a look into the future. Methods: A brief overview of the 2016 anniversary edition of the Yearbook allows for a discussion of the significance and value of the Yearbook to the Biomedical Informatics community as well as a review of changes in Yearbook team and format over time. Results: The IMIA Yearbook celebrates its 25th edition bearing witness to the quality of the IMIA brand, the Yearbook content, as well as to the dedication of and the inordinate amount of labor from the authors and editors of the Yearbook. Editorial teams are to be applauded for their hard work and for their foresight in steering the Yearbook from a paperback to an open access online publication. The special edition provides reviews of past editorials with the knowledge of today. Conclusions: The IMIA Yearbook celebrates a remarkable milestone providing a testament to the maturity of the Biomedical Informatics field. Informaticians across the world are encouraged to thank past editorial teams and celebrate with IMIA.

scholarly journals Improving nomenclatural consistency: a decade of experience in the World Register of Marine Species

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tammy Horton ◽  
Serge Gofas ◽  
Andreas Kroh ◽  
Gary C.B. Poore ◽  
Geoffrey Read ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Data Entry ◽  
Marine Species ◽  
Early History ◽  
Data Types ◽  
Quality Of Data ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Difficult Situations ◽  
Over Time

The World Register of Marine species (WoRMS) has been established for a decade. The early history of the database involved compilation of existing global and regional species registers. This aggregation, combined with changes to data types and the changing needs of WoRMS users, has resulted in an evolution of data-entry consistency over time. With the task of aggregating the accepted species names for all marine species approaching completion, our focus has shifted to improving the consistency and quality of data held while keeping pace with the addition of > 2000 new marine species described annually. This paper defines priorities and longer-term aims that promote standardisation within and interoperability among biodiversity databases, provides editors with further information on how to input nomenclatural data in a standardised way and clarifies for users of WoRMS how and why names are represented as they are. We 1) explain the categories of names included; 2) list standard reasons used to explain why a name is considered ‘unaccepted’ or ‘uncertain’; 3) present and explain the more difficult situations encountered; 4) describe categories of sources and notes linked to a taxon; and 5) recommend how type material, type locality and environmental information should be entered.

scholarly journals Achieving Quality Forest and Landscape Restoration in the Tropics

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 820 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liz Ota ◽  
Robin L. Chazdon ◽  
John Herbohn ◽  
Nestor Gregorio ◽  
Sharif A. Mukul ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Landscape Restoration ◽  
Spatial Coverage ◽  
The World ◽  
The Tropics ◽  
Incremental Process ◽  
Over Time

Forest and landscape restoration (FLR) is being carried out across the world to meet ambitious global goals. However, the scale of these efforts combined with the timeframe in which they are supposed to take place may compromise the quality of restoration, and thus limit the persistence of restoration on the landscape. This paper presents a synthesis of ten case studies identified as FLR to critically analyse implemented initiatives, their outcomes, and main challenges, with an eye to improving future efforts. The identified FLR projects are diverse in terms of their spatial coverage, objectives; types of interventions; and initial socioeconomic, institutional, and environmental conditions. The six principles of FLR—which have been widely adopted in theory by large global organisations—are inadequately addressed across the initiatives presented here. The identified FLR project or interventions, although expected to offer diverse benefits, face many challenges including the lack of long-term sustainability of project interventions, limited uptake by regional and national agencies, limited monitoring, reporting and learning, poor governance structures, and technical barriers, which are mainly owing to institutional weaknesses. On the basis of these cases, we propose that the best pathway to achieving FLR is via an incremental process in which a smaller number of more achievable objectives are set and implemented over time, rather than setting highly ambitious targets that implementers struggle to achieve.

scholarly journals Red deer farming: breeding practice, trends and potential in Poland – A Review

2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 591-599 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jarosław Kuba ◽  
Tomas Landete-Castillejos ◽  
Jan Udała
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Red Deer ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Modern Agriculture ◽  
The World ◽  
Cattle Breeders ◽  
Interesting Alternative ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Red deer farming has started to play a greater role in modern agriculture and today is an interesting alternative for pig or cattle breeders. With regard to the low effort and high efficiency of maintenance, it may be expected that keeping these animals in fenced enclosures will be more popular over time. This trend is warranted by the fact that the demand on two main deer products: venison and antlers, is constantly rising, due to the quality of deer meat and prices of antler hunting trophies. Several countries of the world have already realized the scale of advantages to be derived from deer farming and today are world leaders in this area. Despite this expansion, the market still remains opened for deer products. Poland is a country with the climatic conditions, vast plain areas and varied vegetation that are fully sufficient to undertake large-scale deer farming, and to become a European leader. Therefore the aim of this review is to detail deer farming within the Polish framework and environmental conditions, and to illustrate its potential in sustainable modern agriculture and the economy.

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