scholarly journals Social Distancing with the Optimal Steps Model

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christina Maria Mayr ◽  
Gerta Köster
Keyword(s):  
Social Distance ◽  
Personal Space ◽  
Simulation Studies ◽  
Evacuation Time ◽  
Pedestrian Dynamics ◽  
Social Distancing ◽  
Repulsion Potential ◽  
The Social ◽  
Physics Modeling ◽  
Parameter Values

With the Covid-19 pandemic, an urgent need has arisen to simulate social distancing. The Optimal Steps Model (OSM) is a pedestrian locomotion model that operationalizes an individual's need for personal space. We present new parameter values for personal space in the OSM to simulate social distancing in the pedestrian dynamics simulator Vadere. Our approach is pragmatic. We consider two use cases: in the first, we demand that a set social distance must never be violated. In the second the social distance can be violated temporarily for less than 10s. For each use case we conduct simulation studies in a typical bottleneck scenario and measure contact times, that is, violations of the social distance rule.We conduct regression analysis to assess how the parameter choice depends on the desired social distance and the corridor width. We find that evacuation time increases linearly with the width of the repulsion potential, which is an analogy to physics modeling the strength of the need for personal space. The evacuation time decreases linearly with larger corridor width. The influence of the corridor width on the evacuation time is smaller than the influence of the range of the repulsion, that is, the need for personal space. If the repulsion is too strong, we observe clogging effects.  Our regression formulas enable Vadere users to conduct their own studies without understanding the intricacies of the OSM implementation and without extensive parameter adjustment.

Contagion

2020 ◽  
pp. 72-95
Author(s):  
Mark Davis ◽  
Davina Lohm
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Social Distance ◽  
The Self ◽  
The Other ◽  
Social Distancing ◽  
Research Participants ◽  
The Social

Contagion is an age-old method of signifying infectious diseases like influenza and is a rich metaphor with strong biopolitical connotations for understandings of social distance, that is, the self as distinct from the other in the sense of space and identity. Contagion is therefore an important metaphor for the social distancing approaches recommended by experts during a pandemic, as was the case in 2009. This chapter, therefore, examines how research participants enacted social distancing as a method for reducing risk. It reflects on how these narratives reflected the meanings of contagion linked with distance, in particular, the notion that threat emerges elsewhere and in the figure of the other.

scholarly journals Evaluating Classical Airplane Boarding Methods Considering COVID-19 Flying Restrictions

Symmetry ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 1087 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liviu-Adrian Cotfas ◽  
Camelia Delcea ◽  
R. John Milne ◽  
Mostafa Salari
Keyword(s):  
Health Risk ◽  
Health Risks ◽  
Social Distance ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Zone Method ◽  
Economic Productivity ◽  
Social Distancing ◽  
The Social ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
The Impact

The novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) has imposed the need for a series of social distancing restrictions worldwide to mitigate the scourge of the COVID-19 pandemic. This applies to many domains, including airplane boarding and seat assignments. As airlines are considering their passengers’ safety during the pandemic, boarding methods should be evaluated both in terms of social distancing norms and the resulting efficiency for the airlines. The present paper analyzes the impact of a series of restrictions that have been imposed or mooted worldwide on the boarding methods used by the airlines, featuring the use of jet-bridges and one-door boarding. To compare the efficacy of classical airplane boarding methods with respect to new social distancing norms, five metrics were used to evaluate their performance. One metric is the time to complete the boarding of the airplane. The other four metrics concern passenger health and reflect the potential exposure to the virus from other passengers through the air and surfaces (e.g., headrests and luggage) touched by passengers. We use the simulation platform in NetLogo to test six common boarding methods under various conditions. The back-to-front by row boarding method results in the longest time to complete boarding but has the advantage of providing the lowest health risk for two metrics. Those two metrics are based on passengers potentially infecting those passengers previously seated in the rows they traverse. Interestingly, those two risks are reduced for most boarding methods when the social distance between adjacent passengers advancing down the aisle is increased, thus indicating an unanticipated benefit stemming from this form of social distancing. The modified reverse pyramid by half zone method provides the shortest time to the completing boarding of the airplane and—along with the WilMA boarding method—provides the lowest health risk stemming from potential infection resulting from seat interferences. Airlines have the difficult task of making tradeoffs between economic productivity and the resulting impact on various health risks.

scholarly journals The Social Distance Scale (v1): A Screening Instrument to Assess Patient Adherence to Prevention Strategies during Pandemics

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (21) ◽  
pp. 8158
Author(s):  
Michaela Prachthauser ◽  
Jeffrey E. Cassisi ◽  
Thien-An Le ◽  
Andel V. Nicasio
Keyword(s):  
Social Distance ◽  
Service Providers ◽  
Distance Scale ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Protective Behaviors ◽  
Social Distancing ◽  
Screening Measure ◽  
Social Distance Scale ◽  
The Social ◽  
New Instrument

Background: This paper describes the development of a brief self-report screening measure of adherence to social distancing and self-protective behaviors in pandemic situations. Items measured behaviors currently established as primary strategies to prevent and reduce the spread of the COVID-19 infection. Methods: An item pool of 29 questions was generated with the aim of estimating the frequency of specific behaviors and were written to avoid confounding the description of behavioral actions with evaluative judgements. Responses were collected from 401 young adults using an anonymous online survey. Results: An Exploratory Factor Analysis was conducted with the purpose of item reduction and subscale development. A 14-item Social Distance Scale emerged, consisting of four subscales: Isolation from Community (IC), Work from Home (WH), Family Contact (FC), and Protective Behaviors (PB). The initial psychometric evaluation of the scales indicated adequate internal consistency and test-retest reliability. (4) Conclusions: The Social Distance Scale (v1) is a promising new instrument which may be applied at the population or individual level. It may be used in conjunction with COVID-19 testing to measure interactions between social distancing factors and transmission. In addition, a reliable screening measure has utility for health service providers to assess patient risk and to provide educational/counseling.

scholarly journals QUICKEST PATHS IN SIMULATIONS OF PEDESTRIANS

2011 ◽  
Vol 14 (05) ◽  
pp. 733-759 ◽  
Author(s):  
TOBIAS KRETZ ◽  
ANDREE GROßE ◽  
STEFAN HENGST ◽  
LUKAS KAUTZSCH ◽  
ANDREJ POHLMANN ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Travel Time ◽  
Personal Space ◽  
Path Model ◽  
Force Model ◽  
Social Force ◽  
Microscopic Simulation ◽  
Pedestrian Dynamics ◽  
The Social ◽  
Model Element ◽  
Pedestrian Traffic

This contribution proposes a method to make agents in a microscopic simulation of pedestrian traffic walk approximately along a path of estimated minimal remaining travel time to their destination. Usually models of pedestrian dynamics are (implicitly) built on the assumption that pedestrians walk along the shortest path. Model elements formulated to make pedestrians locally avoid collisions and intrusion into personal space do not produce motion on quickest paths. Therefore a special model element is needed, if one wants to model and simulate pedestrians for whom travel time matters most (e.g. travelers in a station hall who are late for a train). Here such a model element is proposed, discussed and used within the Social Force Model.

scholarly journals Ultra-Sensor Based Social Distancing Device

2021 ◽  
pp. 237-241
Author(s):  
K. Harshita ◽  
R. Moni Pravallika ◽  
T. Lakshmi Prasanna ◽  
Sk. Nazma ◽  
S. Parvathi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
World Health Organization ◽  
Social Distance ◽  
Outdoor Environment ◽  
World Health ◽  
Localization Method ◽  
Social Distancing ◽  
The Social ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization

According to the world health organization, social distancing will be proven to be the only solution to fight with COVID-19. In this, an innovative localization method was proposing to track humans ‘position in an outdoor environment based on sensors is proposed with the help of artificial intelligence, this device is handy to maintain a social distancing. Duringcovid-19pandemicsituation, there is a need of maintaining social distance. If any person is approaching us, getting indication to maintain social distance is the need of the hour. Offices, public transports, grocery shops where the social distancing is mandatory. Since we can be cautious in front sideways to maintain the distance sensors are used in this model to alert the person to maintain social distance.

scholarly journals THE EFFECT OF SEATING ELEMENTS IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE FOR SOCIAL DISTANCE ON THE SHOPPING MALL PREFERENCES OF CUSTOMERS IN THE POST-PANDEMİC PROCESS

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Ebru Okuyucu
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Environment ◽  
Social Distance ◽  
Digital Images ◽  
Likert Scale ◽  
Solid Wood ◽  
Shopping Mall ◽  
Shopping Malls ◽  
Social Distancing ◽  
The Social ◽  
Positive Effect

<p>The aim of this study is to determine the effect of using the wood seating elements designed for social distance in the waiting areas of shopping malls in the post-pandemic process on customers in shopping mall preferences.<b> </b>In research, it was assumed that there is a relationship between shopping malls with wood seating elements designed for social distance and the shopping mall preferences of customers. In a virtual environment, to test this hypothesis based on digital images of the social distancing wood seating element modeled with the Top Solid Wood program, a hypothetical study based on a questionnaire was performed. In this study, the questionnaire, prepared according to the 7-point Likert scale, was applied to 300 participants.<b> </b>The results were showed that shopping malls with wood seating elements designed for social distance in the post-pandemic process have a positive effect on the shopping mall preferences of the participants. </p>

scholarly journals Social Distancing Detection Using Open CV and Yolo Object Detector

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (01) ◽  
pp. 93-95
Author(s):  
Akanksha Shukla, IshaniGarkoti, Amisha Mittal Binit Choudhary and Dr. Preety Verma Dhaka
Keyword(s):  
Social Distance ◽  
Video Stream ◽  
Public Places ◽  
Social Distancing ◽  
Human Contact ◽  
The People ◽  
The Social ◽  
The World ◽  
Entire World

Lately, social distancing has become a trending term, more because of the COVID-19 pandemic that has affected the entire world causing more than 1 million deaths. The world we lived in a few months prior is completely different from what it is now.The lack of any antidotes and the absence of immunity, capable of fighting off the virus has made humans more undefended. Hence, Social Distancing is the only best option for us to protect ourselves from diseases, not limited to COVID-19, that may be transmitted through human contact. Social distancing is a technique that may be used to reduce the rate of new cases during a pandemic outbreak. This publication is focusing on surveillance of public places and detecting whether the people are maintaining social distancing or not. It explains the development of technology through the use of AI-based procedures to detect whether the social distancing norm is followed or not, in any public video stream. The software embedded can distinguish between a person maintaining social distance (marked green) and a person who is not (marked red) and will also keep a count of incidents where social distancing was not followed.

scholarly journals THE EFFECT OF SEATING ELEMENTS IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE FOR SOCIAL DISTANCE ON THE SHOPPING MALL PREFERENCES OF CUSTOMERS IN THE POST-PANDEMİC PROCESS

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Ebru Okuyucu
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Environment ◽  
Social Distance ◽  
Digital Images ◽  
Likert Scale ◽  
Solid Wood ◽  
Shopping Mall ◽  
Shopping Malls ◽  
Social Distancing ◽  
The Social ◽  
Positive Effect

<p>The aim of this study is to determine the effect of using the wood seating elements designed for social distance in the waiting areas of shopping malls in the post-pandemic process on customers in shopping mall preferences.<b> </b>In research, it was assumed that there is a relationship between shopping malls with wood seating elements designed for social distance and the shopping mall preferences of customers. In a virtual environment, to test this hypothesis based on digital images of the social distancing wood seating element modeled with the Top Solid Wood program, a hypothetical study based on a questionnaire was performed. In this study, the questionnaire, prepared according to the 7-point Likert scale, was applied to 300 participants.<b> </b>The results were showed that shopping malls with wood seating elements designed for social distance in the post-pandemic process have a positive effect on the shopping mall preferences of the participants. </p>

scholarly journals Identifying Concern and Stress of Parents, Students and Teachers With the Social Distance Planning Process and Reopening of Schools During Covid-19 Pandemic: a Qualitative Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saeed Bashirian ◽  
Majid Barati ◽  
Maryam Afshari ◽  
Seyede Somaye Mirmoini ◽  
Javad Zavar Chahar Tagh
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Qualitative Study ◽  
Social Distance ◽  
Planning Process ◽  
Deep Understanding ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Enabling Factors ◽  
Social Distancing ◽  
Reinforcing Factors ◽  
The Social

Abstract Background: With the closure of schools as a result of the social distancing plan, the negative emotions that individuals experience became complicated. Therefore, the present study provides deep understanding of the concerns and stresses of parents, students and teachers about the process of social distance planning and reopening of schools during COVID-19 pandemic.Methods: This qualitative study was conducted in 2020. The data for this study were collected through semi-structured interviews with teachers, students and their parents in Tuyserkan. Sampling was performed by purposeful sampling method with the maximum variation. Data analysis was performed simultaneously with data collected by content analysis method. Results: In general, the majority of participants were stressed and concerned about the social distancing plan and the reopening of schools during Covid-19 pandemic. During data analysis, 74 primary codes, 13 sub-themes and 6 themes were obtained. The themes included preparing factors (knowledge), reinforcing factors, preparing factors (attitude), enabling factors, epidemiological aspects of the subject and quality of life. Conclusions: Identifying and explaining the concerns and stress of parents, students and teachers about the process of social distance planning and reopening of schools during COVID-19 pandemic will help policy makers and administrators for planning and interventions related to this.

scholarly journals Table Organization Optimization in Schools for Preserving the Social Distance during the COVID-19 Pandemic

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (23) ◽  
pp. 8392
Author(s):  
Rubén Ferrero-Guillén ◽  
Javier Díez-González ◽  
Paula Verde ◽  
Rubén Álvarez ◽  
Hilde Perez
Keyword(s):  
Social Relationships ◽  
Social Distance ◽  
Minimum Distance ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
School Closures ◽  
Social Distancing ◽  
The Social ◽  
Effects On Children ◽  
The Government ◽  
First Time

The COVID-19 pandemic has supposed a challenge for education. The school closures during the initial coronavirus outbreak for reducing the infections have promoted negative effects on children, such as the interruption of their normal social relationships or their necessary physical activity. Thus, most of the countries worldwide have considered as a priority the reopening of schools but imposing some rules for keeping safe places for the school lessons such as social distancing, wearing facemasks, hydroalcoholic gels or reducing the capacity in the indoor rooms. In Spain, the government has fixed a minimum distance of 1.5 m among the students’ desks for preserving the social distancing and schools have followed orthogonal and triangular mesh patterns for achieving valid table dispositions that meet the requirements. However, these patterns may not attain the best results for maximizing the distances among the tables. Therefore, in this paper, we introduce for the first time in the authors’ best knowledge a Genetic Algorithm (GA) for optimizing the disposition of the tables at schools during the coronavirus pandemic. We apply this GA in two real-application scenarios in which we find table dispositions that increase the distances among the tables by 19.33% and 10%, respectively, with regards to regular government patterns in these classrooms, thus fulfilling the main objectives of the paper.

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