Oxygen therapy for psychosis

1937 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 299-305
Author(s):  
D. V. Afanasiev
Keyword(s):  
Mental Illness ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Oxygen Therapy ◽  
The Body ◽  
Mental Illnesses ◽  
Endogenous Psychoses

As you know, most mental illnesses are based on poisoning of the body, in particular the nervous system, poisonous substances or toxins that can come from the outside (exogenous diseases) or can form inside the body (autointoxication, endogenous diseases). If we could in some way stop the process of intoxication or at least reduce it, then we could achieve weakening or even cessation of exogenous or endogenous mental illness. If in exogenous intoxication psychoses the poison enters the body from the outside and may be more or less known to us (alcohol, drugs, etc.), then in endogenous psychoses (schizophrenia, epilepsy, etc.), the composition of toxins is unknown to us.

Mental Illness, Psychiatry, and the South African State, 1800s to 2018

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julie Parle
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Mental Illness ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
African State ◽  
Formative Period ◽  
The Body ◽  
Mental Illnesses ◽  
National Network ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
New Treatments

Definitions of and explanations for mental illness differ between societies and have changed over time. Current use of the term arises from secular and materialist epistemologies of the body and mind, influential from the 18th century, which rejected the spiritual or supernatural as causes of illness. Since the 19th century, a specialist body of study, of law, practices, professionals, and institutions developed to investigate, define, diagnose, and treat disorders and illnesses of the mind. This was the emergence of psychiatry and of a professional psychiatric sector. With origins in the West, at a time of capitalism and imperialism, psychiatry was brought to South Africa through colonialism, and its development has been strongly influenced by the country’s economic, political, ideological, and medico-scientific histories. There have been significant continuities: the sector has always been small, underfunded, and prioritized white men. Black patients were largely neglected. Discrimination and segregation were constant features, but it is helpful to identify three broad phases of the history of the psychiatric sector in South Africa. First, its most formative period was during colonial rule, notably from the mid-1800s to c. 1918, with an institutional base in asylums. The second broad phase lasted from the 1920s to the 1990s. A national network of mental hospitals was created and changes in the ways in which mental illnesses were classified occurred at the beginning of this period. Some new treatments were introduced in the 1930s and 1950s. Law and the profession’s theoretical orientations also changed somewhat in the 1940s, 1960s, and 1970s. Institutional practice remained largely unchanged, however. A third phase began in the 1980s when there were gradual shifts toward democratic governance and the progressive Mental Health Act of 2002, yet continued human rights violations in the case of the state duty of care toward the mentally ill and vulnerable.

scholarly journals The Use of Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Mental Illness

2011 ◽  
Vol 24 (5) ◽  
pp. 452-471 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica L. Gören ◽  
Ashley T. Tewksbury
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Mental Illness ◽  
De Novo ◽  
The Body ◽  
Mental Illnesses ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Omega 3 Fatty Acids ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Medline Search ◽  
Omega 6

Purpose: This article will summarize the current evidence on the effects of omega-3 fatty acids on prevention and treatment of mental illness. Background: Omega-3 fatty acids are involved in many physiologic processes. Since they cannot be made de novo in the body, they are considered essential nutrients. As the Western diet evolved, dietary intake of fatty acids has shifted to increased omega-6 fatty acids and decreased omega-3 fatty acids intake. These changes have been correlated with numerous differences in prevalence and course of mental illnesses. Methods: A MEDLINE search from 1966 to December 2010 was completed to identify studies comparing changes in symptoms, functioning, other outcomes, and/or side effects in patients treated with omega-3 fatty acids for mental illness. The studies were reviewed and reported by specific psychiatric disorder studied. Conclusions: Omega-3 fatty acids play a role in many biologic functions. Epidemiologic data implicate omega-3 fatty acid deficiencies in many mental illnesses. Data are most robust for omega-3 fatty acids' role in affective disorders. However, data are conflicting, negative, or absent for most mental illnesses.

scholarly journals Association between Bodily Complaint and Anxiety

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 2229-2237
Author(s):  
Indra Awasthi
Keyword(s):  
Mental Illness ◽  
Severe Depression ◽  
Physical Illness ◽  
Social Consequences ◽  
The Body ◽  
Mental Illnesses ◽  
Major Type ◽  
Care Utilization ◽  
Physical And Mental Health ◽  
The Impact

Abstract: Both physical and mental health is intimately linked. People who have a significant mental illness are more prone to suffer from a variety of chronic physical diseases. People who have long-term medical issues, on the other hand are more than twice as likely to be depressed and anxiety as the general population. The goal of the research is to better understand the impact of mental illness on the body. This disease has social consequences in terms of diminished efficiency and increased health-care utilization. The first step is to comprehend the relationship between the mind and the body in devising treatments to reduce the occurrence of co-existing diseases and treat those who do have mental illnesses and chronic physical difficulties and . Depression can be accompanied by practically any other mental or physical ailment. Physical illness increases the likelihood of developing a major type of depression. At work, there are two separate processes. The one that stands out the most is based on psychological or cognitive issues. As a result, due to a life event or persistent struggle, the disease might be the spark for a depressive episode in a handicapped person. Second, there are more complicated relationships between depression and certain health disorders. In terms of etiology, they might be very intriguing. Stroke and coronary disease are perhaps the best examples. Finally, severe depression, but particularly minor depression, dysthymia, and depressive symptoms, which patients present to their physicians, merge with other signs of human distress. Such somatic manifestations put the traditional distinction between physical and mental illness to the test, and they are a perennial subject of debate. Keywords: depression, physical illness, somatic symptoms

scholarly journals Från galenskap i vardagslivet till sjukdom i generna

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (3-4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rikard Eriksson ◽  
Pål Ellingsen
Keyword(s):  
Mental Illness ◽  
Everyday Life ◽  
Institutional Care ◽  
The Body ◽  
Mental Illnesses ◽  
Annual Reports ◽  
Social Phenomena ◽  
Clear Link ◽  
And Control ◽  
Ontological Uncertainty

  From madness in everyday life to diseases in the genes of the body – The Swedish Asylum Agency’s conceptual formations of causes of mental illness, 1860–1910 This article is about how the language used with regard to insane people in Sweden changed during the period 1860–1910. The focus is on when discourses about madness in the mid-1800s was managed by the Asylum Agency, as the government’s authority for the steering and control of the institutional care of the insane. With this management, the understanding of madness became structured by the Asylum Agency through its annual reports, which consist of diagnoses, descriptions of treatments, and descriptions of the care institutions’ architecture. The causes that are presented in the Asylum Agency’s annual reports do not reflect where the mental illnesses fit, and what biological pathologies they consist of. There is a clear link between ontological uncertainty about mental illness and epistemological vagueness. We see here how the categorization of social phenomena, such as madness, and the concepts that describe it, are brought to life as a result of the spirit of the age, ideology, morality, politics, culture, lifestyles and technologies.

scholarly journals An Active Inference Approach to Interoceptive Psychopathology

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin P. Paulus ◽  
Justin S. Feinstein ◽  
Sahib S. Khalsa
Keyword(s):  
Mental Illness ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Sensory Input ◽  
Internal State ◽  
Realistic Model ◽  
Great Difficulty ◽  
The Body ◽  
Active Inference ◽  
Environment Changes ◽  
The Brain

Interoception refers to the process by which the nervous system senses and integrates signals originating from within the body, providing a momentary mapping of the body's internal landscape and its relationship to the outside world. Active inference is based on the premise that afferent sensory input to the brain is constantly shaped and modified by prior expectations. In this review we propose that interoceptive psychopathology results from two primary interoceptive dysfunctions: First, individuals have abnormally strong expectations of the situations that elicit bodily change (i.e., hyperprecise priors), and second, they have great difficulty adjusting these expectations when the environment changes (i.e., context rigidity). Here we discuss how these dysfunctions potentially manifest in mental illness and how interventions aimed at altering interoceptive processing can help the brain create a more realistic model of its internal state.

Neuron-glia relationship during the early postembryonic development of the nervous system in some oligochaetes

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 600-601
Author(s):  
Wiktor Djaczenko ◽  
Carmen Calenda Cimmino
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Glial Cells ◽  
Early Period ◽  
Postembryonic Development ◽  
Ruthenium Red ◽  
The Body ◽  
Tubifex Tubifex ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Cell Processes ◽  
Cytoplasmic Processes

The simplicity of the developing nervous system of oligochaetes makes of it an excellent model for the study of the relationships between glia and neurons. In the present communication we describe the relationships between glia and neurons in the early periods of post-embryonic development in some species of oligochaetes.Tubifex tubifex (Mull. ) and Octolasium complanatum (Dugès) specimens starting from 0. 3 mm of body length were collected from laboratory cultures divided into three groups each group fixed separately by one of the following methods: (a) 4% glutaraldehyde and 1% acrolein fixation followed by osmium tetroxide, (b) TAPO technique, (c) ruthenium red method.Our observations concern the early period of the postembryonic development of the nervous system in oligochaetes. During this period neurons occupy fixed positions in the body the only observable change being the increase in volume of their perikaryons. Perikaryons of glial cells were located at some distance from neurons. Long cytoplasmic processes of glial cells tended to approach the neurons. The superimposed contours of glial cell processes designed from electron micrographs, taken at the same magnification, typical for five successive growth stages of the nervous system of Octolasium complanatum are shown in Fig. 1. Neuron is designed symbolically to facilitate the understanding of the kinetics of the growth process.

Prescriptive Power: Biologism, Biopsychiatry and Drug-centred Psychopharmacology

Somatechnics ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 291-309
Author(s):  
Francis Russell
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Mental Illness ◽  
Social Justice ◽  
Cultural Theory ◽  
Human Experience ◽  
Mental Illnesses ◽  
False Consciousness ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Biological Ontology ◽  
Health Discourse

This paper looks to make a contribution to the critical project of psychiatrist Joanna Moncrieff, by elucidating her account of ‘drug-centred’ psychiatry, and its relation to critical and cultural theory. Moncrieff's ‘drug-centred’ approach to psychiatry challenges the dominant view of mental illness, and psychopharmacology, as necessitating a strictly biological ontology. Against the mainstream view that mental illnesses have biological causes, and that medications like ‘anti-depressants’ target specific biological abnormalities, Moncrieff looks to connect pharmacotherapy for mental illness to human experience, and to issues of social justice and emancipation. However, Moncrieff's project is complicated by her framing of psychopharmacological politics in classical Marxist notions of ideology and false consciousness. Accordingly, she articulates a political project that would open up psychiatry to the subjugated knowledge of mental health sufferers, whilst also characterising those sufferers as beholden to ideology, and as being effectively without knowledge. Accordingly, in order to contribute to Moncrieff's project, and to help introduce her work to a broader humanities readership, this paper elucidates her account of ‘drug-centred psychiatry’, whilst also connecting her critique of biopsychiatry to notions of biologism, biopolitics, and bio-citizenship. This is done in order to re-describe the subject of mental health discourse, so as to better reveal their capacities and agency. As a result, this paper contends that, once reframed, Moncrieff's work helps us to see value in attending to human experience when considering pharmacotherapy for mental illness.

Characteristics of the dynamics of the central nervous system and att ention function in workers of shoe production

2020 ◽  
pp. 64-68
Author(s):  
F. L. Azizova ◽  
U. A. Boltaboev
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Women Workers ◽  
Functional State ◽  
The Body ◽  
Conflict Of Interests ◽  
Professional Groups ◽  
Universal Device ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Working Day

The features of production factors established at the main workplaces of shoe production are considered. The materials on the results of the study of the functional state of the central nervous system of women workers of shoe production in the dynamics of the working day are presented. The level of functional state of the central nervous system was determined by the speed of visual and auditory-motor reactions, installed using the universal device chronoreflexometer. It was revealed that in the body of workers of shoe production there is an early development of inhibitory processes in the central nervous system, which is expressed in an increase in the number of errors when performing tasks on proofreading tables. It was found that the most pronounced shift s in auditory-motor responses were observed in professional groups, where higher levels of noise were registered in the workplace. The correlation analysis showed a close direct relationship between the growth of mistakes made in the market and the decrease in production. An increase in the time spent on the task indicates the occurrence and growth of production fatigue.Funding. The study had no funding.Conflict of interests. The authors declare no conflict of interests.

Neurophysiological and morphological effects in the post-exposure vibration period during experimental modeling

2019 ◽  
pp. 284-290
Author(s):  
Natalya L. Yakimova ◽  
Vladimir A. Pankov ◽  
Aleksandr V. Lizarev ◽  
Viktor S. Rukavishnikov ◽  
Marina V. Kuleshova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Evoked Potentials ◽  
Experimental Model ◽  
Visual Evoked Potentials ◽  
The Body ◽  
Behavioral Activity ◽  
Contact Period ◽  
Vibration Exposure ◽  
Visual Evoked

Introduction. Vibration disease continues to occupy one of the leading places in the structure of professional pathology. In workers after the termination of contact with vibration generalization and progression of violations in an organism is noted. The pathogenetic mechanisms of the progredient course of disturbances in the nervous system in the post-contact period of vibration exposure remain insufficiently studied.The aim of the study was to test an experimental model of vibration exposure to assess the neurophysiological and morphological effects of vibration in rats in the dynamics of the post-contact period.Materials and methods. The work was performed on 168 white male outbred rats aged 3 months weighing 180–260 g. The vibration effect was carried out on a 40 Hz vibrating table for 60 days 5 times a week for 4 hours a day. Examination of animals was performed after the end of the physical factor, on the 30th, 60th and 120th day of the post-contact period. To assess the long-term neurophysiological and morphofunctional effects of vibration in rats, we used indicators of behavioral reactions, bioelectric activity of the somatosensory zone of the cerebral cortex, somatosensory and visual evoked potentials, parameters of muscle response, morphological parameters of nervous tissue.Results. In the dynamics of the post-contact period observed the preservation of violations of tentatively research, motor and emotional components of behavior. In the Central nervous system instability of activity of rhythms of an electroencephalogram, decrease in amplitude of visual evoked potentials, lengthening of latency of somatosensory evoked potentials, decrease in total number of normal neurons and astroglia is established. In the peripheral nervous system remained changes in indicators: increasing duration and latency, reducing the amplitude of the neuromuscular response.Conclusions: The experimental model allows us to study the long-term neurophysiological and morphological effects of vibration on the body. The formation and preservation of changes in behavioral activity, neurophysiological and morphological effects of vibration from the 30th to the 120th day of the post-contact period were confirmed.

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