Fears among children and overcoming them

The article examines the fears of children, which are divided into three following groups: the “instinctive” fears (fear of death, death of relatives, fear of doctors, injections, etc.), fears of “interpersonal relations” (fear of being late, did not catch, fear of inability to cope with feelings, fear of disapproval from peers, etc.) and “technological” fears (fear of fire, fly a plane, explosions, etc.). According to the research of 2008- 2011, almost all children revealed a fear of losing their parents. Change is observed in the content side: children 4-6 years were afraid of losing their parents because parents provide their lives. The perception of parents is changing at the age of 7-9 years and children realize love for them, in 10-11 years signs of the partnership and its value appear. Also the fear of school can be attributed like one of the most frequent fears in children and adolescents. The results of our study showed that almost every third child in the preschool group does not want to go to school and / or nega-tively assesses its educational opportunities. Number of school fears decreases with age and in early adolescence 11-12 years is about 20 %. The article contains a description of such ways to overcome fears as: creation of conditions to transfer interactions and feelings on the toy to defuse a tension; drawing as a way of expressing positive and negative emotions; a variety of fairy tales including in the form metaphors of the life path; parent’s ability to control the amount of crisis situations in children using the Diary of a gradual change of the child problematic behaviour and etc. The study examined the phenomenon of “no fear” in children, which has been found in almost every tenth child. Discusses its possible causes and negative sides.

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Development of central auditory processes in Polish children and adolescents at the age from 7 to 16 years

Current Psychology ◽

10.1007/s12144-021-01540-x ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Monika Lewandowska ◽

Rafał Milner ◽

Małgorzata Ganc ◽

Elżbieta Włodarczyk ◽

Joanna Dołżycka ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Children And Adolescents ◽

School Students ◽

Frequency Pattern ◽

Speech In Noise ◽

Age Related ◽

Right Ear Advantage ◽

The Right ◽

Almost All ◽

Test Retest Reliability ◽

Auditory Processes

AbstractThere are discrepancies in the literature regarding the course of central auditory processes (CAP) maturation in typically developing children and adolescents. The purpose of the study was to provide an overview of age – related improvement in CAP in Polish primary and secondary school students aged 7–16 years. 180 children/adolescents, subdivided into 9 age categories, and 20 adults (aged 18–24 years) performed the Dichotic Digit Test (DDT), Duration Pattern Test (DPT), Frequency Pattern Test (FPT), Gap Detection Test (GDT) and adaptive Speech-in-Noise (aSpN). The 12-year-olds was retested after w week. We found the age effects only for the DDT, DPT and FPT. In the right ear DDT the 7-year-olds performed more poorly than all groups ≥12. In the left ear DDT both 7- and 8-year-olds achieved less correct responses compared with the 13-, 14-, 15-year-olds and with the adults. The right ear advantage was greater in the 7-year-olds than in the 15-year-olds and adult group. At the age of 7 there was lower DPT and FPT scores than in all participants ≥13 whereas the 8-year-olds obtained less correct responses in the FPT than all age categories ≥12. Almost all groups (except for the 7-year-olds) performed better in the DPT than FPT. The test-retest reliability for all tests was satisfactory. The study demonstrated that different CAP have their own patterns of improvement with age and some of them are specific for the Polish population. The psychoacoustic battery may be useful in screening for CAP disorders in Poland.

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Lipodystrophy and reversal of facial lipoatrophy in perinatally HIV-infected children and adolescents after discontinuation of stavudine

International Journal of STD & AIDS ◽

10.1258/ijsa.2011.011348 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 23 (7) ◽

pp. 497-501 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

N Sawawiboon ◽

O Wittawatmongkol ◽

W Phongsamart ◽

W Prasitsuebsai ◽

K Lapphra ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Multivariate Analysis ◽

Antiretroviral Therapy ◽

Children And Adolescents ◽

Median Duration ◽

Early Adolescence ◽

Noticeable Improvement ◽

Facial Lipoatrophy

Lipodystrophy (LD) was evaluated in 205 children receiving antiretroviral therapy by a single investigator: 51 (24.9%) had LD; 46 peripheral lipoatrophy, three central lipohypertrophy and two combined type. All cases of peripheral and combined LD also had facial lipoatrophy. Serial photographs were provided by the families to confirm the severity of facial lipoatrophy. Forty-six (95.8%) children with peripheral or combined LD, and 75 (48.7%) without LD were exposed to stavudine (d4T) for a median duration of 45.9 versus 26.4 months (P = 0.005). In multivariate analysis, exposure to d4T for more than three months was the only factor associated with peripheral or combined LD (P < 0.001). Noticeable improvement of facial lipoatrophy was found in 11/48 (22.9%) children after a mean duration of 45.6 months following d4T discontinuation, mostly occurring during early adolescence.

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Treatment of children and adolescents with hemangioma using propranolol: preliminary results from a retrospective study

Sao Paulo Medical Journal ◽

10.1590/1516-3180.2014.1321575 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 132 (1) ◽

pp. 48-54 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Juliana Costa Albuquerque ◽

Rosane Aline Magalhaes ◽

Jamille Araujo Felix ◽

Maria Vilani Rodrigues Bastos ◽

Juvenia Bezerra Fontenele ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Retrospective Study ◽

Children And Adolescents ◽

Previous Treatment ◽

Capillary Hemangioma ◽

Response To Treatment ◽

Vascular Tumors ◽

Lesion Volume ◽

Chi Square ◽

One Year ◽

Almost All

CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: Hemangiomas are the commonest vascular tumors during childhood. In 2008, the effect of propranolol for treating capillary hemangiomas was demonstrated. Other similar results followed, showing that it rapidly reduces lesion volume. The objective here was to evaluate children and adolescents with hemangiomas that were treated with propranolol. DESIGN AND SETTING: Retrospective study, conducted in a children's hospital. METHODS : Patients aged 0-19 years with or without previous treatment, who were treated between January 2009 and December 2010, were included. The response was assessed by comparing the lesion appearance between the start of treatment and the last consultation. We considered partial or complete responses as the response to treatment. RESULTS : Sixty-nine patients with a median follow-up of 11 months (mean age: 31 months) were included. Of these, 58 patients were recently diagnosed and 11 had had previous treatment. A response (partial or complete) was seen in 60 patients (87%). Among the capillary hemangioma cases, responses were seen in 50 out of 53 (94%), while in other lesion types, it was 10 out of 16 (63%) (P = 0.3; chi-square). Responses in patients less than one year of age were seen in 37 out of 38 (97%), whereas in those over one year of age, in 23 out of 31 (74%) (P = 0.4; chi-square). Side effects were uncommon and mild. CONCLUSIONS: Propranolol seemed to be effective for treatment of hemangiomas in children and adolescents, and not just in the proliferative stage, with responses in almost all the patients.

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EXPECTATIONS OF GENERATION Z - A CHALLENGE FOR ACADEMIC DIDACTIC STAFF

10.32008/nordsci2021/b1/v4/05 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Małgorzata Adamska

Keyword(s):

Interpersonal Relations ◽

Current Approach ◽

Educational Process ◽

Primary Data ◽

Computer Assisted ◽

Research Results ◽

Social Challenges ◽

Generation Z ◽

Questionnaire Research ◽

Life Path

The social, cultural, and technological aspects of the environment significantly affect the generation Z student’s behaviour. Expectations regarding teachers' work are rising and students' commitment to learning is declining. The aim of the article is to present challenges posed before the didactic process, based on the research results regarding the role and significance of the didactic staff in the opinion of generation Z. The presented issues constitute an introduction to a discussion regarding the current approach to the educational process, in the light of technological and social challenges. The methods selected for the purposes of this study are an analysis based on a profound source literature query, which was combined with empirical research performed among students at the Opole University of Technology, using the computer-assisted web interviewing method, by means of a proprietary survey questionnaire. Research results constitute an essential source of knowledge regarding factors that, in the opinion of generation Z students, have the most significance for the efficiency of the educational process, and for the construction of interpersonal relations between students and lecturers. On the basis of the achieved results, recommendations for the didactic staff were developed, regarding the creation of new, engaging didactic forms, and assuming the role of a mentor both for the career, as well as life path. The key value achieved in a result of the research is primary data, constituting the basis for developing a recommendation regarding challenges posed before the academic didactic staff.

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Assessment of the WHO Health Promoting Schools Framework among schools in selected villages of rural Puducherry, South India – a mixed method study

International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health ◽

10.1515/ijamh-2018-0080 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 0 (0) ◽

Author(s):

Krishnamoorthy Yuvaraj ◽

Dinesh Kumar ◽

Shanthosh Priyan ◽

Lakshminarayanan Subitha ◽

Gokhale Tanmay ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Health Promotion ◽

Children And Adolescents ◽

Qualitative Interviews ◽

World Health Organisation ◽

World Health ◽

Promotion Policy ◽

Health Promoting Schools ◽

Health Promoting ◽

Almost All ◽

Depth Interviews

Abstract Background The health of children and adolescents can be promoted through schools as they spend most of their time in school. The Health Promoting Schools (HPS) framework provides a set of policies to be followed in schools for improving the health status of school-going children and adolescents. The current study was done to assess this framework among schools in rural Puducherry. Methods Key informant interviews were done with the teachers under the six World Health Organisation (WHO) HPS framework domains to develop an observation checklist for the assessment of schools in the study area. After the survey, in-depth interviews were conducted as an approach to explore the existing health promotion activities, facilitating or hindering factors in the implementation of health promotion framework and suggestions for improving the same. Results A quantitative survey on nine schools showed that almost all the schools were lacking in domains such as health promotion policy, behaviour counselling and mental and social support. Physical education, facilities and policies for nutrition and community collaboration exist in only some of the schools. Qualitative interviews also showed similar findings and most of the teachers suggested to include training for general health emergencies and behaviour counselling. Conclusion The current study showed that most of the schools were lacking in almost all the domains under the HPS framework. Hence, stakeholders at all levels should be made aware of this framework and develop a strategy for uniform implementation of it in all the schools in the region.

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The encoding of emotions in Kakataibo (Panoan)

Studies in Language ◽

10.1075/sl.00007.zar ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 42 (1) ◽

pp. 182-201

Author(s):

Roberto Zariquiey

Keyword(s):

Negative Emotions ◽

Sound Symbolism ◽

Linguistic Research ◽

Systematic Pattern ◽

The Cross ◽

Almost All

Abstract Kakataibo (a Panoan language spoken in Peru) encodes emotional meanings by means of various morphological and prosodic devices. Some of them may be related to pragmatic implications (like the expression of affection by the diminutive), but others constitute dedicated emotional markers (as is the case of the illocutionary suffixes, augmentative nominalizers and nasalized imperatives). The fact that almost all the emotional markers carry nasalization is interpreted here as a possible case of language-internal sound-symbolism between nasalization and (negative) emotional meanings. This paper also shows that in Kakataibo we find a systematic pattern according to which dedicated emotional markers express negative emotions and never positive ones. Both the phonological and the semantic systems described in this paper may reveal patterns relevant for the cross-linguistic research on the grammar of emotions.

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Are serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor concentrations related to brain structure and psychopathology in late childhood and early adolescence?

CNS Spectrums ◽

10.1017/s1092852919001688 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 25 (6) ◽

pp. 790-796

Author(s):

Celia Maria de Araujo ◽

Walter Swardfager ◽

Andre Zugman ◽

Hugo Cogo-Moreira ◽

Sintia I. Belangero ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mental Disorders ◽

Children And Adolescents ◽

Cortical Thickness ◽

Early Adolescence ◽

Brain Structure ◽

Neurotrophic Factor ◽

Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor ◽

Late Childhood ◽

Subcortical Volumes ◽

Serum Bdnf

AbstractObjectiveMental disorders can have a major impact on brain development. Peripheral blood concentrations of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) are lower in adult psychiatric disorders. Serum BDNF concentrations and BDNF genotype have been associated with cortical maturation in children and adolescents. In 2 large independent samples, this study tests associations between serum BDNF concentrations, brain structure, and psychopathology, and the effects of BDNF genotype on BDNF serum concentrations in late childhood and early adolescence.MethodsChildren and adolescents (7-14 years old) from 2 cities (n = 267 in Porto Alegre; n = 273 in São Paulo) were evaluated as part of the Brazilian high-risk cohort (HRC) study. Serum BDNF concentrations were quantified by sandwich ELISA. Genotyping was conducted from blood or saliva samples using the SNParray Infinium HumanCore Array BeadChip. Subcortical volumes and cortical thickness were quantified using FreeSurfer. The Development and Well-Being Behavior Assessment was used to identify the presence of a psychiatric disorder.ResultsSerum BDNF concentrations were not associated with subcortical volumes or with cortical thickness. Serum BDNF concentration did not differ between participants with and without mental disorders, or between Val homozygotes and Met carriers.ConclusionsNo evidence was found to support serum BDNF concentrations as a useful marker of developmental differences in brain and behavior in early life. Negative findings were replicated in 2 of the largest independent samples investigated to date.

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Psychological Effects and Coping Strategies for Home Isolation and Social Distancing in Children and Adolescents During COVID-19 Pandemic, A Cross-Sectional Study (Preprint)

10.2196/preprints.24760 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Abduljaleel Abdullatif Zainel

Keyword(s):

Children And Adolescents ◽

Electronic Devices ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Psychological Effects ◽

P Value ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Social Distancing ◽

Social Media Platforms ◽

Almost All

BACKGROUND By the end of 2019, a novel coronavirus was identified as the cause of a cluster of pneumonia cases in Wuhan, China. It rapidly spread due to a strong evidence of human-to-human transmission, resulting in a pandemic throughout the world. Almost all countries around the world, including Qatar, have established instructions and regulations to limit the spread of the virus and to preserve the health of societies. Unfortunately, these procedures are often associated with some negative effects on individuals’ psychological and intellectual well-being, including children and adolescents. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to screen the psychological effects of home isolation and social distancing on children and adolescents, and the strategies used to cope with those effects. METHODS This is a cross-sectional study implemented using an online scaling questionnaire through a SMS text messaging. All home-isolated children and adolescents registered in Primary Health Care Corporation aged 7-18 years old invited to participate in the study, children and adolescents with intellectual disadvantages excluded. A p value 0.05 (two tailed) is considered for statistically significant level. RESULTS Data were collected from 6608 participants through the period of June 23rd to July 18th, 2020. Almost all the participants have followed the official regulations during the period of home isolation and social distancing, and 69.1% of their parents expressed their children and adolescents were vulnerable to the virus as an average person, compared to 25% expressed they were not vulnerable at all. The mean score of emotional construct anger and depression have decreased with the increase of following official instructions, with p value of 0.04 and 0.11 respectively. The difference in mean score of all psychological effects and the coping strategies used among participants between the three levels of vulnerability to corona virus, were statistically significant. The trend of mean score varied little with the escalation of the level of vulnerability to the virus. This mild variation can make difference when sample size is large as in case of our study. CONCLUSIONS Screening for psychological and social disruptions is of importance to develop strategies by schools and healthcare providers to assess and monitor behavioral changes and negative psychological effects during reintegration post-COVID-19. Participants experiencing higher levels of anxieties should be given extra attention during reintegration and transitional phases in schools. Although electronic devices and social media platforms may have lowered the level of anxiety in some cases, it is important to address how electronic devices and social media platforms are used and how content is tailored to children and adolescents. It is also important to maintain an active lifestyle for children and young adults, and encourage them not to neglect their physical health, as it promotes better psychological state of mind.

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Cognitive Fusion Mediates the Relationship between Dispositional Mindfulness and Anxiety and Other Negative Emotions: A Study in a Sample of Spanish Primary-School Students

10.20944/preprints201910.0355.v1 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

María García-Gómez ◽

Joan Guerra ◽

Victor M. López-Ramos ◽

José M. Mestre

Keyword(s):

Primary School ◽

Children And Adolescents ◽

Experiential Avoidance ◽

Negative Emotions ◽

Dispositional Mindfulness ◽

Primary School Students ◽

Cognitive Fusion ◽

Psychological Inflexibility ◽

School Students ◽

Cognitive Defusion

Nowadays, mindfulness-based interventions (MBI) have experimented a remarkable development of studies among childhood and adolescent interventions. For this reason, dispositional mindfulness (DM) measures for children and adolescents have been developed to determine the effectiveness of MBI at this age stage. However, little is known about how key elements of DM (f. e., cognitive de/fusion or experiential avoidance that both conform psychological inflexibility) are involved in the mechanisms of the children and adolescents’ mental health outcomes. This research examined the mediating effect of cognitive fusion between DM and anxiety and other negative emotional states in a sample of 318 Spanish primary-school students (aged between 8 and 16 years, M=11.24, SD=2.19, 50.8% males). Participants completed the AFQ-Y, which is a measure of psychological inflexibility that encompasses cognitive defusion and experiential avoidance; CAMM (DM for children and adolescents), PANAS-N (positive and negative affect measure for children, the Spanish version of PANASC), and STAIC (an anxiety measure for children). The study accomplished ethical standards. As MBI relevant literature has suggested, cognitive defusion was a significant mediator between DM and symptoms of both negative emotions and anxiety in children and adolescents. However, experiential avoidance did not show any significant mediating relationship. Probably, it is needed improvement of the assessment of experiential avoidance. MBI programs for children and adolescents may include more activities for reducing the effects of the cognitive defusion on their emotional distress.

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Sedentary behavior in children and adolescents: an update of the systematic review of the Brazil’s Report Card

Brazilian Journal of Kinanthropometry and Human Performance ◽

10.1590/1980-0037.2021v23e82645 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 23 ◽

Author(s):

Kelly Samara Silva ◽

Giseli Minatto ◽

Alexsandra da Silva Bandeira ◽

Priscila Cristina dos Santos ◽

Ana Caroline Ferreira Campos de Sousa ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Children And Adolescents ◽

Sedentary Behavior ◽

Age Groups ◽

Report Card ◽

Sitting Time ◽

Original Research ◽

Tv Viewing ◽

Cell Phone Use ◽

Almost All ◽

Brazilian Children

Abstract This review updated data on sedentary behavior in Brazilian children and adolescents for the Brazil’s Report Card 4.0. The searching was carried out in eight databases (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, LILACS, SPORTDiscus, BIREME, Scielo, and Google Scholar), based on the the following criteria: original research; samples including Brazilian children and adolescents; to be a observational survey with the prevalence of at least one component of sedentary behavior. In this updated review were included 118 studies (corresponding to 159 papers), being 71 studies (104 papers) previously reviewed in the Report Card 3.0 and 47 studies (55 papers) found in update from 2018 to 2019. Screen time (34.7%) and TV viewing (28.2%) remains the most investigated components, however, two studies investigated cell phone use, and there was an increase in other types of sedentary behavior such as sitting time (from 9% to 25.6%). We found only four studies involving pre-scholars, but four of them covered almost all age groups. Self-reported questionnaire was the instrument more used; however, increased the studies using accelerometers (from 2 to 8 studies). The cut-off point more frequent was 2 hours/day (47.5%), but the use of other measures doubled. Almost 70% of the studies reported that less than 50% (general range: 9.4% to 97.7%) of individuals had < 2 hours/day of sedentary behavior. The updated review found few studies with prescholars and children; using validated instruments; using accelerometers, with standardization of cutoff points, and prevalences very close to what was observed in the previous review.

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