scholarly journals Overview of new types of torque force sensors

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-14
Author(s):  
Timur A. Raianov
Keyword(s):  
Automatic Measurement ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Transport Systems ◽  
Torque Measurement ◽  
Measuring Systems ◽  
Control Center ◽  
Measurement Systems ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Software Models ◽  
Pulp Paper

In recent years, modern torque measurement systems have become very popular. they are used in road, rail, aviation and ship transport, as well as in the pulp, paper, and metallurgical industries. These metrological systems provide accurate torque measurement in difficult operating conditions as well as in aggressive environments. Thanks to the introduction of microprocessors in these devices, it became possible to increase the speed, it became possible to connect automatic torque tracking systems via a network interface to a single automatic control center and to perform remote control of torque sensors. With the use of modern software increases communication automatic torque measurement systems. Various software models are being developed for automatic torque measurement systems that have the ability to either partially simulate this system or work as an assistant device adapting automatic measurement systems to various uncertainties such as ambient temperature and properties of ferromagnetic materials. Safety of operation of transport systems, load-lifting devices and production facilities is increased. The purpose of this article is to review and analyze new types of torque sensors well-known manufacturers. The design and composition of modern measuring systems are considered and their advantages and disadvantages are analyzed. The technical description for each of the torque converters is given.

scholarly journals Distance Measurement Systems Using Lasers and Their Applications

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 33
Author(s):  
Joao Antonio Santos Dias Fonseca ◽  
Antonio Baptista ◽  
Ma Joao Martins ◽  
Joao Paulo N. Torres
Keyword(s):  
Future Development ◽  
Technological Progress ◽  
Distance Measurement ◽  
Measurement Methods ◽  
Measuring Systems ◽  
Measurement Systems ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Complex Methods ◽  
Methods Of Measurement

Optical measuring systems came to offer new ways to determine distances, deformations or vibrations through more accurate and greater range methods. Technological progress has allowed a significant improvement of several components, including the optical ones. Thus, the development of essential measurement methods is crucial to keep up with technological advances.In this paper, the three basic methods of measurement are studied – triangulation, telemetry and interferometry, covering their main applications, advantages and disadvantages, and theoretically substantiating each of the methods. The results of simulation routines for each method are shown along this work. For the triangulation method we made two experiments which demonstrate the functioning of the method in measuring distances and surfaces.For the telemetry method, experimental setups were studied to apply the method of pulse telemetry and phase comparison telemetry to measure distances,Thus, it is intended to set up the basis for the future development of more complex methods.

scholarly journals Modern Displacement Measuring Systems Used in Geotechnical Laboratories: Advantages and Disadvantages

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (12) ◽  
pp. 4139
Author(s):  
Małgorzata Jastrzębska
Keyword(s):  
Fiber Bragg Grating ◽  
Organic Soil ◽  
Mechanical Parameters ◽  
Measuring Systems ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Measurement Systems ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Small Strains ◽  
Swelling Soil

The paper presents the contemporary displacement measurement systems used in geotechnical laboratories during the determination of soil precise mechanical parameters, e.g., the shear modules G: initial and in the range of small and very small strains. In the laboratory, researchers use standard sensors for measuring deformation, pressure, and force as well as modern measuring systems such as linear variable differential transformers (LVDT), proximity transducers (PT), magnetic encoder sensors with fiber Bragg grating (FBG), or methods based on laser or X-ray measurement. None of the measurements are universal and their use depends on the type of soil (cohesive, non-cohesive), its condition (loose or dense, stiff or very soft), and its characteristic properties (e.g., organic soil, swelling soil). This study points out the interesting equipment solutions and presents the guidelines for selecting appropriate methods of deformation measurement.

MODERN EQUIPMENT FOR DETERMINING TRACTOR-SPEED PROPERTIES OF THE VEHICLE: CHARACTERISTICS’ ANALYSIS IN LABORATORY CONDITIONS

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 276-289
Author(s):  
N. V. Savenkov ◽  
V. V. Ponyakin ◽  
S. A. Chekulaev ◽  
V. V. Butenko
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Performance ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Special Role ◽  
Development Stages ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Force Transfer ◽  
Characteristics Analysis ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Loading Devices ◽  
Structural Solutions

Introduction. At present, stands with running drums are widely used for various types of tests. Power stands play a special role. Such stands take the mechanical power from the driving wheels of the car. This simulates the process of movement of the vehicle under operating conditions. Such equipment has various designs, principles of operation and performance. It is also used in tests that are different by purpose, development stages and types: research, control, certification, etc. Therefore, it is necessary in order to determine the traction-speed, fuel-efficient and environmental performance characteristics.Materials and methods. The paper provides the overview of the power stands with running drums, which are widespread on the domestic market. The authors carried out the analysis of the main structural solutions: schemes of force transfer between the wheel and the drum; types of loading devices; transmission layout schemes and features of the control and measuring complex. The authors also considered corresponding advantages and disadvantages, recommended spheres of application, demonstrated parameters and characteristics of the units’ workflow, presented components and equipment.Discussion and conclusions. The authors critically evaluate existing models of stands with running drums. Such information is useful for choosing serial models of stands and for developing technical tasks for designing or upgrading the equipment.

scholarly journals Conceptual Design of Electromechanical Actuation Systems for Large-Sized Directional Control Valves

Actuators ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 133
Author(s):  
Tobias Vonderbank ◽  
Katharina Schmitz
Keyword(s):  
Conceptual Design ◽  
Design Process ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Function Structure ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Conceptual Designs ◽  
Actuation Systems ◽  
Electromechanical Actuation ◽  
Function Structures ◽  
Valve Actuation

Increasing performance in modern hydraulics is achieved by a close investigation of possible enhancements of its components. Prior research has pointed out that electromechanical actuators can form suitable alternatives to hydraulically piloted control systems. Since the requirements at these actuation systems depend on the operating conditions of the system, each actuator can be optimized to the respective hydraulic system. Considering that many different conceptual designs are suitable, the phase of conceptual design plays a decisive role during the design process. Therefore, this paper focuses on the process of developing new conceptual designs for electromechanical valve actuation systems using the method of function structures. Aiming to identify special design features, which need to be considered during the design process of electromechanical actuation systems, an exemplary actuator was designed based on the derived function structure. To highlight the potential of function structures for the development of new electromechanical valve actuation systems, two principal concepts, which allow the reduction of the necessary forces, have been developed by extending the function structure. These concepts have been experimentally investigated to identify their advantages and disadvantages.

scholarly journals Different Techniques to Mitigate Partial Shading in Photovoltaic Panels

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (13) ◽  
pp. 3863
Author(s):  
Tiago Alves ◽  
João Paulo N. Torres ◽  
Ricardo A. Marques Lameirinhas ◽  
Carlos A. F. Fernandes
Keyword(s):  
Cell Model ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Experimental Tests ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Pv System ◽  
Partial Shading ◽  
System Architectures ◽  
Pv Systems ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Pv Panel

The effect of partial shading in photovoltaic (PV) panels is one of the biggest problems regarding power losses in PV systems. When the irradiance pattern throughout a PV panel is inequal, some cells with the possibility of higher power production will produce less and start to deteriorate. The objective of this research work is to present, test and discuss different techniques to help mitigate partial shading in PV panels, observing and commenting the advantages and disadvantages for different PV technologies under different operating conditions. The motivation is to contribute with research, simulation, and experimental work. Several state-of-the-artsolutions to the problem will be presented: different topologies in the interconnection of the panels; different PV system architectures, and also introducing new solution hypotheses, such as different cell interconnections topologies. Alongside, benefits and limitations will be discussed. To obtain actual results, the simulation work was conducted by creating MATLAB/Simulink models for each different technique tested, all centered around the 1M5P PV cell model. The several techniques tested will also take into account different patterns and sizes of partial shading, different PV panel technologies, different values of source irradiation, and different PV array sizes. The results will be discussed and validated by experimental tests.

scholarly journals Energy Regulator Supply Restoration Time

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 1051 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohd Muhammad Ridzuan ◽  
Sasa Djokic
Keyword(s):  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Repair Time ◽  
Assessment Process ◽  
Network Reconfiguration ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Action Time ◽  
Restoration Time ◽  
Network Operation ◽  
Time Substitution ◽  
Network Component

In conventional reliability analysis, the duration of interruptions relied on the input parameter of mean time to repair (MTTR) values in the network components. For certain criteria without network automation, reconfiguration functionalities and/or energy regulator requirements to protect customers from long excessive duration of interruptions, the use of MTTR input seems reasonable. Since modern distribution networks are shifting towards smart grid, some factors must be considered in the reliability assessment process. For networks that apply reconfiguration functionalities and/or network automation, the duration of interruptions experienced by a customer due to faulty network components should be addressed with an automation switch or manual action time that does not exceed the regulator supply restoration time. Hence, this paper introduces a comprehensive methodology of substituting MTTR with maximum action time required to replace/repair a network component and to restore customer duration of interruption with maximum network reconfiguration time based on energy regulator supply requirements. The Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) technique was applied to medium voltage (MV) suburban networks to estimate system-related reliability indices. In this analysis, the purposed method substitutes all MTTR values with time to supply (TTS), which correspond with the UK Guaranteed Standard of Performance (GSP-UK), by the condition of the MTTR value being higher than TTS value. It is nearly impossible for all components to have a quick repairing time, only components on the main feeder were selected for time substitution. Various scenarios were analysed, and the outcomes reflected the applicability of reconfiguration and the replace/repair time of network component. Theoretically, the network reconfiguration (option 1) and component replacement (option 2) with the same amount of repair time should produce exactly the same outputs. However, in simulation, these two options yield different outputs in terms of number and duration of interruptions. Each scenario has its advantages and disadvantages, in which the distribution network operators (DNOs) were selected based on their operating conditions and requirements. The regulator reliability-based network operation is more applicable than power loss-based network operation in counties that employed energy regulator requirements (e.g., GSP-UK) or areas with many factories that required a reliable continuous supply.

Measuring complex for monitoring carbon dioxide in air

2021 ◽  
pp. 68-71
Author(s):  
Igor M. Ageev ◽  
Yuri M. Rybin
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
High Selectivity ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Measuring Systems ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Measuring Complex ◽  
Co2 Level ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2 ◽  
Term Monitoring

The advantages and disadvantages of infrared and electrochemical gas analyzers for carbon dioxide CO2 are described. The possibility of using conductometric sensors with distilled water for monitoring the CO2 content in the air has been investigated. Two identical measuring systems were manufactured, each containing two open-type conductometric cells, a matching device and a personal computer. With the help of these complexes, experiments were carried out on the simultaneous measurement of the CO2 content in the air in two places (a laboratory room and a building in a forest, located at a distance of 15 km from each other) with deliberately different daily dynamics of the CO2 level change. A special experiment was carried out, which made it possible to obtain an estimate of the inertia of conductometric cells and a conversion factor for the values of CO2 content into standard units of measurement. It is shown that the daily dynamics of changes in the electrical conductivity of distilled water in open cells corresponds to the expected dynamics of changes in the CO2 content in the rooms where the measurements were carried out. The operability of the measuring complex and the possibility of creating on its basis a device for long-term monitoring of the CO2 content in the air mixture of gases has been confirmed. The principal high selectivity of the measuring complex to CO2 in relation to other gases of the atmosphere has been established.

Electric Motors Coupled to Hydraulic Motors as Actuators for Hydraulic Hardware-in-the-Loop Simulation

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott Driscoll ◽  
James D. Huggins ◽  
Wayne J. Book
Keyword(s):  
Complete System ◽  
Control Valve ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Flow Control Valve ◽  
Hardware In The Loop ◽  
Hydraulic Systems ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Hydraulic Motors ◽  
Proportional Flow ◽  
Hil Simulation

Hardware-in-the-Loop (HIL) Simulation enables testing of an actual physical component of a system under a variety of conditions without the expense of full scale testing. In hydraulic systems, flows or pressures that interface with the component in question are controlled by a computer running a simulation designed to emulate a complete system under real operating conditions. Typically, servo valves are used as actuators to control the flows or pressures. This paper investigates the use of electric servo-motors coupled to hydraulic gear motors as alternative actuators, and discusses some of the advantages and disadvantages that motors have in comparison to valves. A demonstration HIL simulation involving a mobile proportional flow control valve attached to an emulated backhoe is described, and results are compared to data from a real backhoe.

scholarly journals Automatic Measurement of Magnetron Rieke Diagrams

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladimir Bilik
Keyword(s):  
Reflection Coefficient ◽  
Anode Voltage ◽  
Block Diagram ◽  
Impedance Matching ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Automatic Measurement ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Polar Diagram ◽  
Coupling Structure ◽  
Fully Automatic

A Rieke diagram [1] is a magnetron characteristic that visualizes the dependence of the generated frequency fg and the net delivered power PL on the load reflection coefficient GR. GR is defined in a specific magnetron-to-waveguide coupling structure called the standard or reference launcher (Fig. 1). The diagram is plotted as a family of isolines of constant fg and of constant PL in the polar diagram of GR. Rieke diagrams are essential in the design of applications without isolators, such as domestic or professional microwave ovens. Constructing Rieke diagrams is tedious, time-consuming and equipment-demanding [2], [3], preventing systematic studies of their dependence on operating conditions, such as anode voltage and its ripple, filament current, mounting repeatability, etc. We have devised a procedure, centering around a high-power automatic impedance matching device (autotuner), which enables fully automatic measurement and plotting of the stated dependences. A block diagram of the setup is shown in Fig. 1. The autotuner, when terminated in a match (waterload), can accomplish a task inverse to impedance matching: realizing any desired reflection coefficient GR. The measurement consists of stepping through a grid of n suitably chosen reflection coefficients GR = xR + jyR, covering a desired area of the polar diagram. Each GR is measured accurately by the autotuner, along with the corresponding fg and PL. Thus, raw data for constructing a Rieke diagram are obtained, the data consisting of a collection of n points {GR, fg, PL}i, i = 1…n, with GR, in general, irregularly scattered in the complex plane. A dedicated MATLAB routine then reads the data, sorts them out to create tabulated functions fg = f(xR, yR), PL = f(xR, yR), approximates these by a 2D spline, and uses the splines to plot smoothed isocontours for chosen constant values of fg and PL, completing thus the desired Rieke diagram construction. We will present details of this procedure as well as real-life examples. Fig. 1. Rieke diagram measurement setup. References Meredith, R. J., Engineers' Handbook of Industrial Microwave Heating, London: The IEE, 1998, 250–270. Takahashi, H., I. Namba, K. Akiyama, J. Microwave Power, 1979, 14, 261–267.Yixue, W., Z. Zhaotang, Proc. ICMMT'98, 1998, 795–798.

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