scholarly journals Popular Religion in Early Republican China Based on Vasilii Alekseev’s Materials from to the Peter the Great Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography RAS (fund No. 2054)

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 3-21
Author(s):  
Ekaterina Alexandrovna Zavidovskaia ◽  
Polina V. Rud

One of the founding fathers of Russian sinology Vasiliy Mikhailovich Alekseev (18811951) had acquired an impressive collection during his ethnographic expedition to the southern regions of China (May 4 August 19, 1912), which was organized by the Russian Committee for Middle and East Asia Exploration and initiated by the Committee`s head, founder academician Vasilii Vasilievich Radlov (18371918). Alekseevs expedition stated from Vladivostok and passed through Harbin, Shanghai, Ningbo, Putuoshan, Fuzhou, Xiamen, Shantou, Guangzhou and ended up in Hong Kong. Alekseev has collected about 1083 artifacts making up a collection exclusively on popular Buddhist and Daoist religion, items of household usage, daily life and cult, as well as revolutionary leaflets and posters of 1912, now this collection is kept at the Peter the Great Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography of the Russian Academy of Sciences (MAE, RAS) with registration No.2054. During his earlier studies in China in 19061909 Alekseev acquired large collections of ethnographic materials and folk art (mainly popular woodblock prints nianhua 年畫) from the northern regions of China, which had later for the most part entered collections of the State Hermitage and the State Museum of the History of Religion (GMIR) in St.Petersburg. For his expedition of 1912 Alekseev had lined out a plan based on his observations of northern religious practices, e.g. he was particularly interested in the worship of City God chenghuang, child giving goddesses niangniang and God of Wealth caishen, but he quickly realized how different was the southern religious terrain and focused on local specifics. This paper discusses a large portion of printed ritual texts used for religious purposes in Fujian and Guangdong provinces and dated by the early 20thc. Our survey of several dozens of printed materials from fund No.2054 reveals prevalence of documents used by ritual specialists Daoists for funerary rituals and ancestor worship, funeral various types of talismans occupy a central place. Apparently, the form and content of these texts have been preserved in the local religious practice up to present days.

2002 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew Butler

This article analyses the character of local religious practice in the archdiocese of Michoacán during Mexico'scristerorebellion, and explores the relationship between ‘official’ and ‘popular’ religion under persecution. In particular, it shows how the Catholic clergy and laity reconstructed the religious life at parish level in an attempt to mitigate the effects of the revolutionary state's campaigns against the Church. For a variety of reasons, the significance of such passive resistance to the state, and the complexity of the interaction between the ecclesiastical elite and the Catholic laity, tend to be downplayed in many existing accounts. Perhaps unsurprisingly, many historians see cristero violence as the most important response to religious persecution, and therefore study it to the exclusion of alternative, less visible, modes of resistance. As for the Church, the hierarchy's wranglings with the regime similarly tend to overshadow the labours of priests and their parishioners under persecution. But the full range of popular experiences has also been deliberately compressed for ideological reasons. Many Catholic writers, for instance, seek to exalt the Church by describing a persecution of mythical ferocity. While Calles is likened to Herod, Nero, or Diocletian, the clergy and laity comprise a uniform Church of martyrs designate in revolt against a godless state. To achieve this instructive vision, however, a few exemplary martyrs—such as Father Pro and Anacleto González Flores—are allowed to stand for the whole mass of priests and believers, in the same way that Edmund Campion is revered as the protomartyr of the Elizabethan persecution in England. As a result, a stereotypical but politically serviceable image of a monolithic Church is perpetuated, an image which was recently institutionalised by the canonisation of 25 ‘cristero’ martyrs in May 2000.


Author(s):  
Jörg Matthias Determann

Throughout Islamic history, important rituals have been tightly connected to the movement of celestial bodies. Daily prayers have been aligned with the place of the sun in the sky. Finding the direction of Mecca has required many believers to look at the stars or, more recently, connect to a satellite. The beginnings of months, including Ramadan, have depended on the visibility of the moon. Astronomy has thus had a central place in Islamic culture. Astronomers have contributed to the construction and running of mosques, taught in madrasas, and advised rulers. In addition, they have also contributed to global science through planetary models and calculation. In the centuries after the Arab conquests, Muslim scholars translated and built on earlier learning in the areas that Islam reached. They thus also served as a bridge between the geocentric model of Ptolemy and the heliocentrism of Nicolaus Copernicus in Europe. In modern and contemporary times, the legacy of such medieval achievements has formed a valuable resource for countering racism and Islamophobia. For all of these reasons, the history of astronomy in the Muslim world has attracted much attention, arguably even more than botany or zoology, for instance. With few exceptions, most historians have specialized either in the medieval or the modern period. This has to do in part with the huge differences in cosmologies and technologies between the 12th and the 20th centuries. Another reason for this temporal specialization has been differences in source material: manuscripts versus typed and printed materials. The study of modern astroculture, including science fiction, also requires methods of analysis from outside of the history of mathematical astronomy, such as art and literary criticism. However, some scholars arguably neglected the modern period due to the belief that the greatest flourishing of Islam and its science occurred during the Middle Ages. Nevertheless, we also have some works that cover scientific developments over different periods.


2021 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 36-44
Author(s):  
Sergey I. Mikhalchenko ◽  
◽  
Elena V. Tkachenko ◽  

The article is dedicated to the life and work of Historian of Law Mstislav V. Shakhmatov (1888 to 1943). Shakhmatov was mostly engaged in history of legal and political doctrines of the period before Peter the Great. His concept of the ‘state of truth’ in Ancient Rus is especially famous. However, his biography remains absolutely unknown. The article restores previously unknown peculiarities of the Shakhmatov’s studies at the Saint Petersburg University and his further work in state authorities during the prerevolutionary period, his life in exile in Czechoslovakia: teaching at the Russian Law Faculty in Prague, articles and monograph preparation, thesis defense. The sources of the article are for the most part nonpublished files from the archives of Russia (the State Archive of the Russian Federation, the Russian State Historical Archive, the Saint Petersburg Central State Historical Archive), Germany, Slovenia, Czechia.


Author(s):  
Петр Николаенко ◽  
Pyotr Nikolaen

This article is the first attempt to chronicle in a comprehensive manner the official attitude of Russian rulers to the significance of the victory over Sweden in the Poltava battle by the Russian troops led by Peter the Great. It traces the evolution of the official stance throughout different periods in history of our Motherland from the reign of Peter the Great as first Russian emperor to contemporary leaders of Russia and newly -independent Ukraine. Using concrete examples the author reveals the nationwide patriotic fervor typifying the official line on the Poltava victory during the empire period as well as after the revolution. In the Russian Federation the national calendar marks the Poltava battle as the Day of Military Glory. The nationwide program of Patriotic Upbringing of Russian Citizens run by the state for the benefit of people at large features regular scientifically practical conferences, publication of books and articles, lectures and round-table discussions, quizzes and meets dedicated to red-letter days including the Poltava-themed ones, like the Mother of Poltava and Lesnaya Battle. In 2014 a propaganda drive masked as enlightenment was launched in newly independent Ukraine to indoctrinate people in anti-Russian, nationalist and Bendera-esque spirit. The last two years saw the drive to acquire neo-Nazi rhetoric. just prior to the celebration of the 300th anniversary of the Poltava Battle the Ukrainian leadership decreed july 27 1709 to be the Day heralding the start of the crusade by hetman Ivan Mazepa in alliance with Carl XII to liberate Ukraine from the yoke of the Moscow Kingdom.


2017 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Suidat Suidat ◽  
Adian Husaini ◽  
Didin Saefuddin ◽  
Endin Mujahidin

Civic education is one of the basic courses that must be taken by every student at the College. The regulation of the course is based on the mandate contained in the law on the National Education System. Through Civic Education courses, the students can be directed national personality, that is how they love their homeland Indonesia, being a democratic, civilized, tolerant and so on. Muhammadiyah through the Council of Higher Education, Research and Development of Muhammadiyah head quarter published a textbook on Civic Education with the title Civic Education toward a Democratic and Civilized Life. The book became a staple in reference Civic Education Course in Universities of Muhammadiyah (PTM). However when elaborate on the Indonesian ideology or, in the book does not contain the formulation history of state basic ideology which was done by the founding fathers. Also how the role and Islamic thought figures who participated in formulating the state basic ideology be part of the material that was duly presented in the book. It is important that students who study in PTM to know and understand the history and struggle of Islamic figures in formulating the basis of the state and the dynamics that occurred at that time. So that their knowledge is complete and in understanding the Pancasila as the state basic ideology of Indonesia. Ki Bagus had very important role in the Committee for Indonesian Independence (PPKI) experienced of dead lock about the change of first principle of Pancasila, and there was serious debate and dynamic. Likewise, the role and thought of Kasman Singodimedjo was also important on the basis state in both the trial PPKI, as well as in the Constituent Assembly. Perpsektif Kasman about Pancasila based on Islam became important after the implementation of 1945 Constitution and Presidential Decree July 5th 1959. The role of Abdul Kahar Mudzakkir as a witness to the history of the struggle of Muslims cannot be neglected; especially Mudzakkir included in the Committee of Nine which develops the basic state eventually became the Jakarta Charter and accepted unanimously by BPUPKI. Furthermore, in the Constituent Assembly Mudzakkir remain committed to make Islam as the basis of the state, where the Constituent Assembly is the foundation of the momentum of the second volume formulation. The core of the Civics book is how the problem of state ideology especially Pancasila can be described in a comprehensive, complete and not partial. Including the relationship between the Jakarta Charter and the Constitution 1945. Other matters concerning aspects of citizenship is derived and the meaning of ideology or basic state. Therefore, this paper presents the role and thought of Ki Bagus Hadikusumo, Kasman Singodimedjo, and Abdul Kahar Mudzakkir become material development of Civic Education in the book of Civic Education toward a Democratic and Civilized Life.Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan merupakan salah satu mata kuliah dasar yang mesti ditempuh oleh setiap mahasiswa dalam studinya di Perguruan Tinggi. Ketentuan adanya mata kuliah ini berdasarkan amanat yang tertuang dalam undang-undang tentang Sistem Pendidikan Nasional. Melalui mata kuliah Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan ini mahasiswa diarahkan dapat berkepribadian nasional, yaitu bagaimana mereka cinta tanah air Indonesia, bersikap demokratis, beradab, toleran dan lain sebagainya. Muhammadiyah melalui Majelis Pendidikan Tinggi, Penelitian dan Pengembangan (Diktilitbang) Pimpinan Pusat Muhammadiyah (PP Muhammadiyah) menerbitkan satu buku teks tentang Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan (Civic Education) dengan judul Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan Menuju Kehidupan yang Demokratis dan Berkeadaban. Buku ini menjadi referensi pokok dalam Mata Kuliah Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan di Perguruan Tinggi Muhammadiyah (PTM). Akan tetapi ketika menguraikan tentang ideologi atau dasar negara Indonesia pada bagian yang membahas tentang “Membangun  Identitas Nasional”, tidak memuat bagaimana sejarah perumusan dasar negara yang dilakukan para founding fathers. Bagaimana pemikiran tokoh-tokoh Islam seperti Ki Bagus Hadikusumo, Kasman Singodimedjo, dan Abdul Kahar Mudzakkir tidak menjadi bagian dalam materi yang sepatutnya disajikan dalam buku tersebut. Hal ini penting agar mahasiswa mengetahui dan memahami sejarah dan perjuangan tokoh-tokoh Islam dalam merumuskan dasar negara serta dinamika yang terjadi saat itu. Sehingga pengetahuan mereka menjadi utuh dan tidak parsial dalam memahami Pancasila sebagai dasar negara Indonesia. Peran Ki Bagus sangat penting ketika Panitia Persiapan Kemerdekaan Indonesia (PPKI) mengalami deadlock soal perubahan sila pertama dasar negara Indonesia. Demikian juga pemikiran Kasman Singodimedjo tentang dasar negara baik dalam sidang PPKI, maupun dalam sidang Konstituante. Perpsektif Kasman tentang Pancasila yang berbasis pada Islam menjadi penting setelah diberlakukan kembali UUD 1945 dengan lahirnya Dekrit Presiden 5 Juli 1959. Demikian juga pemikiran Abdul Kahar Mudzakkir sebagai saksi sejarah perjuangan umat Islam tidak bisa dilupakan begitu saja, Abdul Kahar Mudzakkir termasuk dalam Panitia Sembilan yang bertugas menyusun dasar negara yang pada akhirnya menjadi Piagam Jakarta. Dalam Sidang Konstituante Mudzakkir tetap komitmen menjadikan Islam sebagai dasar negara, di mana Sidang Konstituante adalah momentum perumusan dasar negara jilid kedua. Inti dari buku PKn adalah bagaimana masalah ideologi negara khususnya Pancasila dapat dijelaskan secara komprehensif, utuh dan tidak parsial. Termasuk hubungan antara Piagam Jakarta dan UUD 1945. Oleh karena itu disertasi ini membahas pemikiran Ki Bagus Hadikusumo, Kasman Singodimedjo, dan Abdul Kahar Mudzakkir menjadi bahan pengembangan materi Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan dalam buku ajar Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan Menuju Kehidupan yang Demokratis dan Berkeadaban.  


Author(s):  
Tatyana N. Ivanova ◽  
Andrey A. Baev

The article gives an assessment of gymnasium education in Vologda in the middle of the XIX century based on the analysis of the diary written by Kirill Antonovich Berezkin, one of the students of Vologda provincial men’s gymnasium, and other archival documents. The article provides as well a brief description of the archival funds on the history of education kept in the State Archive of the Vologda Region. The role of sources of personal origin in studying the interior life of educational institutions is shown. Biographical information about K.A. Berezkin and the history of finding the diary are described. The plot lines of the diary are analyzed: descriptions of the events of Vologda life, famous personalities of Vologda, assessments of gymnasium teachers. It is interesting that the new source makes it possible to supplement the description of a prominent figure of Russian education, Fedor Nikolaevich Fortunatov, who in 1833–1852 was a teacher and, at the same time, since 1838, an inspector in Vologda gymnasium. The evidence enables to assess the level of the provincial educational system development. By the middle of the XIX century on the territory of Vologda province there was a seminary in Vologda, men’s and women’s uyezd and parish schools, vocational schools, rural and private schools for men, schools of the State Property department, but among them the central place was occupied by Vologda provincial men’s gymnasium.


Numen ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 63 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 525-547
Author(s):  
Valerio S. Severino

This essay aims to reexamine the debate on the impact of Fascism on religious studies, by reconstructing what Raffaele Pettazzoni, one of the founding fathers of this field of research in Italy in the first half of the twentieth century, meant by “religion of the state.” His research on the origin of the religious state in Iranian history and in the Greek polytheistic prototype of thepolisoffers a key to the interpretation of his further analysis of the religious Fascist phenomenon. Mingling approaches of both political science and history of religions, this study constitutes an introduction to a new understanding — which remained hidden in Pettazzoni’s texts — of Fascism as a degeneration of state religiousness. While Fascism is an example of the sacralization of politics (according to one of the leading historians of Fascist ideology, Emilio Gentile), Pettazzoni showed how in other ways Fascism perpetuated the pre-Christian crisis of the religious state.


2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 613-633
Author(s):  
ALI KARIMI

AbstractPublic opinion is formed by the information that the public consumes. The state, whether democratic or authoritarian, employs various media of communication to influence people's opinions and behaviours. In the nineteenth century, Afghan rulers would traditionally use force and religion to gain popular support and strengthen their authority. In the second half of the century, they started to use print technology to build their relationships with the public. The state's print, however, had to compete with the institution of the bazaar that had long served as the central place where information circulated in public. This article, drawing mostly on unexamined Afghan sources, offers an account of how the bazaar operated as a source of information and how the Afghan state tried to suppress it. The history of this information conflict uncovers new aspects in the troublesome relationship between the government and the governed in Afghanistan.


2017 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Suidat Suidat ◽  
Adian Husaini ◽  
Didin Saefuddin ◽  
Endin Mujahidin

Civic education is one of the basic courses that must be taken by every student at the College. The regulation of the course is based on the mandate contained in the law on the National Education System. Through Civic Education courses, the students can be directed national personality, that is how they love their homeland Indonesia, being a democratic, civilized, tolerant and so on. Muhammadiyah through the Council of Higher Education, Research and Development of Muhammadiyah head quarter published a textbook on Civic Education with the title Civic Education toward a Democratic and Civilized Life. The book became a staple in reference Civic Education Course in Universities of Muhammadiyah (PTM). However when elaborate on the Indonesian ideology or, in the book does not contain the formulation history of state basic ideology which was done by the founding fathers. Also how the role and Islamic thought figures who participated in formulating the state basic ideology be part of the material that was duly presented in the book. It is important that students who study in PTM to know and understand the history and struggle of Islamic figures in formulating the basis of the state and the dynamics that occurred at that time. So that their knowledge is complete and in understanding the Pancasila as the state basic ideology of Indonesia. Ki Bagus had very important role in the Committee for Indonesian Independence (PPKI) experienced of dead lock about the change of first principle of Pancasila, and there was serious debate and dynamic. Likewise, the role and thought of Kasman Singodimedjo was also important on the basis state in both the trial PPKI, as well as in the Constituent Assembly. Perpsektif Kasman about Pancasila based on Islam became important after the implementation of 1945 Constitution and Presidential Decree July 5th 1959. The role of Abdul Kahar Mudzakkir as a witness to the history of the struggle of Muslims cannot be neglected; especially Mudzakkir included in the Committee of Nine which develops the basic state eventually became the Jakarta Charter and accepted unanimously by BPUPKI. Furthermore, in the Constituent Assembly Mudzakkir remain committed to make Islam as the basis of the state, where the Constituent Assembly is the foundation of the momentum of the second volume formulation. The core of the Civics book is how the problem of state ideology especially Pancasila can be described in a comprehensive, complete and not partial. Including the relationship between the Jakarta Charter and the Constitution 1945. Other matters concerning aspects of citizenship is derived and the meaning of ideology or basic state. Therefore, this paper presents the role and thought of Ki Bagus Hadikusumo, Kasman Singodimedjo, and Abdul Kahar Mudzakkir become material development of Civic Education in the book of Civic Education toward a Democratic and Civilized Life.Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan merupakan salah satu mata kuliah dasar yang mesti ditempuh oleh setiap mahasiswa dalam studinya di Perguruan Tinggi. Ketentuan adanya mata kuliah ini berdasarkan amanat yang tertuang dalam undang-undang tentang Sistem Pendidikan Nasional. Melalui mata kuliah Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan ini mahasiswa diarahkan dapat berkepribadian nasional, yaitu bagaimana mereka cinta tanah air Indonesia, bersikap demokratis, beradab, toleran dan lain sebagainya. Muhammadiyah melalui Majelis Pendidikan Tinggi, Penelitian dan Pengembangan (Diktilitbang) Pimpinan Pusat Muhammadiyah (PP Muhammadiyah) menerbitkan satu buku teks tentang Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan (Civic Education) dengan judul Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan Menuju Kehidupan yang Demokratis dan Berkeadaban. Buku ini menjadi referensi pokok dalam Mata Kuliah Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan di Perguruan Tinggi Muhammadiyah (PTM). Akan tetapi ketika menguraikan tentang ideologi atau dasar negara Indonesia pada bagian yang membahas tentang “Membangun  Identitas Nasional”, tidak memuat bagaimana sejarah perumusan dasar negara yang dilakukan para founding fathers. Bagaimana pemikiran tokoh-tokoh Islam seperti Ki Bagus Hadikusumo, Kasman Singodimedjo, dan Abdul Kahar Mudzakkir tidak menjadi bagian dalam materi yang sepatutnya disajikan dalam buku tersebut. Hal ini penting agar mahasiswa mengetahui dan memahami sejarah dan perjuangan tokoh-tokoh Islam dalam merumuskan dasar negara serta dinamika yang terjadi saat itu. Sehingga pengetahuan mereka menjadi utuh dan tidak parsial dalam memahami Pancasila sebagai dasar negara Indonesia. Peran Ki Bagus sangat penting ketika Panitia Persiapan Kemerdekaan Indonesia (PPKI) mengalami deadlock soal perubahan sila pertama dasar negara Indonesia. Demikian juga pemikiran Kasman Singodimedjo tentang dasar negara baik dalam sidang PPKI, maupun dalam sidang Konstituante. Perpsektif Kasman tentang Pancasila yang berbasis pada Islam menjadi penting setelah diberlakukan kembali UUD 1945 dengan lahirnya Dekrit Presiden 5 Juli 1959. Demikian juga pemikiran Abdul Kahar Mudzakkir sebagai saksi sejarah perjuangan umat Islam tidak bisa dilupakan begitu saja, Abdul Kahar Mudzakkir termasuk dalam Panitia Sembilan yang bertugas menyusun dasar negara yang pada akhirnya menjadi Piagam Jakarta. Dalam Sidang Konstituante Mudzakkir tetap komitmen menjadikan Islam sebagai dasar negara, di mana Sidang Konstituante adalah momentum perumusan dasar negara jilid kedua. Inti dari buku PKn adalah bagaimana masalah ideologi negara khususnya Pancasila dapat dijelaskan secara komprehensif, utuh dan tidak parsial. Termasuk hubungan antara Piagam Jakarta dan UUD 1945. Oleh karena itu disertasi ini membahas pemikiran Ki Bagus Hadikusumo, Kasman Singodimedjo, dan Abdul Kahar Mudzakkir menjadi bahan pengembangan materi Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan dalam buku ajar Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan Menuju Kehidupan yang Demokratis dan Berkeadaban.  


Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document