Ground Surface Deformation Caused by the Mw 5.8 Early Strong Aftershock following the 13 November 2016 Mw 7.8 Kaikōura Mainshock

2018 ◽  
Vol 89 (6) ◽  
pp. 2214-2226
Author(s):  
Qingjun Meng ◽  
Sidao Ni ◽  
Aizhi Guo ◽  
Yong Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Surface Deformation ◽  
Ground Deformation ◽  
Ground Surface ◽  
Surface Displacement ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Observation Data ◽  
Seismic Waveforms ◽  
Finite Fault ◽  
Event Based ◽  
Fault Mechanism

ABSTRACT The Mw 7.8 Kaikōura earthquake on 13 November 2016 is one of the most complex events ever recorded, with surface rupture found on more than a dozen faults. Within about 10 minutes after the mainshock, an Mw 5.8 event occurred and caused an 8 cm static displacement at high‐rate Global Positioning System (GPS) station KAIK, which was not accounted for in previous mainshock studies. In this article, we focus on the Mw 5.8 aftershock including (1) relocating the hypocenter using the hypo2000 method, (2) conducting a grid search for its point‐source mechanism and centroid location using seismic waveforms at four nearby stations, (3) inverting finite‐fault models of this event based on grid‐searched fault mechanism, and (4) calculating the surface ground deformation and estimating the deformation in the line of sight (LoS) directions of the ascending and descending Advanced Land Observation Satellite‐2 (ALOS‐2). Although we are not able to resolve the ruptured fault of the Mw 5.8 aftershock because of limited observation data, we estimate that this event can generate 10–20 cm ground surface displacement and affect the ground displacement observed on the Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) data near the Kaikōura Peninsular.

scholarly journals The Multiple Aperture SAR Interferometry (MAI) Technique for the Detection of Large Ground Displacement Dynamics: An Overview

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 1189 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pietro Mastro ◽  
Carmine Serio ◽  
Guido Masiello ◽  
Antonio Pepe
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Synthetic Aperture Radar ◽  
Surface Deformation ◽  
Ground Deformation ◽  
Ground Surface ◽  
Surface Displacement ◽  
Sar Interferometry ◽  
Synthetic Aperture ◽  
Signal Spectrum ◽  
Aperture Radar

This work presents an overview of the multiple aperture synthetic aperture radar interferometric (MAI) technique, which is primarily used to measure the along-track components of the Earth’s surface deformation, by investigating its capabilities and potential applications. Such a method is widely used to monitor the time evolution of ground surface changes in areas with large deformations (e.g., due to glaciers movements or seismic episodes), permitting one to discriminate the three-dimensional (up–down, east–west, north–south) components of the Earth’s surface displacements. The MAI technique relies on the spectral diversity (SD) method, which consists of splitting the azimuth (range) Synthetic Aperture RADAR (SAR) signal spectrum into separate sub-bands to get an estimate of the surface displacement along the azimuth (sensor line-of-sight (LOS)) direction. Moreover, the SD techniques are also used to correct the atmospheric phase screen (APS) artefacts (e.g., the ionospheric and water vapor phase distortion effects) that corrupt surface displacement time-series obtained by currently available multi-temporal InSAR (MT-InSAR) tools. More recently, the SD methods have also been exploited for the fine co-registration of SAR data acquired with the Terrain Observation with Progressive Scans (TOPS) mode. This work is primarily devoted to illustrating the underlying rationale and effectiveness of the MAI and SD techniques as well as their applications. In addition, we present an innovative method to combine complementary information of the ground deformation collected from multi-orbit/multi-track satellite observations. In particular, the presented technique complements the recently developed Minimum Acceleration combination (MinA) method with MAI-driven azimuthal ground deformation measurements to obtain the time-series of the 3-D components of the deformation in areas affected by large deformation episodes. Experimental results encompass several case studies. The validity and relevance of the presented approaches are clearly demonstrated in the context of geospatial analyses.

3D Visual Technology of Geo-Deformation Disasters Induced by Mining Subsidence Based on ArcGIS Engine

2012 ◽  
Vol 500 ◽  
pp. 428-436 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ke Ming Yang ◽  
Jun Ting Ma ◽  
Bo Pang ◽  
Yi Bin Wang ◽  
Ran Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Coal Mining ◽  
Surface Deformation ◽  
Ground Deformation ◽  
Ground Surface ◽  
Horizontal Displacement ◽  
Mining Subsidence ◽  
Underground Coal Mining ◽  
Vertical Movements ◽  
Probability Integral Method ◽  
Arcgis Engine

Mining subsidence often produces significant horizontal and vertical movements at the ground surface, the surface deformation induced by underground coal mining can be predicted by probability integral method, and the surface geo-deformation disasters can be visualized based on GIS components. A three dimensional (3D) visualizing system of surface geo-deformation information is designed and developed with ArcGIS Engine and C# in the study. According to the surface deformation-predicted data induced by underground coal mining in Guobei Coalmine of Huaibei mine field, the extents and degrees of ground deformation disasters are visualized in 3D views for surface vertical subsidence, slope, curvature, horizontal displacement and horizontal strain based on the GIS-developed application platform.

scholarly journals Deformation associated with sliver transport in Costa Rica: seismic and geodetic observations of the July 2016 Bijagua earthquake sequence

2019 ◽  
Vol 220 (1) ◽  
pp. 585-597 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria C Araya ◽  
Juliet Biggs
Keyword(s):  
Surface Deformation ◽  
Ground Deformation ◽  
Surface Displacement ◽  
Strike Slip ◽  
Central American ◽  
Earthquake Sequence ◽  
Fault System ◽  
Aseismic Slip ◽  
Volcanic Arc ◽  
Forearc Sliver

SUMMARY Tectonic slivers form in the overriding plate in regions of oblique subduction. The inner boundaries of the sliver are often poorly defined and can consist of well-defined faults, rotating blocks or diffuse fault systems, which pass through or near the volcanic arc. The Guanacaste Volcanic Arc Sliver (GVAS) as defined by Montero et al., is a segment of the Central American Forearc Sliver, whose inner boundary is the ∼87-km-long Haciendas-Chiripa fault system (HCFS), which is located ∼10 km behind the volcanic arc and consists of strike slip faults and pull apart steps. We characterize the current ground motion on this boundary by combining earthquake locations and focal mechanisms of the 2016 Bijagua earthquake sequence, with the surface ground deformation obtained from Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) images from the ALOS-2 satellite. The coseismic stack of interferograms show ∼6 cm of displacement towards the line of sight of the satellite between the Caño Negro fault and the Upala fault, indicating uplift or SE horizontal surface displacement. The largest recorded earthquake of the sequence was Mw 5.4, and the observed deformation is one of the smallest earthquakes yet detected by InSAR in the Central American region. Forward and inverse models show the surface deformation can be partially explained by slip on a single fault, but it can be better explained by slip along two faults linked at depth. The best-fitting model consists of 0.33 m of right lateral slip on the Caño Negro fault and 0.35 m of reverse slip on the Upala fault, forming a positive flower structure. As no reverse seismicity was recorded, we infer the slip on the Upala fault occurred aseismically. Observations of the Bijagua earthquake sequence suggests the forearc sliver boundary is a complex and diffuse fault system. There are localized zones of transpression and transtension and areas where there is no surface expression suggesting the fault system is not yet mature. Although aseismic slip is common on subduction interfaces and mature strike-slip faults, this is the first study to document aseismic slip on a continental tectonic sliver boundary fault.

scholarly journals ESTIMATION OF SURFACE DEFORMATION DUE TO PASNI EARTHQUAKE USING SAR INTERFEROMETRY

2018 ◽  
Vol XLII-3 ◽  
pp. 23-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Ali ◽  
M. I. Shahzad ◽  
M. Nazeer ◽  
J. H. Kazmi
Keyword(s):  
Strong Earthquake ◽  
Surface Deformation ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Ground Deformation ◽  
Surface Displacement ◽  
Vertical Displacement ◽  
Sar Interferometry ◽  
Building Structures ◽  
Major Surface ◽  
Ground Displacements

Earthquake cause ground deformation in sedimented surface areas like Pasni and that is a hazard. Such earthquake induced ground displacements can seriously damage building structures. On 7 February 2017, an earthquake with 6.3 magnitudes strike near to Pasni. We have successfully distinguished widely spread ground displacements for the Pasni earthquake by using InSAR-based analysis with Sentinel-1 satellite C-band data. The maps of surface displacement field resulting from the earthquake are generated. Sentinel-1 Wide Swath data acquired from 9 December 2016 to 28 February 2017 was used to generate displacement map. The interferogram revealed the area of deformation. The comparison map of interferometric vertical displacement in different time period was treated as an evidence of deformation caused by earthquake. Profile graphs of interferogram were created to estimate the vertical displacement range and trend. Pasni lies in strong earthquake magnitude effected area. The major surface deformation areas are divided into different zones based on significance of deformation. The average displacement in Pasni is estimated about 250 mm. Maximum pasni area is uplifted by earthquake and maximum uplifting occurs was about 1200 mm. Some of areas was subsidized like the areas near to shoreline and maximum subsidence was estimated about 1500 mm. Pasni is facing many problems due to increasing sea water intrusion under prevailing climatic change where land deformation due to a strong earthquake can augment its vulnerability.

Static Ground Displacement for an Induced Earthquake Recorded on Broadband Seismometers

2020 ◽  
Vol 110 (5) ◽  
pp. 2216-2224
Author(s):  
Megan Zecevic ◽  
Thomas S. Eyre ◽  
David W. Eaton
Keyword(s):  
Surface Deformation ◽  
Ground Deformation ◽  
Vertical Component ◽  
Surface Displacement ◽  
Processing Technique ◽  
Elastic Half Space ◽  
Processing Method ◽  
Western Canada Sedimentary Basin ◽  
Ground Deformations ◽  
Micrometer Scale

ABSTRACT Using geodetic methods, significant static ground deformation has been observed for many large natural earthquakes. Some of the largest earthquakes induced by hydraulic-fracturing operations have been observed in the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin; however, because of the size and depths of these events, the associated static ground deformations have not yet been observed using traditional geodetic techniques. A seismic processing technique, developed for small volcano-seismic events, has the potential to resolve micrometer-scale static displacements using broadband seismic data. In this study, we test this processing method using vertical component broadband recordings of an Mw 4.1 event acquired at four nearby broadband seismometers. Estimated static displacements at the four stations are compared with the theoretical surface displacement field for a dislocation on a finite rectangular source within a homogeneous, elastic half-space. The theoretical displacements have the same polarities as the measured displacements across the seismic network and have similar amplitudes for three of the four stations. However, one station yielded unstable results, which shows that care must be taken when using this method. These results suggest that this processing method has potential for obtaining surface deformation for small to moderate-sized earthquakes using broadband data.

Monitoring Slope Deformation With Quadrilaterals for Pipeline Risk Management

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey R. Keaton ◽  
Richard W. Gailing
Keyword(s):  
Risk Management ◽  
Surface Deformation ◽  
Ground Deformation ◽  
Ground Surface ◽  
Repeated Measurements ◽  
Slope Deformation ◽  
Strain Gauges ◽  
Foundation Engineering ◽  
Prone Area ◽  
Soil Measurements

Ground displacements, strains, and tilts can be calculated by repeated measurements of the lengths of six chords and relative elevations of an array of four points, known as a quadrilateral. Quadrilateral measurements allow ground-surface deformation and strain to be calculated. Typically, soil-pipeline interaction results in pipeline strain being less than ground strain. Strain gauges traditionally have been used on pipelines in landslide areas to aid in managing pipeline risk. Quadrilaterals may be economical alternatives to placing strain gauges on existing pipelines in areas of active or potential slope movements. A threshold ground deformation or strain is used to trigger more expensive means of evaluating pipeline integrity. Quadrilaterals are relatively inexpensive to install, but must be carefully located and founded deep enough to avoid seasonal shrink-swell effects of the soil. Measurements must be taken with precise instruments (tape extensometer) so that small changes can be detected with acceptable errors. Three contiguous quadrilaterals were installed in Spring 2003 in a landslide-prone area of southern California to aid in monitoring a slope between the main scarp of a recently active landslide and a pipeline bridge foundation. Engineering geologic evaluation supported a conclusion that the rate of headward crest advancement would be slow, but a method of detecting and quantifying slope deformation was needed for operational risk management.

scholarly journals Multi-Sensor InSAR Assessment of Ground Deformations around Lake Mead and Its Relation to Water Level Changes

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 406
Author(s):  
Mehdi Darvishi ◽  
Georgia Destouni ◽  
Saeid Aminjafari ◽  
Fernando Jaramillo
Keyword(s):  
Water Level ◽  
Surface Deformation ◽  
Ground Deformation ◽  
Water Storage ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Ground Surface ◽  
Subsurface Water ◽  
Lake Mead ◽  
Ground Deformations ◽  
Water Level Changes

Changes in subsurface water resources might alter the surrounding ground by generating subsidence or uplift, depending on geological and hydrogeological site characteristics. Improved understanding of the relationships between surface water storage and ground deformation is important for design and maintenance of hydraulic facilities and ground stability. Here, we construct one of the longest series of Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) to date, over twenty-five years, to study the relationships between water level changes and ground surface deformation in the surroundings of Lake Mead, United States, and at the site of the Hoover Dam. We use the Small Baseline Subset (SBAS) and Permanent scatterer interferometry (PSI) techniques over 177 SAR data, encompassing different SAR sensors including ERS1/2, Envisat, ALOS (PALSAR), and Sentinel-1(S1). We perform a cross-sensor examination of the relationship between water level changes and ground displacement. We found a negative relationship between water level change and ground deformation around the reservoir that was consistent across all sensors. The negative relationship was evident from the long-term changes in water level and deformation occurring from 1995 to 2014, and also from the intra-annual oscillations of the later period, 2014 to 2019, both around the reservoir and at the dam. These results suggest an elastic response of the ground surface to changes in water storage in the reservoir, both at the dam site and around the reservoir. Our study illustrates how InSAR-derived ground deformations can be consistent in time across sensors, showing the potential of detecting longer time-series of ground deformation.

scholarly journals Investigating Ground Subsidence and the Causes over the Whole Jiangsu Province, China Using Sentinel-1 SAR Data

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 179
Author(s):  
Yonghong Zhang ◽  
Hongan Wu ◽  
Mingju Li ◽  
Yonghui Kang ◽  
Zhong Lu
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
Surface Deformation ◽  
Underground Mining ◽  
Ground Deformation ◽  
Ground Surface ◽  
Data Retrieval ◽  
Field Work ◽  
Jiangsu Province ◽  
Ground Subsidence

Interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) mapping of localized ground surface deformation has become an important tool to manage subsidence-related geohazards. However, monitoring land surface deformation using InSAR at high spatial resolution over a large region is still a formidable task. In this paper, we report a research on investigating ground subsidence and the causes over the entire 107, 200 km2 province of Jiangsu, China, using time-series InSAR. The Sentinel-1 Interferometric Wide-swath (IW) images of 6 frames are used to map ground subsidence over the whole province for the period 2016–2018. We present processing methodology in detail, with emphasis on the three-level co-registration scheme of S-1 data, retrieval of mean subsidence velocity (MSV) and subsidence time series, and mosaicking of multiple frames of results. The MSV and subsidence time series are generated for 9,276,214 selected coherent pixels (CPs) over the Jiangsu territory. Using 688 leveling measurements in evaluation, the derived MSV map of Jiangsu province shows an accuracy of 3.9 mm/year. Moreover, subsidence causes of the province are analyzed based on InSAR-derived subsidence characteristics, historical optical images, and field-work findings. Main factors accounting for the observed subsidence include: underground mining, groundwater withdrawal, soil consolidations of marine reclamation, and land-use transition from agricultural (paddy) to industrial land. This research demonstrates not only the capability of S-1 data in mapping ground deformation over wide areas in coastal and heavily vegetated region of China, but also the potential of inferring valuable knowledge from InSAR-derived results.

scholarly journals Coseismic Ground Deformation Reproduced through Numerical Modeling: A Parameter Sensitivity Analysis

Geosciences ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 370 ◽  
Author(s):  
Panara ◽  
Toscani ◽  
Cooke ◽  
Seno ◽  
Perotti
Keyword(s):  
Stress Drop ◽  
Surface Deformation ◽  
Slip Surface ◽  
Ground Deformation ◽  
Numerical Models ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Ground Surface ◽  
Line Of Sight ◽  
Coseismic Slip ◽  
2009 L’Aquila Earthquake

Coseismic ground displacements detected through remote sensing surveys are often used to invert the coseismic slip distribution on geologically reliable fault planes. We analyze a well-known case study (2009 L’Aquila earthquake) to investigate how three-dimensional (3D) slip configuration affects coseismic ground surface deformation. Different coseismic slip surface configurations reconstructed using aftershocks distribution and coseismic cracks, were tested using 3D boundary element method numerical models. The models include two with slip patches that reach the surface and three models of blind normal-slip surfaces with different configurations of slip along shallowly-dipping secondary faults. We test the sensitivity of surface deformation to variations in stress drop and rock stiffness. We compare numerical models’ results with line of sight (LOS) surface deformation detected from differential SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar) interferometry (DInSAR). The variations in fault configuration, rock stiffness and stress drop associated with the earthquake considerably impact the pattern of surface subsidence. In particular, the models with a coseismic slip patch that does not reach the surface have a better match to the line of sight coseismic surface deformation, as well as better match to the aftershock pattern, than models with rupture that reaches the surface. The coseismic slip along shallowly dipping secondary faults seems to provide a minor contribution toward surface deformation.

Analysis of Affecting Factors of Ground Deformation Based on Shield Tunnel Excavation

2013 ◽  
Vol 441 ◽  
pp. 615-618
Author(s):  
Li Xin Li ◽  
Qi Yun Zou ◽  
Jun Jia Wang
Keyword(s):  
Ground Deformation ◽  
Ground Surface ◽  
Surface Displacement ◽  
Element Model ◽  
Shield Tunnel ◽  
Affecting Factors ◽  
Tunnel Excavation ◽  
Tunnel Diameter ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Finite Element Model

The shield tunnel method is a way that widely used in tunnel build. However, the ground surface displacement and deformation because of tunnel excavation will bring a series of affections in our engineering. By using the finite element model of different tunnel excavation depth, different elastic modulus and different tunnel diameter of the tunnel, we predicted it correctly. Finally, we get the relationship between the surface displacement and the depth of tunnel excavation, diameter, strength of soil.

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