Seasonality in Site Response: An Example from Two Historical Earthquakes in Kazakhstan

2019 ◽  
Vol 91 (1) ◽  
pp. 415-426
Author(s):  
Rami Alshembari ◽  
Stefano Parolai ◽  
Tobias Boxberger ◽  
Denis Sandron ◽  
Marco Pilz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Properties ◽  
Site Response ◽  
Noise Analysis ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Frozen Soil ◽  
Earthquake Risk ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Soil Parameters ◽  
Ground Failure ◽  
The City

Abstract During the past 150 yr, the city of Almaty (formerly Verny) in Kazakhstan has suffered significant damage due to several large earthquakes. The 9 June 1887 Mw 7.3 Verny earthquake occurred at a time when the city mainly consisted of adobe buildings with a population of 30,000, with it being nearly totally destroyed with 300 deaths. The 3 January 1911 Mw 7.8 Kemin earthquake caused 390 deaths, with 44 in Verny itself. Remarkably, this earthquake, which occurred around 40 km from Verny, caused significant soil deformation and ground failure in the city. A crucial step toward preparing for future events, mitigating against earthquake risk, and defining optimal engineering designs, involves undertaking site response studies. With regard to this, we investigate the possibility that the extreme ground failure observed after the 1911 Kemin earthquake could have been enhanced by the presence of a shallow frozen ground layer that may have inhibited the drainage of pore pressure excess through the surface, therefore inducing liquefaction at depth. We make use of information collected regarding the soil conditions around the city at the time of the earthquakes, the results from seismic noise analysis, borehole data, and surface temperature data. From these datasets, we estimated the necessary parameters for evaluating the dynamic properties of the soil in this area. We successively characterize the corresponding sediment layers at the sites of the observed liquefaction. Although the estimated soil parameters are not optimally constrained, the dynamic analysis, carried out using selected strong‐motion recordings that are expected to be compatible with the two considered events, indicated that the extensive ground failure that occurred during the Kemin event could be due to the presence of a superficial frozen soil layer. Our results indicate that for this region, possible seasonal effects should, therefore, be considered when undertaking site effect studies.

Seismic Performance of Improved Ground Sites during the 2010–2011 Canterbury Earthquake Sequence

2014 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 111-129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liam M. Wotherspoon ◽  
Rolando P. Orense ◽  
Mike Jacka ◽  
Russell A. Green ◽  
Brady R. Cox ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Ground Improvement ◽  
Soil Improvement ◽  
Earthquake Sequence ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Ground Failure ◽  
Canterbury Earthquake Sequence ◽  
Liquefaction Assessment ◽  
The City ◽  
Selection Of

The city of Christchurch and the surrounding region on the South Island of New Zealand are underlain by large areas of recent alluvial sediments and fills that are highly susceptible to liquefaction and seismic ground failure. Thus, the widespread liquefaction that occurred following the successive large-scale earth-quakes, with moment magnitudes (MW) ranging from 6.0 to 7.1 that struck the Canterbury region in 2010–2011 was expected. Prior to the series of earthquakes, soil improvement had been used at several sites to mitigate the anticipated damage. This paper reviews the performance of improved sites during the Canterbury earthquake sequence. The existing soil conditions at each site and the design of the ground improvement are discussed, together with descriptions of the post-earthquake damage observed. Moreover, liquefaction assessment within and surrounding a selection of the ground improvement zones is presented.

Seismic Response of Levees in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta

2009 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 557-582 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tadahiro Kishida ◽  
Ross W. Boulanger ◽  
Norman A. Abrahamson ◽  
Michael W. Driller ◽  
Timothy M. Wehling
Keyword(s):  
Seismic Response ◽  
Regression Models ◽  
Dynamic Properties ◽  
Site Response ◽  
Ground Motions ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Organic Soils ◽  
Seismic Coefficient ◽  
Hazard Curves ◽  
Reduction Factors

The seismic response of levees in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, where the subsurface soils include thick deposits of highly organic soils, is evaluated. One-dimensional (1-D) and two-dimensional (2-D) equivalent-linear analyses were performed that accounted for variability in ground motions, dynamic properties, and soil profiles. Regression models were developed for: (1) the ratio of spectral accelerations at levee crests computed by 2-D versus 1-D response analyses, (2) stress reduction factors from 1-D site response analyses and seismic coefficient reduction factors for various failure surface depths from the 2-D response analyses, and (3) Newmark sliding block displacements computed for the input NEHRP site D ground motions and the computed seismic coefficient time series. The results of these regression models are compared to those obtained in previous studies involving different soil conditions, geometries, and motions. Newmark sliding block displacement hazard curves were calculated for a representative site in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, and the contributions of various uncertainties to the displacement hazard curves are described.

Site Response Study of Jammu City using Micro-tremor Measurements

2014 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 19-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
P.K.S. Chauhan ◽  
Gayatri Devi ◽  
Abha Mittal
Keyword(s):  
Natural Frequency ◽  
Site Response ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Close Relation ◽  
Vulnerability Index ◽  
Entire Study ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Tremor Analysis ◽  
The City

Micro-tremor measurements are one of the most commonly used methods for site response studies and have been widely used by most of the researchers because of its cost effectiveness. This method gives a realistic estimate of the natural ground frequency and can be applied in the areas where large earthquakes do not occur often. Due to the close relation between the nature of micro-tremors and the fundamental dynamic behavior of the surface soil layer, they are frequently used in the field of hazard estimation. The results of micro-tremor analysis are used as an important input for seismic microzonation studies around the world. Himalayan region is one of the most active seismic zones of the world. As such Jammu city lies in Zone IV on Seismic zoning map of India. It has been rocked by 25 earthquakes in between 1828 to 2005 of magnitude 6.0 or more. Jammu, the winter capital of Jammu & Kashmir state is a fast growing city. The micro-tremor data has been collected from locations covering almost every part of Jammu city using Altus K2 SMA. The data were collected by keeping SMA at each site for few hours. On the basis of natural frequency (Nf) the entire study area has been divided into four zones. The natural frequency Nf value shows that the central part of the city is less vulnerable zone, as compared to other parts of the Jammu city. An attempt has been made to compute the vulnerability index (Kg), which could be considered as the indicator of higher damaged areas. The results are in good agreement with the past damaging history of the city.

scholarly journals The research of dynamic impacts on the hydraulic structure foundation base, transformed in the process of accident recovery

2018 ◽  
Vol 251 ◽  
pp. 04040
Author(s):  
Zaven Ter-Martirosyan ◽  
Ivan Luzin
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Dynamic Properties ◽  
Soil Parameters ◽  
Experimental Site ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
The Finite Element Analysis ◽  
Foundation Base ◽  
Dynamic Impacts ◽  
Scale Experiment ◽  
Selection Of

The article presents the results of a comprehensive research of the dynamic impacts on a modified base. The modified base was obtained as a result of compensatory injection at the experimental site for the accident recovery at the hydraulic engineering structure. The complex study of the dynamic impacts includes special laboratory tests to determine the soil parameters, the finite element analysis of the experimental site, taking into account the dynamic properties, the selection of the necessary equipment for field experiments based on the numerical solution results, a full-scale experiment with the measurement of the foundation sediments of the experimental site.

scholarly journals The Relationship between Soil Electrical Parameters and Compaction of Sandy Clay Loam Soil

Agriculture ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 114
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Pentoś ◽  
Krzysztof Pieczarka ◽  
Kamil Serwata
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Magnetic Susceptibility ◽  
Precision Agriculture ◽  
Soil Compaction ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Soil Parameters ◽  
Soil Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Electrical Parameters ◽  
Management Zones ◽  
Additional Information

Soil spatial variability mapping allows the delimitation of the number of soil samples investigated to describe agricultural areas; it is crucial in precision agriculture. Electrical soil parameters are promising factors for the delimitation of management zones. One of the soil parameters that affects yield is soil compaction. The objective of this work was to indicate electrical parameters useful for the delimitation of management zones connected with soil compaction. For this purpose, the measurement of apparent soil electrical conductivity and magnetic susceptibility was conducted at two depths: 0.5 and 1 m. Soil compaction was measured for a soil layer at 0–0.5 m. Relationships between electrical soil parameters and soil compaction were modelled with the use of two types of neural networks—multilayer perceptron (MLP) and radial basis function (RBF). Better prediction quality was observed for RBF models. It can be stated that in the mathematical model, the apparent soil electrical conductivity affects soil compaction significantly more than magnetic susceptibility. However, magnetic susceptibility gives additional information about soil properties, and therefore, both electrical parameters should be used simultaneously for the delimitation of management zones.

scholarly journals Root Response to Soil Water Status via Interaction of Crop Genotype and Environment

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 708
Author(s):  
Phanthasin Khanthavong ◽  
Shin Yabuta ◽  
Hidetoshi Asai ◽  
Md. Amzad Hossain ◽  
Isao Akagi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Root Distribution ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Shoot Biomass ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Crop Adaptation ◽  
Soil Moisture Status ◽  
Root Distributions

Flooding and drought are major causes of reductions in crop productivity. Root distribution indicates crop adaptation to water stress. Therefore, we aimed to identify crop roots response based on root distribution under various soil conditions. The root distribution of four crops—maize, millet, sorghum, and rice—was evaluated under continuous soil waterlogging (CSW), moderate soil moisture (MSM), and gradual soil drying (GSD) conditions. Roots extended largely to the shallow soil layer in CSW and grew longer to the deeper soil layer in GSD in maize and sorghum. GSD tended to promote the root and shoot biomass across soil moisture status regardless of the crop species. The change of specific root density in rice and millet was small compared with maize and sorghum between different soil moisture statuses. Crop response in shoot and root biomass to various soil moisture status was highest in maize and lowest in rice among the tested crops as per the regression coefficient. Thus, we describe different root distributions associated with crop plasticity, which signify root spread changes, depending on soil water conditions in different crop genotypes as well as root distributions that vary depending on crop adaptation from anaerobic to aerobic conditions.

scholarly journals Experimental and analytical study of seismic site response of discontinuous permafrost

2016 ◽  
Vol 53 (9) ◽  
pp. 1363-1375 ◽  
Author(s):  
Behrang Dadfar ◽  
M. Hesham El Naggar ◽  
Miroslav Nastev
Keyword(s):  
Shear Wave ◽  
Site Response ◽  
Free Field ◽  
Frozen Soil ◽  
Shaking Table ◽  
Experimental Program ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Seismic Site Response ◽  
Discontinuous Permafrost ◽  
Spectral Accelerations

Seismic site response of discontinuous permafrost is discussed. The presence of frozen ground in soil deposits can significantly affect their dynamic response due to stiffer conditions characterized by higher shear-wave velocities compared to unfrozen soils. Both experimental and numerical investigations were conducted to examine the problem. The experimental program included a series of 1g shaking table tests on small-scale models. Nonlinear numerical analyses were performed employing FLAC software. The numerical model was verified using the obtained experimental results. Parametric simulations were then conducted using the verified model to study variations of the free-field spectral accelerations (on top of the frozen and unfrozen soil blocks) with the scheme of frozen–unfrozen soil, and to determine the key parameters and their effects on seismic site response. Results show that spectral accelerations were generally higher in frozen soils than in unfrozen ones. It was found that the shear-wave velocity of the frozen soil as well as the assumed geometry of the blocks and their spacing have a significant impact on the site response.

Feasibility Analysis on Implement of Freeze Roadway Cooling Technology in Coal Mine of Heilongjiang Province

2012 ◽  
Vol 204-208 ◽  
pp. 1830-1833
Author(s):  
Jing Zhou ◽  
Xi Ming Liu ◽  
Xian Li Qin ◽  
Shu Ren Xing
Keyword(s):  
Constant Temperature ◽  
Coal Mine ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Reference Value ◽  
Frozen Soil ◽  
Feasibility Analysis ◽  
Geological Condition ◽  
Heilongjiang Province ◽  
Geographical Position ◽  
Cooling Technology

Freeze roadway cooling technology is delivering cold quantity to cooling underground face by storage cooling energy in strata, and the effect of storaging cold is critical. The geographical position and geological condition of coal mine in Heilongjiang Province has remarkable characteristics. The feasibility of freeze roadway cooling measure was demonstrated on temperature, geothermal, constant temperature strata and frozen soil layer, etc. by analyzed its advantage adequately. The measure provides a new idea which suits the native situation for prevent the heat-harm in coal mine, it also has the realistic reference value and is worth popularizing.

Simplified Criteria to Select Ground Response Analysis Methods for Seismic Building Design: Equivalent Linear versus Nonlinear Approaches

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mauro Aimar ◽  
Sebastiano Foti
Keyword(s):  
Seismic Waves ◽  
Site Response ◽  
Building Design ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Response Analysis ◽  
Depth Range ◽  
Ground Response Analysis ◽  
Equivalent Linear ◽  
Acceleration Time Histories ◽  
Soil Deposits

ABSTRACT The possible amplification of seismic waves in soil deposits is crucial for the seismic design of buildings and geotechnical systems. The most common approaches for the numerical simulation of seismic site response are the equivalent linear (EQL) and the nonlinear (NL). Even though their advantages and limitations have been investigated in several studies, the relative field of applicability is still under debate. This study tested both methods over a wide population of soil models, which were subjected to a set of acceleration time histories recorded from strong earthquakes. A thorough comparison of the results of the EQL and the NL approaches was carried out, to identify the conditions in which the relative differences are significant. This assessment allowed for the definition of simplified criteria to predict when the two schemes are or are not compatible for large expected shaking levels. The proposed criteria are based on simple and intuitive parameters describing the soil deposit and the ground-motion parameters, which can be predicted straightforwardly. Therefore, this study provides a scheme for the choice between the EQL and the NL approaches that can be used even at the preliminary design stages. It appears that the EQL approach provides reliable amplification estimates in soil deposits with thickness up to 30 m, except for very deformable soils, but this depth range may be extended at long vibration periods. This result reveals a good level of reliability of the EQL approach for various soil conditions encountered in common applications, even for high-intensity shaking.

scholarly journals Investigating the influence of topographic irregularities and two-dimensional effects on surface ground motion intensity with one- and two-dimensional analyses

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (7) ◽  
pp. 1773-1788 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Ç. İnce ◽  
L. Yılmazoğlu
Keyword(s):  
Ground Motion ◽  
Site Response ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Response Analysis ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Ground Acceleration ◽  
Equivalent Linear ◽  
Local Soil ◽  
Different Depths ◽  
Earthquake Response Analysis

Abstract. In this work, the surface ground motion that occurs during an earthquake in ground sections having different topographic forms has been examined with one and two dynamic site response analyses. One-dimensional analyses were undertaken using the Equivalent-Linear Earthquake Response Analysis (EERA) program based on the equivalent linear analysis principle and the Deepsoil program which is able to make both equivalent linear and nonlinear analyses and two-dimensional analyses using the Plaxis 8.2 software. The viscous damping parameters used in the dynamic site response analyses undertaken with the Plaxis 8.2 software were obtained using the DeepSoil program. In the dynamic site response analyses, the synthetic acceleration over a 475-year return period representing the earthquakes in Istanbul was used as the basis of the bedrock ground motion. The peak ground acceleration obtained different depths of soils and acceleration spectrum values have been compared. The surface topography and layer boundaries in the 5-5' cross section which cuts across the study area west to east were selected in order to examine the effect of the land topography and layer boundaries on the analysis results, and were flattened and compared with the actual status. The analysis results showed that the characteristics of the surface ground motion change in relation to the varying local soil conditions and land topography.

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