Historical Sources for Earthquakes before 1900 on the Iberian Peninsula and in the Offshore Region

2020 ◽  
Vol 91 (5) ◽  
pp. 2487-2496 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agustín Udías ◽  
Elisa Buforn ◽  
José Manuel Martínez-Solares ◽  
Carlos Sousa Oliveira
Keyword(s):  
Iberian Peninsula ◽  
Historical Data ◽  
Historical Earthquakes ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Earthquake Catalogs ◽  
Lisbon Earthquake ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Focal Parameters ◽  
The Many ◽  
Regional Histories

Abstract Information about historical earthquakes in the Iberian Peninsula going back to Antiquity (Roman times) can be found in different types of documents, such as unpublished contemporary manuscripts preserved in archives, general, and regional histories in Spain and Portugal, published documents and reports on the damage of specific earthquakes, and reports in newspapers and magazines. The 1755 Lisbon earthquake marks an important point for the study of historical earthquakes in the peninsula. The compilation and interpretation of historical data presents many problems, one of which is how to express the many uncertainties in the focal parameters of historical earthquakes in earthquake catalogs.

The 1755 Lisbon earthquake

2001 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 363-383 ◽  
Author(s):  
David K. Chester
Keyword(s):  
Urban Planning ◽  
Shock Waves ◽  
Hazard Assessment ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Historical Earthquakes ◽  
Archival Research ◽  
Lisbon Earthquake ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Made In ◽  
Seismic Disaster

Affecting an area of ca. 800 000 km2 and killing up to 100 000 people, the Lisbon earthquake of 1755 is probably the greatest seismic disaster to have struck western Europe. The shock waves of the earthquake placed a temporary brake on the emerging rationalism of the European Enlightenment and attempts to explain the disaster in terms of human sinfulness coloured many contemporary accounts. Notwithstanding these difficulties, through careful archival research it has proved possible to obtain relatively value-free accounts of most aspects of the earthquake and to use these not only to model the physical characteristics of and damage caused by the earthquake, but also to consider the implications for present day hazard assessment and urban planning. This paper reviews the progress that has been made in: identifying source and faulting mechanisms; the processes involved in the generation and impact of tsunamis; damage caused to different types of building and the use being made of historical earthquakes of different sizes - of which the 1755 event is the largest - in defining future hazard scenarios for Lisbon and other areas of Iberia.

Can Machine Learning help us in [re]assessing historical earthquakes?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
María del Puy Papí Isaba ◽  
Christa Hammerl ◽  
Maurizio Mattesini ◽  
Vicenta María Elisa Buforn Peiró
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Historical Earthquakes ◽  
Earthquake Activity ◽  
Earthquake Catalog ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Hydro Power ◽  
Earthquake Parameters ◽  
Focal Parameters ◽  
First Time

<p>Tyrol is one of the provinces with the highest seismicity in Austria. Most of the stronger historical earthquakes occurred around Innsbruck and Hall in Tirol (1572, 1670, 1689).</p><p>Within the framework of the project[1] “Historical and recent earthquake activity in Tyrol - sources, data, seismological analysis”, a study was carried out from 2014-2020, which mainly deals with historical earthquakes in Tyrol up to 1900 but also in detail with damaging earthquakes in Tyrol in the 20th century. The project’s purpose was to create a new earthquake catalog for Tyrol, which for the first time also includes Macroseismic/Intensity Data Points (M/IDPs).</p><p>An essential aspect of this study is that the sources and literature references used for all Tyrolean earthquakes up to 1900 are largely documented. Furthermore, selected damaging earthquakes of the 20th century are reported in detail. Numerous Tyrolean archives, such as the Tyrolean Provincial Archives, and the City Archives of Hall in Tyrol, were searched for contemporary earthquake sources. Likewise, the seismic archive of the Austrian Seismological Service at ZAMG (Zentralanstalt für Meteorologie und Geodynamik) contains a wealth of valuable recent information, such as the questionnaires on earthquakes of the entire 20th century.</p><p>The very time-consuming research and documentation are followed by the conversion of the written information into earthquake parameters. Briefly outlined, this comprises the following working steps: Interpretation of the sources, assignment of geographical coordinates to the pieces of evidence, evaluation of the intensity according to the European Macroseismic Scale (EMS-98), (re)calculation of the focal parameters of all damaging earthquakes and numerous newly found earthquakes.</p><p>The latter is the content of this presentation, namely to (re-)evaluate the focal parameters for historical and recent earthquakes in Tyrol for the first time using the intensity prediction equations (IPE) with the Grid Search (GS) technique. GS has been widely used in many Machine Learning types of research when it comes to hyperparameter optimization, which in this study corresponds to the earthquake focal parameters.</p><p>We used IDPs whose intensities were mostly assessed from contemporary historical sources, such as annals, chronicles, questionnaires, newspapers, etc.</p><p>A total of 1750 M/IDPs for 35 damaging earthquakes from the Austrian Earthquake Catalogue (AEC2020) could be determined based on the historical sources. The focal parameters for these earthquakes were reevaluated by means of the IPE and GS. </p><p>Likewise, 726 new M/IDPs from a total of 154 non-damaging earthquakes not yet included in the AEC2020 were determined. For 38 of them, it was possible to calculate new sets of focal parameters.</p><p>Problems encountered, accuracy, and error of the results will be introduced in the presentation. </p><p><br><br><br></p><p> </p><div><span>[1]The project was funded by TIWAG-Tiroler Wasserkraft AG, ASFINAG Alpenstraße GmbH, Fachgruppe der Seilbahnen Tirol, Verbund Hydro Power GmbH, Amt der Tiroler Landesregierung - Abteilung Allgemeine Bauangelegenheiten, Landesgeologi, ÖBB Infrastruktur AG and ZAMG.</span></div>

Sam Domains in Multiple Diseases

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 450-476 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marian Vincenzi ◽  
Flavia Anna Mercurio ◽  
Marilisa Leone
Keyword(s):  
Disease Onset ◽  
Protein Domain ◽  
Sam Domain ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Protein Functions ◽  
Helical Protein ◽  
The Many ◽  
Novel Therapeutic Strategies ◽  
Novel Drug ◽  
Pathological Event

Background: The sterile alpha motif (Sam) domain is a small helical protein module, able to undergo homo- and hetero-oligomerization, as well as polymerization, thus forming different types of protein architectures. A few Sam domains are involved in pathological processes and consequently, they represent valuable targets for the development of new potential therapeutic routes. This study intends to collect state-of-the-art knowledge on the different modes by which Sam domains can favor disease onset and progression. Methods: This review was build up by searching throughout the literature, for: a) the structural properties of Sam domains, b) interactions mediated by a Sam module, c) presence of a Sam domain in proteins relevant for a specific disease. Results: Sam domains appear crucial in many diseases including cancer, renal disorders, cataracts. Often pathologies are linked to mutations directly positioned in the Sam domains that alter their stability and/or affect interactions that are crucial for proper protein functions. In only a few diseases, the Sam motif plays a kind of "side role" and cooperates to the pathological event by enhancing the action of a different protein domain. Conclusion: Considering the many roles of the Sam domain into a significant variety of diseases, more efforts and novel drug discovery campaigns need to be engaged to find out small molecules and/or peptides targeting Sam domains. Such compounds may represent the pillars on which to build novel therapeutic strategies to cure different pathologies.

scholarly journals The Nanosystems Involved in Treating Lung Cancer

Life ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 682
Author(s):  
Andreea Crintea ◽  
Alina Gabriela Dutu ◽  
Gabriel Samasca ◽  
Ioan Alexandru Florian ◽  
Iulia Lupan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lung Cancer ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Chromosomal Rearrangements ◽  
Sirna Delivery ◽  
Delivery Systems ◽  
Inorganic Nanoparticles ◽  
New Methods ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Or Gene ◽  
The Many

Even though there are various types of cancer, this pathology as a whole is considered the principal cause of death worldwide. Lung cancer is known as a heterogeneous condition, and it is apparent that genome modification presents a significant role in the occurrence of this disorder. There are conventional procedures that can be utilized against diverse cancer types, such as chemotherapy or radiotherapy, but they are hampered by the numerous side effects. Owing to the many adverse events observed in these therapies, it is imperative to continuously develop new and improved strategies for managing individuals with cancer. Nanomedicine plays an important role in establishing new methods for detecting chromosomal rearrangements and mutations for targeted chemotherapeutics or the local delivery of drugs via different types of nano-particle carriers to the lungs or other organs or areas of interest. Because of the complex signaling pathways involved in developing different types of cancer, the need to discover new methods for prevention and detection is crucial in producing gene delivery materials that exhibit the desired roles. Scientists have confirmed that nanotechnology-based procedures are more effective than conventional chemotherapy or radiotherapy, with minor side effects. Several nanoparticles, nanomaterials, and nanosystems have been studied, including liposomes, dendrimers, polymers, micelles, inorganic nanoparticles, such as gold nanoparticles or carbon nanotubes, and even siRNA delivery systems. The cytotoxicity of such nanosystems is a debatable concern, and nanotechnology-based delivery systems must be improved to increase the bioavailability, biocompatibility, and safety profiles, since these nanosystems boast a remarkable potential in many biomedical applications, including anti-tumor activity or gene therapy. In this review, the nanosystems involved in treating lung cancer and its associated challenges are discussed.

scholarly journals A short introduction to historical earthquakes in Libya

2009 ◽  
Vol 47 (2-3) ◽  
Author(s):  
A. S. Suleiman ◽  
P. Albini ◽  
P. Migliavacca
Keyword(s):  
Historical Earthquakes ◽  
Historical Seismicity ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Short Introduction ◽  
North Central ◽  
The North ◽  
Lack Of Information ◽  
Macroseismic Effects ◽  
Instrumental Recording ◽  
Earthquake Effects

As a result of the relative motion of the African and European plates, Libya, located at the north central margin of the African continent, has experienced a considerable intraplate tectonism, particularly in its northern coastal regions. If the seismic activity of the last fifty years, at most, is known from instrumental recording, macroseismic effects of those earthquakes which affected Libya in the past centuries are still imperfectly known. To try and partly overcome this lack of information, in this contribution we present a short introduction to historical earthquakes in Libya, focusing on the period up to 1935. According to the studies published in the last twenty years, the earliest records of earthquakes in Libya are documented in the Roman period (3rd and 4th century A.D.). There is a gap in information along the Middle and Modern Ages, while the 19th and early 20th century evidence is concentrated on effects in Tripoli, in the western part of nowadays Libya. The Hun Graben area (western part of the Gulf of Sirt) has been identified as the location of many earthquakes affecting Libya, and it is in this area that the 19 April 1935 earthquake (Mw = 7.1) struck, followed by many aftershocks. Further investigations are needed, and some hints are here given at historical sources potentially reporting on earthquake effects in Libya. Their investigation could result in the needed improvement to lay the foundations of a database and a catalogue of the historical seismicity of Libya.

scholarly journals A large unknown historical earthquake in the Abruzzi region (Central Italy): combination of geological and historical data

1995 ◽  
Vol 38 (5-6) ◽  
Author(s):  
G. D'Addezio ◽  
F. R. Cinti ◽  
D. Pantosti
Keyword(s):  
Historical Data ◽  
Central Italy ◽  
Large Earthquake ◽  
Historical Earthquakes ◽  
Historical Record ◽  
Historical Earthquake ◽  
Recent Event ◽  
Complete Knowledge ◽  
Historical Investigation

The combination of paleoseismological and historical investigation can be used to obtain a complete knowledge of past earthquakes. In Italy the 1000 year-long record of historical earthquakes provides an opportunity to compare data from the catalogue with results from paleoseismologic investigations. Trenching results along the Ovindoli-Pezza Fault (OPF). in the Abruzzi region. showed two surface faulting events. The most recent of these events occurred after 1019 A.D. and should be reported in the Catalogue of Italian Seismicity. Nevertheless, the earthquake appears to be missed or not well located in the Catalogue. In order to define in which century a large earthquake on the OPF should have clearly left a sign in the historical record, we carried out historical investigations back to the XI century. The studies were mainly focu5ed on disclosing possible <<negative>> e vidence for the occurrence of the most recent event along the OPF. No clear records related to this event were found but on the basis of the information we obtained the occurrence of this earthquake can be constrained between 1019 A.D. and the XV century. possibly between 1019 A.D. and XIII century.

scholarly journals Rhizophora stylosa as a protector against overwhelming copper (Cu) and lead (Pb) metal substances and how they affect on Belawan’s water quality

2021 ◽  
Vol 912 (1) ◽  
pp. 012060
Author(s):  
Yunasfi ◽  
R Leidonald ◽  
A Dalimunthe ◽  
A S Siregar
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Water Quality ◽  
Biological System ◽  
Coastal Environment ◽  
Coastal Areas ◽  
Mangrove Species ◽  
Rhizophora Stylosa ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Many ◽  
North Sumatra

Abstract Rhizopohora stylosa, Rhizopohora mucronata, Rhizopohora apiculata, and Bruguiera gymnorhyza are among the rare types of mangrove found in coastal areas. The presence of these mangrove species in the coastal environment could be a boon to the environment. R. stylosa is one of the many species, and it can be used as a plant that collects heavy metals present in coastal areas. As a result of out-of-collection metals from various mechanical exercises that exist surrounding waterways and estuaries. From May to August 2021, researchers studied the capacity of R. stylosa to withstand the heavy metals copper (Cu) and lead (Pb) and their impact on water quality. This investigation took place at the Belawan Stream Estuary in Baristan Medan, as well as the Office of Timberland Development’s research center at the College of North Sumatra. Different types of mengrove plants found in coastal areas have unique strategies for dealing with contaminaton caused by heavy metals. Constructing various types of overpowering netal at various portions of the tree is one of the few methodologies used by mangroves. R. stylosa is a type of mangrove that may collect a lot of metal in its roots and stem before clearing it out. Overwhelming metals will degrade water quality, which will, in turn, degrade the condition of the biological system as a whole. The overpowering metal substance of Cu and Pb in the R. stylosa mangrove was found to be higher than that of Pb. The Cu component was found to be more notable than Pb in the water contained within the developing put of R. stylosa. Meanwhile, the mud material in which the R. stylosa mangrove grows creates an abundance of metal substance that is less than that of Pb.

scholarly journals Māori Urban Migrations and Identities, ‘Ko Ngā Iwi Nuku Whenua’: A study of Urbanisation in the Wellington Region during the Twentieth Century

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Erin Keenan
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Urban Migration ◽  
World War ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
The Past ◽  
Complex Interactions ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Many ◽  
Migration Experiences

<p>Māori urbanisation and urban migrations have been the subject of much discussion and research, especially following World War Two when Māori individuals, whānau and communities increasingly became residents of towns and cities that were overwhelmingly Pākehā populated. However, Māori urbanisation experiences and urban migrations are difficult topics to address because kaumātua are reluctant to discuss ‘urban Māori’, especially considering its implications for Māori identities. The original contribution this thesis makes to histories of Māori urban migrations is that it explores these and other understandings of urbanisations to discover some of their historical influences. By discussing urbanisations directly with kaumātua and exploring historical sources of Māori living in, and moving to, the urban spaces of Wellington and the Hutt Valley through the twentieth century, this thesis is a ‘meeting place’ for a range of perspectives on the meanings of urbanisations from the past and the present. Although urbanisation was an incredible time of material change for the individuals and whānau who chose to move into cities such as Wellington, the histories of urban migration experiences exist within a scope of Māori and iwi worldviews that gave rise to multiple experiences and understandings of urbanisations. The Wellington region is used to show that Māori in towns and cities used Māori social and cultural forms in urban areas so that they could, through the many challenges of becoming urban-dwelling, ensure the persistence of their Māoritanga. Urbanisations also allowed Māori to both use traditional identities in urban areas, as well as develop new relationships modelled on kinship. The Ngāti Pōneke community is used as an example of the complex interactions between these identities and how many Māori became active residents in but not conceptually ‘of’ cities. As a result, the multiple and layered Māori identities that permeate throughout Māori experiences of the present and the past are important considerations in approaching and discussing urbanisations. Urban Māori communities have emphasised the significance of varied and layered Māori identities, and this became particularly pronounced through the Māori urban migrations of the twentieth century.</p>

scholarly journals LOADS ON WIND TURBINES ACCESS PLATFORMS WITH GRATINGS

2011 ◽  
Vol 1 (32) ◽  
pp. 65
Author(s):  
Thomas Lykke Andersen ◽  
Peter Frigaard ◽  
Michael R Rasmussen ◽  
Luca Martinelli
Keyword(s):  
Drag Coefficient ◽  
Wind Turbine ◽  
Wind Turbines ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Peak Load ◽  
Multiplication Factor ◽  
Preliminary Results ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Many ◽  
Large Scale Tests

The present paper deals with loads on wind turbine access platforms. The many planned new wind turbine parks together with the observed damages on platforms in several existing parks make the topic very important. The paper gives an overview of recently developed design formulae for different types of entrance platforms. Moreover, the paper present new results on loads on grates based on both drag coefficient measurements and preliminary results on slamming from large scale tests. As expected both investigations show that platforms with grates give a significant reduction in the loads compared to closed plate platforms. The grate multiplication factor, defined as the peak load on the grate platform relative to the peak load on a closed plate platform was found approximately equal to the solidity of the grate.

scholarly journals Multivocity in Topics 1.15

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-86
Author(s):  
Mikołaj Domaradzki
Keyword(s):  
Different Types ◽  
Adequate Definition ◽  
The Many ◽  
Definition Of

This paper discusses Aristotle’s account of multivocity (πολλαχῶς/ πλεοναχῶς λέγεται) as expounded in Topics 1.15. This article argues that an inquiry into how many ways (ποσαχῶς) something is said becomes for Aristotle a tool of dialectical examination that he employs throughout his entire philosophical career: investigating the many/multiple ways (πολλαχῶς/πλεοναχῶς) something is said allows one to recognize the ambiguity of the term in question and, consequently, to construct an adequate definition of its referent. The present study reconstructs the various strategies for detecting ambiguity and discusses its different types. Subsequently, the paper accounts for why Aristotle moves so easily from words and their meanings to things and their essences. Finally, the article presents an analysis of the connection between the many ways something is said and the various categories it is predicated in. The considerations are supported by a new translation of Topics 1.15.

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